1. When I shall have scattered,
    2. sparg-ere
    1. thou shalt have shaken,
    2. scuot-ere
    1. he shall have risen,
    2. sorg-ere
    1. we shall have killed,
    2. uccid-ere
    1. you shall have conquered,
    2. vinc-ere
    1. they shall have lived.
    2. viv-ere.

[1] Let it be remarked that, in all the following verbs in ere, not accentuated, the accent is on the antepenultima; as pórgere, richiédere, &c.

On the Rules of the Italian Syntax, with References to Veneroni’s Grammar.

On the ORDER of WORDS. [See Gram. p. 196.]

    1. I write
    2. scrívere
    1. three
    2. tre
    1. hours
    2. [1]ora
    1. every day.
    2. ogni [2]giôrno.
    1. Thou art
    2. éssere
    1. too
    2. [3]troppo
    1. troublesome
    2. molésto
    1. to my
    1. friends.
    2. amíco.
    1. He speaks
    2. parláre
    1. like
    2. come
    1. a Roman orator.
    2. Románo [4]oratóre.
    1. We go
    2. andáre
    1. out of town
    2. fuóri [5]città
    1. every Spring.
    2. ogni primavéra.
    1. You shew
    2. mostráre
    1. your
    1. probity
    2. probità
    1. very plainly.
    2. molto [6]chiaraménte.
    1. They think
    2. pensáre
    1. it is very fine weather
    2. [8]fare [9]bello tempo
    1. [7]to walk out.
    2. spasseggiáre.
    1. I was extremely glad
    2. [10]rallegrársi estremaménte
    1. to see him again.
    2. rivedére.
    1. Thou wert
    2. essere
    1. generously rewarded.
    2. generosaménte ricompensáre.
    1. He bought
    2. compráre
    1. many things
    2. molto cosa
    1. to send
    2. mandáre
    1. abroad.
    2. fuóri del paese.
    1. We encouraged
    2. incoraggire
    1. all arts and trades.
    2. [11]tutto arte mestiére.
    1. You baffled
    2. sconcertáre
    1. their
    1. wicked designs.
    2. scelleráto diségno.
    1. They tempted
    2. tentáre
    1. our
    1. faithful subjects.
    2. fedéle suddito.

    1. I have
    2. avére
    1. enriched
    2. arricchíre
    1. his
    1. numerous family.
    2. [12]numeróso famíglia.
    1. Thou hast
    1. many accounts
    2. molto conto
    1. to settle.
    2. regoláre.
    1. He has
    1. renewed
    2. rinnováre
    1. his promises
    2. proméssa
    1. to us.
    1. We have seen
    2. vedére
    1. the chief curiosities.
    2. principále curiosità.
    1. You have examined
    2. esamináre
    1. them
    1. carefully.
    2. attentaménte.
    1. They have declared
    2. dichiaráre
    1. their
    1. last will.
    2. último volontà.
    1. I had resolved
    2. [13]risólversi
    1. to get rid of
    2. disfársi
    1. them.
    1. Thou hadst determined
    2. determináre
    1. to say it
    2. dire
    1. plainly.
    2. schiettaménte.
    1. He had fixed on
    2. fissáre
    1. that sort of
    2. quello sorta
    1. diversion.
    2. divertiménto.
    1. We had sworn
    2. giuráre
    1. to love
    2. amársi
    1. each other
    1. eternally.
    2. eternaménte.
    1. You had forsaken
    2. abbandonáre
    1. his
    1. acquaintance.
    2. conoscénza.
    1. They had implored
    2. imploráre
    1. the king’s
    2. Re
    1. clemency.
    2. cleménza.
    1. I shall
    1. ever
    2. sempre
    1. commend
    2. lodáre
    1. prudent people.
    2. prudente gente.
    1. Thou shalt publish
    2. spárgere
    1. this news
    2. nuóva
    1. every where.
    2. da per tutto.
    1. He will return
    2. ritornáre
    1. from France
    2. Fráncia
    1. next week.
    2. próssimo settimána.
    1. We shall travel
    2. viaggiáre
    1. day and night
    2. giórno e notte
    1. till
    2. finchè
    1. we arrive.
    2. [14]arriváre.
    1. You will do
    2. fare
    1. yourself
    1. immortal honor.
    2. immortále onóre.
    1. They will disgrace
    2. disonoráre
    1. their
    1. noble family.
    2. nóbile famíglia.
    1. Bring
    2. [15]portáre
    1. me that
    1. bottle
    2. bottiglia
    1. and
    1. a glass.
    2. bicchiére.
    1. Let him gather
    2. radunáre
    1. all his things,
    2. tutto roba
    1. and then go.
    2. poi andáre.

    1. Let us walk
    2. spasseggiáre
    1. in the garden
    2. [16]giardíno
    1. before
    2. avánti
    1. dinner.
    2. pranzo.
    1. Go and meet
    2. andáre incontráre
    1. all our friends
    2. tutto amíco
    1. on the road.
    2. sulla strada.
    1. Let them answer
    2. [17]rispóndere
    1. all my
    1. questions.
    2. dománda.

[1] Nouns ending in a, make the plural in e, Ex. ora, plur. ore.

[2] Those in o, make the plural in i, giorno, giorni.

[3] It is a general rule, that all words of two syllables have the first long (except those whose last syllable takes a grave accent), therefore such words need not hereafter be accentuated.

[4] Subst. in e, make i in the plural, oratore, oratori.

[5] See Gram. p. 44, on words in tà indeclinable.

[6] See Gram. p. 158, on the formation of adverbs out of adjectives.

[7] To, must be translated by the word per.

[8] Che fa, as in French, qu’il fait.

[9] Bello loses its last syllable, and makes bel. See Gram. p. 56.

[10] See Gram. p. 147, on reciprocal verbs.

[11] See the declension of tutto, Gram. p. 73.

[12] See Gram. p. 53, on adjectives ending in o.

[13] Risólvere makes in the part. passive risolúto.

[14] Must be the future tense.

[15] See Gram. p. 205.

[16] See the rules on the preposition nello, nella, p. 42.

[17] Rispondere governs the dative case of the thing.

On the Articles lo, la, li, le, gli. [See Veneroni’s Grammar, p. 35, and 200.]

    1. The study
    2. [1]studio
    1. of belles lettres
    2. belle léttere
    1. has always been recommended
    2. [2]éssere sempre stato raccomandáre
    1. to the youth
    2. [3]gioventù
    1. of both sexes.
    2. ambedúe sesso.
    1. Great events
    2. grande evénto
    1. and revolutions
    2. rivoluzióne
    1. followed
    2. seguíre
    1. the death of
    2. morte
    1. Cæsar.
    2. Césare.
    1. The fear
    2. timóre
    1. of torments
    2. torménto
    1. made him fly
    2. fare fuggíre
    1. his country.
    2. pátria.
    1. Poland was
    2. Polónia éssere
    1. for many years
    2. per molto anno
    1. the seat of domestic divisions.
    2. seggio doméstico divisióne.
    1. Portugal is
    2. Portogállo
    1. a despotic kingdom.
    2. despótico regno.
    1. Avarice is
    2. Avarízia
    1. despicable.
    2. sprezzábile.
    1. My lord
    2. signór
    1. the archbishop,
    2. arcivéscovo
    1. visited
    2. visitáre
    1. all the
    1. clergy.
    2. clero.
    1. My lord
    2. [4]signór
    1. the president,
    2. presidénte
    1. decreed it
    2. decretáre
    1. in his behalf.
    2. favóre.
    1. Madam
    2. signóra
    1. the countess
    2. contéssa
    1. has ordered it.
    2. comandáre.
    1. The gentlemen
    2. signóri
    1. are not yet come
    2. éssere ancóra veníre
    1. to see us.
    2. vedére.
    1. Women
    2. donna
    1. are
    1. very fair
    2. molto bióndo
    1. in the northern countries.
    2. settentrionále paése.

[1] Lo before nouns beginning with an s, and followed by another consonant. See Gram. p. 36.

[2] Essere instead of avere. See p. 84.

[3] Words in ù are indeclinable. See p. 50.

[4] The article il must be put before signore: except before ecclesiastical titles, when we must say Monsignor.

The English particle to, before infinitives, is sometimes rendered in Italian by the Article il or lo. [See Veneroni’s Grammar, p. 200.]

    1. It is forbidden
    2. éssere proibíre
    1. to do evil.
    2. fare male.
    1. It is not
    1. always convenient
    2. sempre convenévole
    1. to speak
    2. dire
    1. the truth.
    2. verità.
    1. It is permitted
    2. perméttere
    1. to a sick person
    2. ammaláto
    1. to complain.
    2. [1]lamentársi.
    1. It is not
    1. polite
    2. civíle
    1. to interrupt
    2. interrómpere
    1. any one who speaks.
    2. uno che parláre.
    1. It is
    1. right
    2. giústo
    1. to correct
    2. corréggere
    1. boys
    2. ragázzo
    1. whilst
    2. mentre
    1. they are young.
    2. éssere gióvane.
    1. It is a
    1. great satisfaction
    2. grande soddisfazióne
    1. to people of feeling
    2. sensíbile gente
    1. to hear that
    2. sentíre
    1. their friends
    2. amico
    1. are in perfect health.
    2. éssere perfétto salúte.
    1. It is a
    1. great pleasure
    2. gran piacére
    1. to see brothers
    2. vedére fratéllo
    1. well united together;
    2. bene unito insiéme
    1. but
    2. ma
    1. it is a
    1. great grief
    2. grande dispiacére
    1. to see them disagree.
    2. vedére discórdia.
    1. It is not
    1. always proper
    2. sempre convenévole
    1. to correct children
    2. corréggere ragázzo
    1. for the faults they commit;
    2. fallo comméttere
    1. but it is
    2. ma
    1. very necessary
    2. molto necessário
    1. to make them sensible of them.
    2. fare accórgersi
    1. It is easy
    2. fácile
    1. to give advice,
    2. dare consíglio
    1. but difficult
    2. ma diffícile
    1. to execute.
    2. eseguíre.
    1. It is easy
    1. to perceive
    2. accórgersi
    1. you neglect
    2. trascuráre
    1. your business.
    2. affáre.
    1. It was
    1. ever commendable
    2. sempre lodévole
    1. to study
    2. studiáre
    1. languages.
    2. lingua.

[1] See Veneroni’s Grammar, p. 147, on reciprocal verbs.

On the SYNTAX of NOUNS. [See Grammar, p, 201.]

    1. A dutiful child
    2. obbediénte figliuólo
    1. is
    1. a great comfort
    2. grande consolazióne
    1. to his parents.
    2. suo genitóre.
    1. A good wife
    2. buóno moglie
    1. is
    1. an inestimable treasure.
    2. inestimábile tesóro.
    1. A diligent master
    2. diligénte maéstro
    1. instructs
    2. instruíre
    1. attentive scholars.
    2. atténto scolaro.

    1. A good action
    2. buóno azióne
    1. deserves
    2. meritáre
    1. great praise.
    2. grande lóde.
    1. A rash counsel
    2. inconsideráto consíglio
    1. is productive of
    2. è l’origine
    1. fatal consequences.
    2. fatále conseguénza.
    1. My father
    2. padre[1]
    1. and mother
    2. madre[1]
    1. are
    2. éssere
    1. very compassionate.
    2. molto compassionévole.
    1. Their brother
    2. fratéllo
    1. and sister
    2. sorélla
    1. are
    1. industrious.
    2. industrióso.
    1. Your house
    2. casa
    1. and garden
    2. giardíno
    1. are
    1. excessively beautiful.
    2. eccessivamente bello.
    1. My exercise
    2. tema
    1. and my lesson
    2. lezióne
    1. are
    1. difficult.
    2. diffícile.
    1. Our man-servant
    2. servitore
    1. and our maid-servant
    2. serva
    1. are
    1. good,
    2. buóno
    1. and therefore
    2. perciò
    1. they shall be rewarded.
    2. saranno ricompénsati.
    1. You,
    1. your master,
    2. padróne
    1. and your mistress,
    2. padróna
    1. have been civil
    2. éssere stato civíle
    1. [2]to me, and
    1. merit
    2. meritáre
    1. my greatest thanks.
    2. [3]gránde ringraziaménto.

[1] An adjective with several substantives, must agree in gender with that which is the most worthy, the masculine being accounted more worthy than the feminine.

[2] Render it thus; towards me, verso di me.

[3] See Gram. p. 56, on superlatives.

On COMPARATIVES. [See Gram. p. 53.]

    1. France
    2. Fráncia
    1. is larger
    2. grande
    1. and more powerful than
    2. poténte
    1. Italy.
    2. Itália.
    1. Virgil wrote
    2. Virgílio scrívere
    1. more than
    1. any other poet.
    2. qualúnque altro poéta[1].
    1. Horace was
    2. Orázio éssere
    1. much more satirical than
    2. satírico
    1. Juvenal.
    2. Giuvenale.
    1. Your countrymen are
    2. vostro compatriótto
    1. much richer than
    2. [2]ricco
    1. mine.
    2. mio.
    1. This water is
    2. questo acqua
    1. much clearer than
    2. chiáro
    1. crystal.
    2. cristállo.
    1. Your sister’s hands are
    2. sorélla [3]mano
    1. whiter than
    2. [4]biánco
    1. alabaster.
    2. alabástro.

    1. The English are
    2. Inglése
    1. more studious than
    2. studióso
    1. their neighbours.
    2. vicino.
    1. Milton was
    2. Milton éssere
    1. much more learned than
    2. dotto
    1. Dante.
    2. Dante.
    1. The Russians behaved
    2. Russo comportársi
    1. more bravely than
    2. valorosaménte
    1. the Turks.
    2. Turco.
    1. Cicero was
    2. Ciceróne
    1. less happy than
    2. felíce
    1. Diogenes.
    2. Diógene.
    1. Lewis the Fourteenth was
    2. Luígi décimo quarto
    1. much less admired than
    2. ammiraré
    1. Henry the Fourth.
    2. Enríco quarto.
    1. London is
    2. Londra
    1. far better paved than
    2. lastricáre
    1. Paris.
    2. Parígi.