The Project Gutenberg eBook, Maxims and Instructions for the Boiler Room, by N. (Nehemiah) Hawkins

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MAXIMS

AND

INSTRUCTIONS

FOR

THE BOILER ROOM.

hawkins educational works for engineers

This Work is Fraternally inscribed to W. R. Hawkins, R. F. Hawkins and F. P. Hawkins.

RICHARD TREVITHICK.

Maxims and Instructions

FOR

The Boiler Room.

USEFUL TO

Engineers, Firemen & Mechanics,

RELATING TO STEAM GENERATORS, PUMPS, APPLIANCES, STEAM HEATING, PRACTICAL PLUMBING, ETC.

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By N. HAWKINS, M. E.,

Honorary Member National Association of Stationary Engineers, Editorial Writer, Author of Hand Book of Calculations for Engineers and Firemen, Etc., Etc.

Comprising Instructions and Suggestions on the Construction, Setting, Control and Management of Various Forms of Steam Boilers; on the Theory and Practical Operation of the Steam Pump; Steam Heating; Practical Plumbing; also Rules for the Safety Valve, Strength of Boilers, Capacity of Pumps, Etc.

THEO. AUDEL & CO., Publishers,
63 FIFTH AVE., Cor. 13th St.,
New York.

Copyrighted
1897—1898—1903
by
Theo, Audel & Co.

PREFACE.

The chief apology for the preparation and issue of these Maxims and Instructions, for the use of Steam users, Engineers and Firemen, is the more than kind reception of Calculations.

But there are other reasons. There is the wholesome desire to benefit the class, with whom, in one way and another, the author has been associated nearly two score years.

The plan followed in this work will be the same as that so generally approved in Calculations; the completed volume will be a work of reference and instruction upon those works set forth in the title page. As a work of reference the work will be especially helpful through combined Index and Definition Tables to be inserted at the close of the book. By the use of these the meaning of every machine, material and performance of the boiler room can be easily found and the “points” of instruction made use of.

This work being issued in parts, now in manuscript, and capable of change or enlargement, the editor will be thankful for healthful suggestions from his professional brethren, before it is put into permanent book form.

CONTENTS.

Page
PREFACE		7
INTRODUCTION		9
MATERIALS		12
	Coal	13
	Wood	14
	Peat	14
	Tan	15
	Straw	15
	Coke, Charcoal, Peat Charcoal	15
	Liquid and Gas Fuels	15
	Air	16
	Table of Evaporation	18
	Fire Irons	19
	Handy Tools	21
	The Tool Box	22
THE FIRING OF STEAM BOILERS		24
	Directions for Firing with Various Fuels	28
	Firing with Coke	28
	Firing with Coal Tar	30
	Firing with Straw	31
	Firing with Oil	32
	Firing on an Ocean Steamer	32
	Firing of Sawdust and Shavings	33
	Firing a Locomotive	36
	Firing with Tan Bark	36
	Points Relating to Firing	37
	Foaming in Boilers	42
A CHAPTER OF DON’TS		44
STEAM GENERATORS		48
	Description	49
	An Upright Steam Boiler	50
	The Growth of the Steam Boiler	52
	Marine Boilers	60
	The Surface Condenser	65
	Operation of the Condenser	66
	Water Tube Steam Boilers	67
	Care of Water Tube Boilers	70
	Sectional Boilers	71
	Locomotive Boilers	72
	Standard Horizontal Tubular Steam Boiler	79
	Parts of the Tubular Boiler	81
	The Triple Draught Tubular Boiler	83
SPECIFICATION FOR 125 HORSE POWER BOILER		85
	Type	85
	Dimensions	85
	Quality and Thickness of Steel Plates	85
	Flanges	85
	Riveting	86
	Braces	86
	Manholes, Hand Holes and Thimbles	86
	Lugs	86
	Castings	86
	Testing	87
	Quality and Workmanship	87
	Fittings and Mountings	87
	Drawings	87
	Duty of Boiler	87
MARKS ON BOILER PLATES		88
CONSTRUCTION OF BOILERS		89
	Quality of Steel Plates	90
	Nickel Steel Boiler Plates	91
	Riveting	91
	Bracing of Steam Boilers	96
	Rule for Finding Pressure or Strain on Bolts	99
	Gusset Stays	100
	Riveted or Screw Stays	101
	Inspector’s Rules Relating to Braces in Steam Boilers	102
	Rules and Tables	105
	Boiler Tubes	110
	Portions of the Marine Boiler which become Thin by Wear	112
EXAMPLES OF CONSTRUCTION AND DRAWING		113
	Rule for Safe Internal Pressure	117
DEFINITION OF TERMS		121
	Tensile strength	121
	Contraction of area	121
	Elongation	121
	Shearing strength	121
	Elastic limit	121
	Tough	121
	Ductile	121
	Elasticity	122
	Fatigued	122
	Malleable	122
	Weldable	122
	Cold-short	122
	Hot-short	122
	Homogeneous	122
BOILER REPAIRS		123
	Repairing Cracks	123
	Defects and Necessary Repairs	124
	Questions by the Proprietor to the Engineer in Charge, Relating to Condition of the Boiler	127
	Questions asked of a Candidate For a Marine License Relating to Defects in Boiler	127
THE INSPECTION OF STEAM BOILERS		129
	How to prepare for Steam Boiler Inspection	130
	Issuing Certificates	131
	The Hydraulic Test	131
ENGINEERS’ EXAMINATIONS		133
MECHANICAL STOKERS		134
CHEMICAL TERMS AND EXPLANATIONS RELATING TO FEED WATERS		136
	Chemistry	136
	Element	136
	Re-agent	136
	Oxide	136
	Carbonate	136
	Acid	137
	Alkalies	137
	Chloride	137
	Sulphates	137
	Silica	137
	Magnesia	138
	Carbonate of Magnesia	138
	Lime	138
	Soda	138
	Sodium	138
	Salt	139
ANALYSIS OF FEED WATER		140
	Directions	140
	FROM ARGOS, IND.	140
	FROM SIOUX FALLS, S. D.	140
	FROM LITCHFIELD, ILL.	141
	FROM CHELSEA, MASS.	141
	FROM MEMPHIS, TENN.	141
	FROM PEKIN, ILL.	141
	FROM TIFFIN, OHIO	141
CORROSION AND INCRUSTATION OF STEAM BOILERS		142
	Preliminary Precipitation of Water	144
	A precipitator for Sea Water	145
	Scale Deposited in Marine Boilers	146
	A locomotive-Boiler Compound	149
	“Points” Relating to the Scaling of Steam Boilers	149
ENGINEERS’ TESTS FOR IMPURITIES IN FEED WATER		153
	Use of Petroleum Oil in Boilers	155
	Kerosene Oil in Boilers	156
	Mechanical Boiler Cleaners	159
	Scumming Apparatus	161
	Use of Zinc in Marine Boilers	162
BOILER FIXTURES AND BELONGINGS		164
	Boiler Fronts	165
	Furnace Doors	168
	Fusible Plugs	171
	Grate Bars	173
	Water Gauge Cocks	176
	Glass Gauges	177
	The Mud Drum	179
	Baffle Plates	180
	Dead Plate	180
	Steam Whistles	180
	The Steam Gauge	181
	Steam Separator	183
	Sentinel Valve	184
	Damper Regulators	185
	Fuel Economizer and Feed Water Purifier	185
	Safety Valves	187
	U. S. Rules Relating to Safety Valves	189
	Feed Water Heaters	196
	Capacity of Cisterns	202
	Water Meters	203
	“Points” Relating to Water Meters	204
	The Steam Boiler Injector	206
	“Points” Relating to the Injector	209
LAWS OF HEAT		212
THE STEAM PUMP		215
	Classification of Pumps	217
	Points Relating to Pumps	219
	Calculations Relating to Pumps	222
IMPORTANT PRINCIPLES RELATING TO WATER		224
STORING AND HANDLING OF COAL		225
CHEMISTRY OF THE FURNACE		226
	Oxygen	229
	Carbon	229
	Hydrogen	230
	Nitrogen	230
	Sulphur	230
	Carbonic Acid Gas	230
	Carbonic Oxide	231
	Table	231
HEATPROOF AND ORNAMENTAL PAINTS		232
PRESSURE RECORDING GAUGE		233
HORSE POWER AS APPLIED TO BOILERS		234
	Rule For Estimating Horse Power of Horizontal Tubular Steam Boilers	235
BOILER SETTING		236
	Setting of Water Tube Boilers	239
	Points Relating to Boiler Setting	239
KINDLING A FURNACE FIRE		241
	Sawdust Furnace	242
PIPES AND PIPING		244
	Joints of Pipes and Fittings	248
STEAM AND HOT WATER HEATING		251
	Points Relating to Steam Heating	254
	Ventilation	265
	Heating by Exhaust Steam	267
	Care of Steam Fittings	268
	Tools used in Steam Fitting	269
	Cocks	270
	Valves	271
	Steam Fittings	274
	Steam Pipe and Boiler Coverings	275
	Linear Expansion of Steam Pipes	276
	The Steam Loop	278
BOILER MAKERS’ TOOLS AND MACHINERY		281
STEAM		282
WATER HAMMER		283
HAZARDS OF THE BOILER ROOM		285
	Fuel Oil	289
WATER CIRCULATION		294
CHIMNEYS AND DRAUGHT		296
PLUMBING		298
	Piping and Drainage	299
	Lead Pipe Joints	300
	Repairing Pipes with Putty Joints	303
	Bending Lead Pipe	304
	Plumber’s Solder	305
	Plumber’s Tools	306
USEFUL TABLES OF WEIGHTS OF IRON AND COMPARISONS OF GAUGES		309
NOISELESS WATER HEATER		312
ACCIDENTS AND EMERGENCIES		313
	Burns and Scalds	313
	Glue Burn Mixture	315
	Insensibility from Smoke	315
	Heat-stroke or Sun-stroke	316
	Cuts and Wounds	316
	Bleeding	317
	Frost Bite	318
	Broken Bones	318
	Poultices	319
	How to Carry an Injured Person	319
PERSONAL		320
INDEX		321
ADVERTISMENTS		333

The Project Gutenberg eBook of Maxims and Instructions for the Boiler Room

Maxims and Instructions FOR The Boiler Room.

By N. HAWKINS, M. E., Honorary Member National Association of Stationary Engineers, Editorial Writer, Author of Hand Book of Calculations for Engineers and Firemen, Etc., Etc.

PREFACE.

CONTENTS.

Maxims and Instructions

FOR

The Boiler Room.

By N. HAWKINS, M. E.,

Honorary Member National Association of Stationary Engineers, Editorial Writer, Author of Hand Book of Calculations for Engineers and Firemen, Etc., Etc.