1. I hope
    2. speráre
    1. you will not refuse me
    2. ricusáre
    1. the favour
    2. favóre
    1. to recommend me to
    2. raccomandáre
    1. your friends
    2. vostro amíco
    1. in town.
    2. città.
    1. My uncle
    2. zio
    1. told me yesterday
    2. dire jéri
    1. you were not well,
    2. [3]stare bene
    1. but I am very glad
    2. ma rallegrársi
    1. to find
    2. trováre
    1. you are
    1. better to-day.
    2. méglio oggi.
    1. You promised
    2. prométtere
    1. to write to me
    2. scrívere
    1. last week,
    2. passáto settimána
    1. but I am very sorry
    2. ma rincréscere
    1. to observe
    2. vedére
    1. you have forgot me.
    2. che vi siete scordato di me.

[1] Render, than you do not.

[2] We use the verb avére instead of éssere, speaking of age. Ex. How old are you? Quanti anni avete?

[3] The verb stare must be used instead of éssere, in speaking of health.

We always put che instead of but in English, with a negation before the Verb.

    1. I desired but one favour from you,[1]
    2. chiédere favóre
    1. and you refused it me.
    2. ricusáre.
    1. If you would give me
    2. dare
    1. but one guinea
    2. ghinéa
    1. at once,
    2. alla volta
    1. you would oblige me
    2. obbligáre
    1. infinitely.
    2. infinitaménte.
    1. When one has
    2. quando[2] avére
    1. little money,
    2. poco danáro
    1. one ought to spend
    2. dovére spéndere
    1. accordingly.
    2. in conseguénza.
    1. I ask you
    2. domandáre
    1. but what
    1. others give me.
    2. altro dare.
    1. You do nothing but
    2. fare [3]
    1. laugh and play.
    2. rídere giuocáre.
    1. He does nothing but
    1. eat and drink.
    2. mangiáre bere.
    1. When others laugh,
    2. altro rídere
    1. you do nothing but
    2. fare
    1. cry.
    2. piángere.

[1] Non vi chiési che un favóre.

[2] When one has but, &c. must be rendered by quando non si ha che, &c.

[3] You do nothing but, &c. render it by, non fate altro che.

On the Particles Relative ci and vi. The Particles Relative ci and vi, are put instead of there, within and in that.

    1. I went yesterday to
    2. venire jéri
    1. your house
    2. casa
    1. to see you,
    2. vedére
    1. but your man told me
    2. ma servitore dire
    1. you were not
    2. éssere
    1. within.
    1. Indeed
    2. in verità
    1. I was there
    1. almost all the afternoon;
    2. quasi tutto dopo pranzo
    1. at what time
    2. che ora
    1. did you come?
    2. veníre?
    1. I went there
    1. at six o’clock.
    2. sei

    1. He was in the right
    2. [1]avére
    1. to tell you
    2. dire
    1. that I was not within,
    2. éssere
    1. for I was gone to visit
    2. andáre visitáre
    1. a few friends
    2. alcúno amíco
    1. in the square.
    2. piázza.
    1. My brother
    2. fratéllo
    1. and sister
    2. sorélla
    1. are gone into
    2. andáre
    1. the country.
    2. campagna.
    1. When
    2. quando
    1. did they go,
    1. I wish to know?
    2. vorréi sapére?
    1. They went
    2. andáre
    1. yesterday morning.
    2. jéri mattína.
    1. Is it long since
    2. [2]
    1. you saw
    2. vedére
    1. our regiment?
    2. reggiménto?
    1. It is
    1. two months,
    2. due mese
    1. if
    2. se
    1. I remember well.
    2. ricordáre bene.
    1. How long is it since
    2. éssere
    1. you left France?
    2. lasciáre Fráncia?
    1. It is
    1. five and twenty years,
    2. cinque venti anno
    1. or thereabouts.
    2. incírca.

[1] To be in the right, is, avere ragione.

[2] Long, molto tempo, or un pezzo.

How to express some of it, or some of them. [See Grammar p. 215.]

    1. You have
    2. avére
    1. three horses,
    2. tre cavállo
    1. lend me
    2. prestátemene
    1. one of them.
    2. uno.
    1. I have but two,
    2. avére due
    1. one for
    1. myself,
    2. me
    1. and the other for
    1. my man.
    2. servitore.
    1. I thought
    2. crédere
    1. you had
    2. avére
    1. three (of them).
    2. tre.
    1. To shew you
    2. far vedére
    1. that I have
    2. avére
    1. but two (of them),
    2. due
    1. come with me into
    2. veníre meco
    1. the stable,
    2. stalla
    1. and you will not see
    2. vedére
    1. any more (of them).
    2. più.
    1. I do not doubt it at all,
    2. dubitáre[1]
    1. I believe you.
    2. crédere.

    1. I see
    2. vedére
    1. very fine flowers
    2. bello fióre
    1. in your garden,
    2. giardíno
    1. give me
    2. dare
    1. some.
    1. I have not many,
    2. avére molto
    1. but what there are,
    2. ma quel [2]
    1. are at your service.
    2. servízio.
    1. I have but
    1. fifteen or sixteen,
    2. quindici sedici
    1. as you see.
    2. vedére.
    1. You may take
    2. potére pigliáre
    1. a dozen,
    2. dozzina
    1. if you please.
    2. piacére.
    1. What will you
    2. volére
    1. have me do
    2. fare
    1. with them?
    1. You may give
    2. dare
    1. some to
    1. your daughters.
    2. vostro figlia.
    1. Do they talk
    2. [3] parláre
    1. of the war
    2. guerra
    1. in your town?
    2. città?
    1. They talk of it
    1. all over
    2. tutto
    1. the island.
    2. ísola.
    1. And what
    1. do they think of
    2. crédere
    1. our neighbours’ intentions?
    2. vicíno intenzióne?
    1. They know
    2. sapére
    1. very little
    2. poco
    1. about them
    1. here.
    2. quì.

[1] Non ne dubito punto.

[2] See Gram. p. 151, on the conjugation of there is, &c.

[3] See Gram. p. 215, on it is, they, &c.

Exercises on the Tenses of the Verbs.

The Present Tense is when the Action of which one speaks, is present.

    1. Sir,
    2. Signóre
    1. I come
    2. veníre
    1. to have the honour
    2. avére onóre
    1. to see you.
    2. vedére.
    1. I am
    2. éssere
    1. infinitely obliged to you
    2. infinitaménte obbligáre
    1. for this favour.
    2. questo favóre.
    1. How does
    2. [1]stare
    1. the lady your mother
    2. signóra madre
    1. do?

    1. She is very well,
    2. stáre beníssimo
    1. sir, and
    1. presents
    2. presentáre
    1. her compliments
    2. compliménto
    1. to you.
    1. I am
    2. éssere
    1. her most humble servant,
    2. úmile servo
    1. and am very glad
    2. rallegrársi
    1. to hear
    2. sentíre
    1. she is well.
    2. stare bene.
    1. Will you
    2. volére
    1. come
    2. veníre
    1. and walk with me
    2. spasseggiáre
    1. in the garden?
    2. giardíno?
    1. Pray
    2. pregáre
    1. excuse me,
    2. scusáre
    1. I cannot stay
    2. potére restáre
    1. any longer.
    1. You are always
    1. in great haste
    2. grande fretta
    1. when
    1. you come
    2. veníre
    1. to see me.
    2. vedére.
    1. I beg your pardon,
    2. mi perdoni
    1. sir, I have been
    1. here
    2. quì
    1. above an hour,
    2. circa ora
    1. and my sister
    2. sorélla
    1. is all alone
    2. tutto solo
    1. at home.
    2. casa.
    1. I am sorry you will not stay:
    2. [2]dispiacére volére rimanére
    1. I entreat you
    2. supplicáre
    1. to present
    2. presentáre
    1. my most humble respects
    2. úmile rispétto
    1. to the lady
    2. signóra
    1. your mother.
    2. madre.

[1] When we inquire after any body’s health, we make use of the verb stare, instead of fare, or éssere.

[2] An impersonal verb; mi dispiáce che non vogliáte rimanére.

The Imperfect Tense is when the Action of which one speaks, is going on, or is interrupted.

    1. Sir,
    2. Signóre
    1. we were speaking
    2. parláre
    1. of you,
    1. when
    2. quando
    1. you came in.
    2. entrare.
    1. What
    2. che
    1. were you saying
    2. dire
    1. of me,
    1. ladies?
    2. signóra?
    1. We were saying
    2. dire
    1. that when
    2. quando
    1. you were in France,
    2. éssere Fráncia
    1. among the ladies,
    2. fra dame
    1. you were
    2. éssere
    1. the most gallant,
    2. galánte
    1. the most courteous,
    2. cortése
    1. and the most complaisant
    2. compiacente
    1. gentleman
    2. signóre
    1. in the world.
    2. mondo.
    1. I did not think,
    2. pensáre
    1. ladies,
    2. signora
    1. I was so happy as
    2. avere la fortuna
    1. to be the subject of
    2. éssere soggétto
    1. your conversation;
    2. conversazióne
    1. and what
    1. do you think
    2. crédere
    1. I am now?

    1. We believe that
    2. crédere
    1. you are still
    2. éssere ancóra
    1. very civil,
    2. civíle
    1. and very complaisant;
    2. compiacénte
    1. but
    2. ma
    1. not so gallant
    2. galánte
    1. as you were then.
    2. éssere.
    1. Louis the XIVth was
    2. Luígi [1]
    1. one of the greatest kings
    2. grande Re
    1. in the world;
    2. mondo
    1. he was
    1. a lover of fine sciences,
    2. amatóre bello léttera
    1. he did not love flatterers,
    2. amáre adulatóre
    1. neither did he
    1. always follow
    2. sempre seguíre
    1. his own inclinations;
    2. inclinazióne
    1. and if
    2. e se
    1. he could not
    1. get the victory
    2. guadagnáre vittória
    1. over his enemies
    2. nemíco
    1. by the force of his arms,
    2. forza arma
    1. he would get it
    2. ottenére
    1. by the number of his louis d’ors;
    2. número luígi d’oro
    1. in a word,
    2. in somma
    1. he was
    1. a great politician.
    2. grande politíco.

[1] We also make use of the imperfect tense, when we speak in time past of the habitual qualities and actions of any person alive or dead.

The Perfect Definite is a Tense perfectly past, and often determined by an Adverb of time past.

    1. Where
    2. dove
    1. did you go
    2. andáre
    1. yesterday,
    2. jéri
    1. that
    1. you were not
    2. éssere
    1. at home,
    1. when
    2. quando
    1. I went
    2. veníre
    1. to see you?
    2. vedére?
    1. I went to see
    2. andáre vedére
    1. Mr. N.
    2. il signór
    1. who is not well.
    2. stare
    1. Did you meet with
    2. trováre
    1. any company
    2. compagnía
    1. there?
    1. Yes, sir, I met with
    1. his uncle
    2. zio
    1. and three of
    2. tre
    1. his sisters.
    2. sorélla.
    1. What was
    2. quale éssere
    1. the subject of
    2. soggetto
    1. your conversation?
    2. conversazíone?
    1. We spoke of
    2. parláre
    1. many
    2. molto
    1. different things.
    2. differénte cosa.
    1. Did you speak
    1. Italian
    2. Italiáno
    1. with them?

Yes, all our conversation was in Italian.

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE: No Italian translation was provided for this line.

    1. Did they say
    2. dire
    1. you speak it
    1. well?
    2. bene?
    1. They said
    1. nothing
    2. niente
    1. about it.
    1. Did they not ask you
    2. domandáre
    1. of whom
    2. chi
    1. you learn?
    2. imparáre?

Yes, I told them I was learning of you.

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE: No Italian translation was provided for this line.

    1. The emperor, Julius Cæsar,
    2. imperatóre Giúlio Césare
    1. after
    2. dopo
    1. he had conquered
    2. conquistáre
    1. Britain,
    2. Brettágna
    1. built a tower
    2. [1]edificáre torre
    1. at London,
    2. Londra
    1. but he continued not there;
    2. restáre
    1. he appointed
    2. constituíre
    1. rulers in his stead,
    2. governatóre vece
    1. and returned
    2. ritornáre
    1. from London
    2. Londra
    1. to Rome.
    2. Roma.
    1. Henry the VIIIth,
    2. Enrico ottávo
    1. king of England,
    2. Re Inghilterra
    1. regarded not
    2. badáre
    1. the bulls
    2. bolla
    1. and threatenings
    2. mináccia
    1. which came from Italy;
    2. veníre Italia
    1. he violently shook off
    2. violenteménte scuótere
    1. the papal power,
    2. papále potére
    1. though he retained
    2. ritenére
    1. the Roman religion.
    2. Románo religióne.

[1] We also make use of the perfect definite, when we speak of the transactions of persons who are dead.

The Preterpluperfect is a Tense so perfectly past, that it cannot be interrupted.

    1. I am very glad
    2. rallegrársi
    1. to see you,
    2. vedére
    1. for
    1. your brother
    2. fratello
    1. told me
    2. dire
    1. you were gone to France.
    1. ’Tis true
    2. vero
    1. I was resolved
    2. risólvere
    1. to go there,
    2. andáre
    1. if
    2. [1]
    1. my father had given me
    2. padre avére dare
    1. money enough
    2. danáro
    1. to make that journey.
    2. fare viággio.

    1. Had he given you
    2. avére dáre
    1. leave
    2. licénza
    1. to go there?
    2. andáre?
    1. Yes,
    2. si
    1. and he gave me
    2. dare
    1. fifty guineas
    2. cinquánta ghinéa
    1. to make my journey.
    2. fare viággio.
    1. If
    2. [2]
    1. he had given me
    2. avére dare
    1. thirty more,
    2. trenta
    1. I should have gone
    2. essere andáre
    1. to Paris
    2. Parígi
    1. to pass the summer.
    2. passáre estáte.
    1. If
    1. you had come to see me,
    2. veníre vedére
    1. I would have lent
    2. avére prestáre
    1. you some.
    1. I am
    2. éssere
    1. much obliged
    2. molto obbligáto
    1. to you for it.
    1. When you had a mind
    2. quando pensare
    1. to go to France,
    2. andáre Fráncia
    1. were you resolved
    2. risólvere
    1. to set out
    2. partíre
    1. without
    2. senza
    1. taking leave of
    2. licenziársi
    1. your friends?
    2. amíco?
    1. No, sir,
    2. no signóre
    1. I had already taken leave of
    2. essere digià licenziársi da
    1. several.
    2. molto.
    1. Very well,
    2. beníssimo
    1. but
    2. ma
    1. you had forgotten me.
    2. scordársi.
    1. I am sorry
    2. dispiacére
    1. you have
    1. so bad an opinion
    2. cattívo opinióne
    1. of me.