125. Conjunctive attributes of the quality type are used chiefly in object expressions. They have no fixed order: aŋ mabúti ŋ aklàt the (a) good book, or: aŋ aklàt na mabúti. aŋ sumùsúlat na bátaʾ the writing child, the child that is writing, or: aŋ báta ŋ sumùsúlat.

5126. When they precede a personal name the whole expression is preceded by aŋ, but when they follow si suffices: aŋ báta ŋ si Hwàn the child Juan, little Juan, si Hwà ŋ Talúnan Juan who is always defeated (as a nickname).

127. Conjunctive attributes of quality tend to precede when 10they are emphatic or in contrast; when fixed they tend to follow: Aŋ marúnoŋ na pagòŋ at aŋ ulòl na uŋgòʾ. The clever turtle and the foolish monkey. Si Hwà ŋ Pípe ay nàkíta námin sa tulày. We saw Dumb Juan on the bridge. aŋ báo ŋ babáye the lower half of the cocoanut shell, aŋ báo ŋ malambòt the soft shell of the 15cocoanut, aŋ wíka ŋ Kastílaʾ the Spanish language. Especially those expressing material tend to follow: aŋ báhay na batò a stone house, aŋ koróna ŋ tinìk a crown of thorns, aŋ atsára ŋ papáya papaw salad, pickled papaw, aŋ tinóla ŋ manòk chicken stew, aŋ sáko ŋ pálay a sack of rice. A modifier expressing the 20special kind always follows: aŋ sála ŋ pagnanákaw the crime which is (i. e. of) theft, aŋ bísyo ŋ paginòm the vice of drinking, aŋ larò ŋ taguàn the game which consists of hiding, the game of hide-and-seek, kanína ŋ umága a little while ago in the morning, i. e. this morning, ilà ŋ óras na pagsasàlitáan a few hours of conversation, 25aŋ bandà ŋ kataasàn (or: itaàs) the direction (which is) north, i. e. the north; so: aŋ bandà ŋ kababáan (or: ibabàʾ) the south, siláŋan (or: sìlaŋánan) the east, kalunúran the west, aŋ gawì ŋ kánan the right-hand side, kaliwàʾ the left.

128. Titles and the like precede: aŋ báo ŋ si Maryà the 30widow Maria.

129. The personal pronouns precede their conjunctive attributes: sila ŋ tatlò they three, Si Pédro ay syà ŋ tumútuktòk. Pedro is the one who is knocking (§ 106 ff.).

130. The demonstrative pronouns as conjunctive attributes 35usually follow: aŋ táo ŋ itò this person, this man, aŋ tatlò ŋ itò these three, Aŋ korbáta ŋ irè ay bágo. This necktie is new.

Occasionally, however, they precede, especially with a longer expression. In this case aŋ is not used (§ 64, end): ito ŋ súpot ko naŋ kwàlta this bag of money of mine; iyo ŋ úna ŋ kumalabòg 40that first thing which made a thud; Itò ŋ báhay aŋ binili kò. This house is what I bought, It’s this house I’ve bought, This is the house I’ve bought (§ 102 ff.).

Under emphasis the demonstrative pronoun may both precede and follow: ito ŋ táo ŋ itò this man here, iyo ŋ táo ŋ yaòn that man over there.

131. The interrogative pronouns precede; aŋ is not used (§ 65). See also kaníno, § 168. The meanings of the interrogative 5pronouns as conjunctive attributes are:

síno which? (of several known people): sínu ŋ táo? which one? which ones?

alìn which? (of several known things): alì ŋ lugàr which place, which places? alì ŋ bandà? which way? (e. g. at a cross-roads) 10alì ŋ maŋa búŋa? which fruits? which ones of the fruits?

anò what? what kind of? (of persons or things not known), also, in exclamations, what...! what great...! Anu ŋ ílog itò? What river is this? ano ŋ bandà? what direction? which way? (of all possible points of the compass) anu ŋ táo what sort 15of a person? what sort of people? who? Ano ŋ hínaʾ! What weakness!

132. The numerative pronouns mostly precede, and the use of aŋ is optional (§ 66, end); ibà other, however, requires aŋ when, as conjunctive attribute, it begins an object phrase. Of the 20others, karamíhan most and the particle báwat every are not used in this construction, and lahàt all occurs only as modifier of the personal pronouns, which (by § 129) precede. The particle bála any, on the other hand, occurs only as conjunctive attribute: aŋ iba ŋ báhay the other house, another house, sila ŋ lahàt they all, 25all of them, bála ŋ táo any person, anyone, aŋ bála ŋ táo any one (of a given group), boò ŋ báyan all the town, everybody in town, aŋ boò ŋ báyan the entire town, everybody in the town, ilà ŋ táo ŋ matalíno a few intelligent men, aŋ ilà ŋ sandalèʾ a few moments.

133. The cardinal numerals usually precede; aŋ is optional 30(§ 67): isa ŋ itlòg one egg, an egg; aŋ isa ŋ itlòg the one egg.

134. The tens, hundreds, etc. of the cardinal numerals are always modified by isà one or a higher unit. The phrase so formed precedes that counted. The higher numerals are: pùʾ ten, daàn, raàn hundred, líbo thousand, laksàʾ million, yútaʾ billion: isa ŋ 35pù ŋ táo, sà m pu ŋ táo ten men, ápat na raà ŋ báhay four-hundred houses.

135. The teens are expressed by labì preceding the simple numerals as conjunctive modifier: labì ŋ isà ŋ aklàt eleven books, labì ŋ tatlò ŋ áraw thirteen days.

40136. The Spanish numerals, however, (used in dates, § 67) follow: aŋ taò ŋ míle-nobisyèntos-dòs the year 1902.

137. saríle self (see § 175) is used as a conjunctive attribute in the sense of own: Walá sya ŋ saríli ŋ baìt. He has no self-respect (literally: own respect).

138. Of the modifiers that form expressions of indefinite quantity all except máy precede as conjunctive attributes; for 5examples see § 69 f. In object expressions maláon, malakì and marámi do not differ from normal conjunctive attributes; examples in § 70.

139. Expressions of indefinite quantity as units may stand in conjunctive attribution. They then have possessive value: aŋ 10háre ŋ may súŋay the king who had horns; aŋ kapútol na wala ŋ dáhon the part without leaves.

140. Conjunctive attribution includes many cases which in English would be envisaged rather as appositions of two objects: aŋ báta ŋ si Hwàn the boy Juan, si Hwà ŋ Bíbas Juan the Jester, 15Sya y may táŋa ŋ pamáloʾ. He has hold of a stick. Táŋan that grasped, thing grasped is conjunctive attribute of pamáloʾ club, stick. aŋ magának na sina Bantòg the Bantog family, tatlò ŋ magkakayibíga ŋ estudyànte ŋ magkababáyan three friends (ŋ) students (ŋ) fellow-townsmen, i. e. three student friends from the 20same town; aŋ tatlú ŋ magkakaybíga ŋ si Pédro, si Hwàn, at si Andrès the three friends, Pedro, Juan, and Andrés; aŋ salità ŋ “bámos” the word “vamos”.

141. When a longer expression is used as a conjunctive attribute of quality, it usually follows, and na is often preferred 25to ŋ: aŋ parúsa na hindí mo gustò the punishment not by-you liked, i. e. the punishment you don’t like; isà ŋ usà ŋ naŋìŋináin sa gúbat a deer grazing in the jungle; aŋ isà (sa maŋa kaybígan nilà) na sya ŋ magígiŋ hukòm one (of their friends) who will be judge; cf. the predicates described in § 106. aŋ maŋa kúra na 30sya ŋ maŋa maliliìt na háreʾ the priests (who are) those (who are) little kings, i. e. the priests, those veritable little kings.

142. An object expression is frequently followed by an entire predication of the type described in § 113, as conjunctive attribute: Aŋ tagahúle ay isa ŋ táo ŋ aŋ katuŋkúlan ay humúle 35naŋ ano màn o síno màn. A catcher is a person (whose) duty is to catch anything or anyone. aŋ maŋa púno-ŋ-káhoy na masasaràp aŋ búŋa trees (whose) fruits are tasty; isa ŋ táo ŋ malakì aŋ kapaŋyaríhan a person (whose) power is great.

40143. Conjunctive attributes of manner precede or follow. When they precede a predicate they stand as the first orthotonic word and are immediately followed by enclitics (such as an enclitic subject pronoun, § 89), after which comes the na or ŋ, and then the central element of the predicate: Syà y mabúte ŋ tumugtòg. She plays (music) well. This example illustrates the 5identity of conjunctive attributes of manner and of quality, for mabúte ŋ tumugtòg may be looked upon indifferently as a transient predicate (§ 92) with mabúte well as attribute of manner, or as an indefinite object predicate (§ 109) a good player, in which mabúte good is an attribute of quality. Other forms of the same 10sentence are: Mabúti sya ŋ tumugtòg. (siyà enclitic), Syà y tumugtòg na mabúti. So further: Isípin mo ŋ mabúti. Consider it well. Literally: Be-considered by-you (mò enclitic) well. Iyòn ay tùtúbo na mabúti. It will grow well. Silà y magkakasáma ŋ nagsipamarìl. They as-companions (i. e. in company, together) 15went hunting. Or: They were companion (quality) hunters. Madalí sya ŋ tumakbò. Quickly he ran. Talagà ŋ mahigpìt aŋ tapòn naŋ bóte ŋ iyàn. The stopper of that bottle is certainly tight. Mahigpìt tight, as central element of the predicate, is modified by talagà fated, by fate, by nature, certainly. Putikà ŋ dumatìŋ 20si Salamìn sa báhay. “Mirror” (as name of a dog) came home all muddy. Or: ... was a muddy comer. Paputòl nya ŋ tinagàʾ aŋ bisìg ni Hwàn. He cut Juan’s arm transversely. Kinalaykay kò ŋ patipòn aŋ maŋa saŋà ŋ maliliìt naŋ káhoy. I raked into-a-heap the twigs of-the trees.

25144. A phrase of more than one word usually follows that modified; frequently na is used instead of ŋ: Nádala nyà na hindí sinásadyàʾ sa kanya ŋ pagalìs aŋ áki ŋ páyoŋ. Was-taken by-him not intendedly in his departing my umbrella, i. e. In leaving he inadvertently took my umbrella.

30145. The numerative pronoun lahàt is used as a conjunctive attribute of manner in the sense of entirely, completely. It follows that modified: Aŋ maŋa lalagyàn ay pùnúa ŋ lahàt. The containers are entirely full.

146. Expressions of indefinite quantity as conjunctive attributes 35of manner follow: Aŋ maŋa táo ay nagtakbúha ŋ walà ŋ túto. The people all ran without order, in disorder.

147. The particles lubhàʾ very and láloʾ more usually precede: Lubhà ŋ malakì aŋ gálit ni Pédro. Pedro’s wrath was very great. Lálu ŋ lumakì aŋ kanya ŋ gálit. His wrath grew still 40greater.

148. The particle mulíʾ again follows: Tátakbo sya ŋ mulìʾ. He will run again. Aŋ kamakalawà ay hindí na dáratiŋ na mulèʾ. The day before yesterday will never come again.

149. A conjunctive attribute of manner may express the time throughout which: Syà y naŋgupìt at naŋáhit na maláo ŋ panahòn. He did hair-cutting and shaving for a long time. Silà y nagtítira na tatlu ŋ áraw. They stay three days. May ila ŋ 5bwà ŋ aŋ maŋa útos ay mahihigpìt. For several months (literally: having several months, § 69, end) the orders were strict.

150. A word repeated as its own conjunctive attribute of manner expresses a high degree (intensity): Sya y biŋì. He is deaf. Sya y biŋì ŋ biŋì. He is stone deaf. Inìt si Pédro. Pedro 10is hot, is angry. Inìt na inìt si Pédro. Pedro is in a rage. líhim na líhim very secretly, malakì ŋ malakì very large.

151. The general sphere of conjunctive attribution includes cases where one element involves another as result or content. The 15latter follows and is in many instances plainly viewed as the attribute. In some instances, however, the former may just as well be looked upon as a modifier, usually of quality, sometimes also of manner. The transition from these latter types to that of the complement appears, indeed, in all possible stages, and no 20real boundary can be drawn. Sya y mabúti ŋ tumugtòg (naŋ piyáno). She is a good player (of the piano), or She plays (the piano) well,—see § 143—can be analyzed also: She is good that (she, anaphoric subject omitted, § 87) plays the piano; and in some instances this last analysis is the only possible one.

25Other examples illustrating the merging of the three types we have set up are the following: Malápit na siya ŋ makatápos naŋ karéra. He was already near that (he) end his course, i. e. near ending his course, almost through his course; or: a near ender, cf. isa ŋ báya ŋ malápit a near-by town. Aŋ pagmamarúnoŋ 30ni Hwàn ay ginágawa ŋ katatawanàn naŋ maŋa nakàkàkilála sa kanyà. Juan’s pretending to be wise is made fun of by those who know him, literally: ... is-being-made (ginágawàʾ) that (it) is a laughing-stock, or else: ... a being-made laughing-stock. Cf. aŋ gawì ŋ húkay the to-be-made ditch, i. e. the ditch that is to be 35made, where only the quality interpretation is possible. Magtúlin ka ŋ lumákad. Walk faster. This can be interpreted as Be a fast walker, or Walk faster, or Be-quick that (you) walk; and this last interpretation comes nearest to the original in so far as magtúlin is an active transient form used in commands rather than an expression 40suited to an idea of quality or of manner. Sya y nagdàdahilà ŋ may sakìt. He alleges that (he) is sick. Aŋ pagsakày sa kabáyo ay hindí magaà ŋ pagarálan. Riding horseback is not easy that (it) be-learned, i. e. not easy to learn, or: not an easy thing-to-be-learned. aŋ pinakamahúsay na magsalitàʾ naŋ Latìn the best that (he) should speak Latin, or: the best speaker of 5Latin; Hwag kà, Hwàn, pumásuk na sekréta. Don’t go as a spy (or to be a spy), Juan. Ginawá nya si Hwàn na barbéro naŋ háreʾ. Was-made by-him Juan that (he) be barber of-the king, i. e. He made Juan barber royal. Si Hwàn ay pinamàmagatàn naŋ marámi na isa ŋ doktò. Juan is reputed by the people that 10(he) is (i. e. as) a learned man.

152. The simplest cases are those where both of the expressions connected by na, ŋ refer to the same person or thing, as in the above examples. The following are less doubtful cases of complement construction of this kind: Nagpùpumílit sya ŋ màtúto. 15He strives to get educated. Si Hwàn at si Maryà ay nagkásundo ŋ pakasàl. Juan and Maria have agreed that they (i. e. to) get married. Inanyáhan silà ni Hwàn na magpasyàl. They were invited by Juan that they (i. e. to) go walking. Maári mo ŋà ŋ ihúlug sa koréyo aŋ áki ŋ súlat? Can you please mail my 20letter? Literally: maári ... ŋ ihúlug a possible thing-to-be thrown or capable that (it) be thrown. Naàári akò ŋ malígo makálawa maghápon. I am able that (I) bathe (i. e. to bathe) twice a day. Pinabayáan niya kamì ŋ umalìs. We were permitted by him to depart. Hinantày nya ŋ matápus aŋ mísa. The mass was-awaited 25by-him that it end, i. e. He waited until the mass was ended. Anò aŋ gustu mu ŋ sabíhin? What is desired by-you that (it) be-said? i. e. What do you mean to say? Hindí ko gustò ŋ màkatálo si Hwàn. Not by-me desired that (he) be-opposed is Juan, i. e. I don’t want Juan to be my opponent.

30153. Clear cases of the complement construction are those in which the two elements connected refer to different persons or things: Nagyayá sya ŋ umuwèʾ. He advised that (they, anaphoric) go home. (34, ₁₂.) Aŋ pagkámasìd nya sa láŋit ay syà ŋ nagpakilála sa kanyà na úulàn. His glance at the sky was what 35showed him that (it, see § 84) was going to rain.

154. When the former of the two elements is an object expression (or similar element) the complement construction is evident: aŋ kaibigà ŋ màtúto the desire that (he) get educated, i. e. the desire to get an education. aŋ pagkágusto nyà na kumáin naŋ 40nyòg his desire that (he) should-eat cocoanuts, i. e. to eat.... Anu ŋ tagàl nya ŋ sumísid! What endurance of-him that (he) stay under water! i. e. How long he stays under water! Ano ŋ hína mo ŋ lumákad! What slowness of-you that (you) walk! i. e. How slowly you walk! Aŋ tagasulsè ay isa ŋ babáye ŋ may katuŋkúla ŋ manahìʾ o manulsè naŋ maŋa púnit naŋ damìt. A darning-woman is a woman having the duty that (she) patch or mend the small holes in clothing, i. e. ... whose duty is to....

5155. A further sign that the speech-feeling envisages the complement construction as different from the constructions of quality or manner appears when enclitics follow the first word of the complement (i. e. of the second of the connected elements) rather than the first word of the sentence: this shows that the 10complement is viewed as a relatively independent element within the sentence: Maári ŋà ŋ ihúlug mo sa koréyo aŋ áki ŋ súlat? Should-be-capable that (it) be-thrown by-you into the mail (predicate) my letter (subject)? i. e. Can you please mail my letter? Cf. under § 152 above.

15156. Very frequently the complement is an entire predication: aŋ panukálaʾ na aŋ púnoʾ ay tùtúboʾ the thought that the tree will grow; pagkátanaw nyà na dumáratiŋ aŋ susòʾ (at the) seeing by-him i. e. when he sees that the snail is arriving; aŋ áraw na kayò ay dápat magsipagsísi the day that (i. e. when) you ought 20to repent; Nagkàkapálad aŋ manùnúbok na màkíta nya aŋ kúlam. The spier has the good fortune that be-seen by-him the magic principle, i. e. ... to see....

157. A predication as complement is often parallel with a disjunctive object modifier, i. e. with an object expression used 25as direct, instrumental, or local object (§ 184 ff.): Sya y nagsábi ŋ sya y marúnoŋ gumupìt naŋ buhòk. He said that he knew how to cut hair. Aŋ bulàg ay nagakála ŋ gawì ŋ katatawanàn aŋ pagkahúlog naŋ kúbaʾ. The blindman thought that the falling of the hunchback should be made (sc. niyà by-him, anaphoric) that (it) 30be a laughing-stock, i. e. decided to make fun of the falling ...; that which one says or thinks, with sábi and akálaʾ, is also expressed as a direct object.

158. Similarly, predications as complements are, in impersonal constructions, parallel with a subject: Sinábi nya ŋ sya y 35marúnoŋ gumupìt naŋ buhòk. Was-said by-him that he was able to cut hair, i. e. He said he knew how to cut hair. Hindí bihíraʾ na aŋ isa ŋ táo y pamagatà ŋ médiko-ŋ-maŋkukúlam. It is not rare that a man is reputed as a witch-doctor. Cf. the example of predication as subject in § 116. Hinilìŋ nya sa uŋgòʾ na dikdikìn 40sya sa lusòŋ. It was begged by him of the monkey that he be brayed in the mortar, i. e. He begged the monkey to bray him in the mortar. Pinabayáan niya na kamì y umalìs. It was allowed by him that we depart, i. e. He allowed us to depart, a less usual form than that in § 152. Totoo ŋá na akò y naparoòn sa Balíwag. It is true that I went to Baliwag. Maàári pú ba ŋ kayò y maghintòʾ? Will it be possible please that you should stop? i. e. Can you please stop? Inísip nya ŋ magnákaw sa isa ŋ tindáhan. It 5was planned by him that (he) rob a shop, i. e. He planned to.... Iniyútus nya ŋ humúkay. It was ordered by him that (one, see § 86) should dig, i. e. He ordered people to dig. Hindí mo gustò ŋ màhúle ka. Not by-you it-is-desired that you be-caught, i. e. You don’t want to be caught.

10159. A direct quotation may have the same construction as a predication: Sinábi nya ŋ “Bámos!” It-was-said by-him, namely “Vamos!” i. e. He said “Vamos!”