The Wood Frog, (Rana sylvatica), is frequently seen in moist valleys in the Zoological Park, where its chocolate brown back so closely matches the color of the dead leaves and moist earth; it is difficult to find, save when it takes one of its flying leaps. The specimens shown were taken near the Beaver Pond.

The Tree Frog, (Hyla pickeringi), is the commonest of the queer little tree-loving species which are so easy to hear, and so difficult to find. In spring their voices are the first to be heard in the swamps. The Zoological Park is full of Hylas, and their cheerful piping is heard at all seasons, especially in dry midsummer, when dark storm-clouds gather and promise rain.

The Common Toad, (Bufo lentiginosus), is found in the Zoological Park, though not in such abundance as the two preceding species.

Among the most remarkable creatures in the Reptile House are the specimens of Smooth-Clawed Frog, (Xenopus laevis), from Africa and The Surinam Toad, (Pipa americana). Both of these species are strictly aquatic and have broadly palmated hind feet. The Surinam Toad comes from Dutch Guiana. It is unique in its breeding habits. The male collects the eggs and places them on the female’s back where they are engulfed in large folds of the skin, which form cells in which the metamorphosis occurs.

The Spotted Salamander, (Salamandra maculosa), because of its broad, bright yellow bands and blotches, laid on a rich, dark-brown body color, is one of the most showy of all Amphibians. It comes from Europe, and being much prized in collections, it frequently passes through the hands of dealers in reptiles. Its skin is very moist and clammy, which gives the creature the appearance of having been varnished. This is the creature which is supposed to be able to withstand fire—a belief which is purely imaginative.

The Tiger Salamander or Axolotl, (Amblystoma tigrinum), is a widely different creature from the preceding. It is found throughout the greater portion of the North American continent, and as far south as Central Mexico. Thirteen other species of the genus Amblystoma are found in North America and Mexico. In the matter of “harmonizing with environment,” the Amblystoma is one of the most remarkable creatures in existence. In its larval stage (corresponding with the tadpole stage of a frog), this animal possesses external gills, red and sponge-like in appearance, and its tail has a fin-like edge above and below, like the tail of an eel.

METAMORPHOSIS OF THE LEOPARD FROG.

So long as this larval creature remains in water, its external gills remain and do duty, and the larval stage continues indefinitely. Remove it from water, or let its home pool dry up, and, presto! its gills dry up, its tail loses its fin-like edges, and the creature goes about on land, breathing air instead of water, with lungs instead of gills.

The “Water-Dog” or “Hellbender,” (Cryptobranchus allegheniensis), is a salamander-like amphibian, from 18 to 22 inches long when adult, found more frequently in Pennsylvania than elsewhere. They are said to be very tenacious of life, and voracious in their food habits, feeding on worms, minnows and crayfish, and often taking the hook of the fisherman in quest of that most repulsive of all American fishes, the cat-fish. Between cat-fish and water-dog there would seem to be small choice. Mr. William Frear offers this testimony in regard to the tenacity of life of this creature:

“One specimen, about 18 inches in length, which had lain on the ground exposed to a summer sun for 48 hours, was brought to the museum, and left lying a day longer before it was placed in alcohol. The day following, desiring to note a few points of structure, I removed it from the alcohol in which it had been completely submerged for at least 20 hours, and had no sooner placed in on the table than it began to open its big mouth, vigorously sway its tail to and fro, and give other undoubted signs of vitality.”

The Congo Snake, or Amphiuma, (Amphiuma means), is a creature which closely resembles a thick-tailed snake. A close examination, however, discloses a tiny pair of front legs; and far back, well toward the end of the tail, a small pair of hind legs appear. These are about as valuable to the animal as the tiger’s clavicle is to him. There are but two species belonging to this strange genus, both of which are found in the stagnant waters of our southeastern states. Still lower than the amphiuma, is The Mud Eel, (Siren lacertina), of the southeastern quarter of the United States, which possesses small external gills, and only one pair of legs, which are in front.

The Menobranchus, or Mud Puppy, (Necturus maculatus), possesses external gills and four legs, and inhabits many of the rivers of Ohio, Pennsylvania, Indiana, the great lakes and also the lakes of northern New York. It is often taken in fisherman’s nets.

SECTION IV.— THE INSECTS.

THE INSECT COLLECTION.[1]

A collection of insects was formed and placed on exhibition during the early summer of 1910. While this first exhibit was not elaborate, it excited such interest that it was decided to enlarge it, by taking advantage of the season which then was at its best for insect collecting.

A series of long shelves has been built in the Pavilion between the Small-Mammal House and the Ostrich House, and thirty-five glass-fronted cages, together with a row of aquaria for aquatic specimens, were installed. A number of collecting trips were made into the country within a radius of twenty-five miles of the city, with such marked success, that by the middle of July the collection was pronounced by a number of visitors to equal in interest any exhibition of the kind heretofore attempted in this country, or in Europe. In view of the marked interest created by this display, the insect collection will hereafter be a permanent feature of the Park.

GIANT CENTIPEDE.

There are so many possibilities in exhibiting living insects that it is difficult to select groups to feature for the summer. Our efforts were first directed toward exhibiting a series of the different insects that sing, and also a series of species injurious to the interests of the agriculturists, together with a number of the insects that prey upon the noxious species. The collection of singing insects was a marked success and will hereafter be continued each summer.

We are gathering from both the Old World and the New, a fine collection of the larger silk moths. The cocoons will be shown on panels, and inasmuch as a number of the moths will be emerging daily, this exhibit should be instructive. During the winter the insect collection is made up largely of tropical species; and in this series we include the large bird-killing spiders, scorpions and centipedes, even though these creatures are not to be classified as true insects.

The collection of singing insects of the past summer was composed of the meadow locust, greater and lesser cone-headed locust, the Katy-did, broad-winged locust, field cricket, lesser field cricket, smooth-winged cricket and two species of the tree crickets. There were about five hundred specimens in the collection, and at times the noise made by them was so great that visitors had to shout to one another to make their own voices audible. The sounds coming from this collection varied according to the time of day. It was late in the afternoon, when the larger locusts commenced their singing (which continued throughout the night), and inasmuch as the strictly diurnal species were yet active, the insect chorus was quite vociferous.

It is only with considerable difficulty that singing insects are collected. The best time to capture them is at night, when the collector stalks the loudest singers, and by approaching within definite investigating distance, can accurately locate the insects by bringing into use an electric flash-lamp. The glare of the light usually causes the insect to stop its calls, but it remains motionless upon a branch or leaf and may be grasped with a delicate pair of forceps, provided the movements of the collector’s arm are performed outside the rays of light. If the locust has become silent and cannot be detected when the light is thrown upon it, the collector simply switches off the light and remains quiet. In a few minutes the creature continues its song, when its exact location is again determined. In this way the night songsters of a big meadow are collected, one by one, and the collector leaves behind him a silent field that a few hours before resounded with the stridulations of the insect chorus.

TARANTULA.

RED-WINGED LOCUST.

HERCULES BEETLE.

Among the more interesting insects exhibited, in our series are to be found the walking-stick, the praying mantis, the huge red-winged locust of the South, the Egyptian scarab, the luminous beetle of Central and South America, and broods of silk worm. The life history of the mosquito will be permanently illustrated in a series of tanks, and adjoining these an exhibit of natural enemies of these pests.

The insect collection is supplied with interesting descriptive labels. During the latter part of spring it is removed from the Reptile House, where, during the winter the number of its cages are much reduced, and replaced in the quarters occupied during the summer.

INDEX.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

A
Access, means of, 16
Admission, 17
Aix galericulata, 155
sponsa, 155
Agouti, 111
Alpaca, 54, 56
Amblystoma tigrinum, 183
Amphiuma means, 185
Anaconda, 179
Anas boschas, 153
Ancistrodon contortrix, 181
piscivorus, 181
Anser anser, 134
albifrons, 134
Ant-eater, great, 113
Antelope, addax, 39
beatrix, 40
beisa, 40
duiker, 47
prong-horned, 51
sable, 39, 40, 43
sabre, 39
sasin, 46, 47
Antelopes, small African, 46
Anthropopithecus calvus, 81, 84
Anthropoides virgo, 168
Antidorcas, 48
Antigone antigone, 168
Antilocapra americana, 51
Antilocapridae, 51
Antilope cervicapra, 47
Antlers, development of, 59, 61
Aoudad, 34
Ape Barbary, 86
black, 86
Aquila chrysaetos, 145
Arctictis binturong, 108
Ardea americana, 138
herodias, 138
Argusianus argus, 161
Armadillo, nine-banded, 112
six-banded, 112, 114
three-banded, 112
Ass, Persian Wild, 66
Aurochs, 29
Aviary, eagle and vulture, 143
goose, 133
pheasant, 155
Axis axis, 67
Axis deer, 67
Aythya americana, 154
vallisneria, 154
B
Baboon, 85
golden, 86
hamadryas, 86
long-armed yellow, 86
Bactrachians, 182
Badger, American, 110
European, 110
Balearica pavonina, 169
Bascanium constrictor, 179
Bear, Admiralty, 124
Andean black, 125
black, 124
brown, 125, 127
hairy-eared, 126
Himalayan black, 126
Isabella, 126
Japanese black, 127
Peninsula, 123
Polar, 120, 121, 122
sloth, 127
spectacled, 125, 126
Syrian, 125
Yakutat, 122
Beaver, American, 110, 129
Big-horn, 32
Binturong, 108
Birds, list of, 152
Bison, American, 26, 27
European, 27
ranges, 26
Black buck, 47
Blastoceros paludosus, 44
Blessbok, 41
Bos americanus, 27
primigenius, 29
Bradypus tridactylus, 114
Branta canadensis, 134
Brocket, black-faced, 45
Bubo bubo, 141
lacteus, 142
virginianus, 142
Bufo lentiginosus, 183
Burrhel, 32, 34
Buteo borealis, 144
C
Cage, flying, 135, 136
Camel, bactrian, 53, 54
Camelus dromedarius, 55
Cameloids, 55
Canis azarae, 109
dingo, 109
latrans, 99
mesomelas, 108
nubilis, 98
Capybara, 111
Caribou, woodland, 62
Barren-Ground, 63
Casarca casarca, 155
variegata, 155
Cassowary, Ceram, 165
Castor canadensis, 110, 129
Cat, common civet, 107
jungle, 106
Malayan, 107
margay, 106
wild, 107
yaguarundi, 106
Catharista urubu, 144
urobitinga, 144
Cebus hypoleucus, 81
Cephalophus grimmi, 47
Cercocebus collaris, 81, 87
Cervicapra arundinum, 47
Cervus canadensis, 57
canadensis asiaticus, 70
duvauceli, 70
elaphus, 71
eldi, 69
equinus, 70
maral, 71
moluccensis, 45
muntjac, 45
porcinus, 45
schomburgki, 44
unicolor, 45, 70
Chameleon, 179
Chamois, 33, 35
Cheetah, 77
Chelydra serpentina, 173
Chelonia, 172
Chen hyperborea, 135
Chenopsis atrata, 135
Chimpanzee, 81, 84
Choloepus hoffmani, 114
Chrysemys picta, 173
Chrysolophus amherstiae, 158
Chrysolophus pictus, 158
Chrysothrix sciurea, 81, 88
Ciconia ciconia, 138
Cistudo carolina, 173
Coati-mundi, 109
red, 109
white-nosed, 109
Cobra-de-capello, 181
king, 180
Cobus unctuosus, 41
Collections, arrangement of, 11
census of, 11
Connochaetes gnu, 38
albojubatus, 39
Condor, California, 144
South American, 143
Corvidae, 152
Coscoroba coscoroba, 135
Coyote, 99, 100
Crane, Asiatic, white, 168
crowned, 169
demoiselle, 167, 168
little brown, 167
paradise, 168
sandhill, 138, 167
sarus, 168
whooping, 167, 169
Crocodile, American, 176
broad-nosed, 177
Florida, 176
sharp-nosed Orinoco, 176
Crocodilus acutus, 176
acutus floridanus, 176
intermedius, 176
osteolaemus tetraspis, 177
Crotalus adamanteus, 181
Cryptobranchus allegheniensis, 184
Ctenosaura acanthura, 177
Cyclura cornuta, 177
Cynomys ludovicianus, 118
Cygnus buccinator, 135
olor, 134
D
Dama vulgaris, 68
Damaliscus albifrons, 41
Dasyprocta, 111
Dasypus sexcinctus, 112
Deer, axis, 67, 68
barasingha, 70
Columbian black-tailed, 62
Eld, 69
European red, 71
fallow, 68
hog, 45
horse-tailed, 70
Japanese sika, 67
jumping, 60
maral, 71
marsh, 44
Molucca, 45
mule, 60
musk, 46
Osceola, white-tailed, 43
rib-faced, 45
Indian sambar, 70
Malay sambar, 70
Schomburgk, 44
Sinaloa white-tailed, 44
swamp, 70
white-tailed, 62
Dens, bear, 119
fox, 101
wolf, 98
Dingo, 109
Dog, Australian, 109
Azara, 109
raccoon, 109
Dromedary, 55
Dromaeus novae-hollandiae, 165
Duck, canvas back, 154
lesser scaup, 155
mallard, 153
mandarin, 155
pintail, 153
red-head, 154
shoveller, 154
wood, 155
Duiker, antelope, 47
E
Eagle, bald, 146
bateleur, 145
golden, 145
harpy, 144
vulturine sea, 146
white-breasted, 146
Egret, American, 140
snowy, 139
Egretta candidissima, 139
Eland, 38, 42
Elaps fulvius, 180
Elephant, Indian, 91, 92
Sudan African, 92, 93
West African, 93
Elephas, capensis, 92
cyclotis, 92, 93
indicus, 91
knochenhaueri, 92
oxyotis, 92
Elk, American, 57
Entrances, 17
Equus burchelli chapmani, 66
burchelli granti, 65
grevyi, 65
onager, 66
persicus, 66
prjevalskii, 64
zebra, 64
Erethizon dorsatus, 110
Eulabia indica, 134
Eunectes murinus, 179
F
Falco islandus, 146
Fallow Deer, 68
Felis bengalensis, 106
concolor, 78
Felis nebulosa, 105
onca, 76
pardalis, 106
serval, 105
tigrina, 106
uncia, 77
yaguarundi, 106
Florida caerulea, 139
Forests, 23
Four-horned antelope, 47
Flamingo, American, 136
European, 137
Fox, Arctic, 108
black, 101
blue, 108
cross, 101
gray, 102
kit, 101, 108
large-eared swift, 102
New Mexico, desert, 108
red, 101, 103
silver, 101
swift, 101, 102, 108
Frog, smooth-clawed, 183
tree, 183
wood, 183
G
Gazella benneti, 49
dorcas, 48
Gazelle, dorcas, 48
Indian, 49
Gennaeas nycthemerus, 159
Gibbon, 84
Gila monster, 179
Giraffa camelopardalis, 36, 37, 38
capensis, 37
reticulata, 37
Giraffe, five-horned, 37
Nubian, 36, 38
two-horned, 37
Gnu, brindled, 39
white-tailed, 38, 41
Goat, Persian wild, 33
Rocky Mountain, 33, 49, 50
Goose, African spur-winged, 134
bar-headed, 134
Canada, 134
coscoroba, 135
gray-lag, 134
snow, 135
white-fronted, 134
Grounds, physical aspect of, 21
Grus americana, 167
mexicana, 167
Guara rubra, 137
Guanaco, 56
Gymnogyps californianus, 144
Gypaetus barbatus, 145
Gypagus papa, 143
Gypohierax angolensis, 146
Gyps pulvus, 144
H
Haliaëtus leucocephalus, 146
leucogaster, 146
Hapale jacchus, 81, 88
Hawk, red-tailed, 144
Hellbender, 184
Helotarsus ecaudatus, 145
Hemitragus jemlaicus, 34
Heron, black-crowned, 139
great blue, 138
great white, 138
little blue, 139
Louisiana, 139
snowy, 139
Herodias egretta, 140
Herpestes ichneumon, 108
Hippopotamus, 96, 97
Hippotragus niger, 39, 40
Hog Deer, 45
Horned “toad,” 178
Horse, Prjevalsky, 64, 65
House, antelope, 35, 36
aquatic-bird, 141
camel, 53
elephant, 89
large bird, 146
lion, 71, 72
llama, 55
ostrich, 162
primate, 80
puma and lynx, 115
reptile, 171
small-deer, 42, 44
small-mammal, 104
zebra, 63
Hydrochaerus capybara, 111
Hylobates leuciscus, 81, 84
Hystrix cristata, 110
longicauda, 110
I
Ibis, scarlet, 137
white-faced, 137
wood, 137
Ichneumon, African, 108
Icteridae, 152
Iguana, Mexican, 177
rhinoceros, 177
South American, 177
tuberculata, 177
Income, sources of, 13
Insects, 185
J
Jackal, black-backed, 108
Jaguar, 76
Jungle cat, 106
L
Lacerta viridis, 178
Lama glama, 56
guanacus, 56
pacos, 56
vicunia, 56
Lammergeyer, 145
Llama, 56
Leopard, 76
black, 77
clouded, 105
hunting, 77
snow, 75, 77
Lemur catta, 81, 89
ring-tailed, 81, 89
ruffed, 89
slow, 81, 89
varia, 89
Leucoryx antelope, 39, 41
Lion, 73
Barbary, 74
mountain, 78
Lizards, 177
Location of Park, 15
Lophophorus impeyanus, 161
Lutra canadensis, 103
Lynx, bay, 107
Canada, 116
spotted, 107
M
Macacus entellus, 81, 86
fuscatus, 81, 86, 88
nemestrinus, 81, 86, 88
rhesus, 81, 86
Macaws, 149
Macropus rufus, 50
Mammals, 25
burrowing, 116
egg-laying, 115
toothless, 112
Mandrill, 85
Margay cat, 106
Markhor Suleiman, 31, 33
Marmoset, 81, 88
Marsh deer, 44
Mazama tema, 45
Meleagris gallopavo silvestris, 146
Meles taxus, 110
Molucca deer, 45
Monkey, black spider, 87
entellus, 86
gray spider, 87
green, 87
howling, 87
mona, 87
pig-tailed, 86, 88
rhesus, 86
squirrel, 88
Moschus moschiferus, 46
Mouflon, 32, 34
Mountain sheep, big-horn, 32
Mud eel, 185
puppy, 185
Muntjac deer, 45
Musk deer, 46
Musk-ox, 31
Myopotamus coypu, 104
Myrmecophaga jubata, 113
N
Nasua rufa, 109
Naja bungaris, 180
tripudians, 181
Necturus maculatus, 185
Nettion carolinensis, 153
Nilgai, 41
Nyctea nyctea, 142
Nyctereutes procyonoides, 109
O
Ocelot, 106
Odocoileus columbianus, 60, 62
hemionus, 60
sinaloae, 44
virginianus, 62
virginianus osceola, 43
Onager, 66
Ophidia, 179
Ophiosauris ventralis, 178
Orang-utan, 83, 84
Oreamnos montanus, 50
Oryx, beatrix, 40
beisa, 40
leucoryx, 39
Otter, American, 103
Otus asio, 142
Ounce, 77
Ovibos wardi, 31
Ovis burrhel, 34
canadensis, 32
cycloceros, 34
musimon, 34
tragelaphus, 34
Owl, barred, 142
giant eagle, 141
great horned, 141
milky, eagle, 141
screech, 142
snowy, 141
P
Papio babuin, 81, 85
hamadryas, 81, 86
mormon, 81, 85
Paradoxure, black, 108
Malayan, 108
white-whiskered, 107
Paradoxurus hermaphroditus, 108
leucomystax, 107
niger, 108
Passeres, 151
Pelicans, 140
Pelicanus occidentalis, 140
erthrorhynchus, 140
Peccary, collared, 50
Phacochaerus aethiopicus, 50
Phasianus colchicus, 160
mongolicus, 160
soemmerringii, 160
torquatus, 160
Pheasant, Amherst, 158
Argus, 161
copper, 160
English, 160
golden, 158
impeyan, 161
Mongolian, 160
Reeve, 160
ring-necked, 160
silver, 159
Soemmerring, 160
Pheonicopterus ruber, 136
roseus, 137
Phrynosoma, 178
Pigeon, bleeding-heart, 149
great crowned, 150
Pipa americana, 183
Plegadis guarauna, 137
Porcupine, African, 110, 111
Brazilian tree, 131
Canada, 110
Indian crestless, 110
Portax tragocamelus, 41
Potamochaerus pencillatus, 50
Prairie “dog” village, 118
Primates, 81
Puma, 78, 116
Python, regal, 179
rock, 179
reticulatus, 179
sebae, 179
Q
Querquedula discors, 153
R
Rabbit family, 117
Rana catesbiana, 182
sylvatica, 183
Rangifer, caribou, 62
granti, 63
osborni, 63
stonei, 63
tarandus, 63
Rat, coypu, 104
Rattlesnake, diamond-back, 181
Red river-hog, 50
Reedbuck, 47
Reindeer, Lapland, 63
Reptiles, 171
synopsis, 172
venomous, 180
Restaurant, Rocking Stone, 19
Rhea, 164
Rhinoceros, African two-horned, 94
Indian, 95
white, 96
square-mouthed, 96
bicornis, 94
unicornis, 95
Rodents, list of, 131
Rodent-Reptile collection, 130
Rocking Stone, 23
Rupicapra tragus, 35
S
Sable antelope, 40, 43
Salamander, spotted, 183
tiger, 183
Sapajou, 87
Sarcogeranus leucogeranus, 168
Sasin antelope, 47
Seal, harbor, 80
Sea-lion, California, 78
Secretary bird, 166
Serpentarius serpentarius, 166
Serval, 105
Sewellel family, 117
Sheep, arcal, 32, 34
arcal mountain, 34
Barbary wild, 34
blue mountain, 34
Sheldrake, paradise, 155
ruddy, 155
tadorna, 155
Siamang, 89
Siren lacertina, 185
Sloths, 114
Snake, black, 179
coral, 180
garter, 180
harlequin, 180
hog-nosed, 180
Springbuck, 48
Squirrels, 117
Statistics, 10
Stork, white, 138
Struthio australis, 163
camelus, 164
Suricate, 108
Swan, black, 135
mute, 134
trumpeter, 135
Syrmaticus reevesi, 160
Syrnium varium, 142
T
Tadorna tadorna, 155
Tagassu angulatum, 50
Tahr, Himalayan, 32
Tamandua, 112, 114
Tantalus loculator, 137
Tapirs, 97, 98
Tapirus indicus, 98
terrestris, 97
Tatu novemcinctum, 112
Taurotragus oryx, 38
Taxidea americana, 110
Tegu, 178
Telegalla, 166
Testudo, carolina, 174
elephantina, 174
nigrita, 174
tabulata, 174
vicina, 174
Tetraceros quadricornis, 47
Tetrapteryx paradisea, 168
Thrasaetus harpyia, 144
Thylacinus cynocephalus, 103
Tiger, 75
Toad, common, 183
surinam, 183
Tortoise, box, 173
giant, 173, 174
gopher, 174
South American, 174
Turkey, brush, 166
wild, 146
Turtle, alligator, 173
marine, 175
painted, 173
snapping, 173
soft-shell, 175
U
Ungulates, summary of, 25
Urocyon virginianus, 102
Ursus, americanus, 121, 124
arctos, 125
dalli, 120, 122
emmonsi, 121
eulophus, 120, 124
floridanus, 121
gyas, 120, 123
horribilis, 121, 124
horribilis horriaeus, 121
japonicus, 127
kermodei, 121
labiatus, 127
luteolus, 121
maritimus, 120, 121
middendorffi, 120
ornatus, 125
ornatus, thomasi, 125
piscator, 126
richardsoni, 121
torquatus, 126
V
Varanus gouldii, 178
Vervet, 87
Vicunia, 55, 56
Viverra malaccensis, 107
zibetha, 107
Vulpes fulvus, 101
fulvus argentatus, 101
fulvus decussatus, 101
macrotis, 102
macrotis neomexicanus, 108
lagopus, 108
velox, 101
Vulture, bearded, 145
black, 144
eared, 144
griffon, 144
king, 143
yellow-headed, 144
W
Walrus, Atlantic, 79
Wapiti, Altai, 70
American, 57
tashkent, 70
Wart-hog, 50
Waterbuck, sing-sing, 41
Waterfall, 22
White-tailed deer, 43
Wichita Game Reserve, 28
Wild-fowl pond, 153
Wolf, gray, 99
prairie, 99, 100
Tasmanian, 103
X
Xenopus laevis, 184
Y
Yaguarundi cat, 106
Zalophus californianus, 78
Z
Zebra, Chapman, 66
Grant, 64, 65
Grevy, 65
mountain, 64