| FIG. | PAGE | |
|---|---|---|
| Heading—Rain, Steam, and Speed (after Turner) | 1 | |
| 1. | Portrait of James Watt | 3 |
| 2. | Newcomen’s Steam Engine | 4 |
| 3. | Watt’s Double-action Steam Engine | 5 |
| 4. | Governor and Throttle-Valve | 6 |
| 4a. | Watt’s Parallel Motion | 8 |
| 5. | Slide Valve | 9 |
| 6. | Section of Gifford’s Injector | 11 |
| 7. | Bourdon’s Pressure Gauge | 12 |
| 8. | Steam Generator | 13 |
| 9. | Section of Locomotive | 15 |
| 10. | Stephenson’s Link Motion | 17 |
| 10a. | G. N. R. Express Passenger Locomotive | 19 |
| 10b. | Joy’s Valve Gear | 20 |
| 11. | Locomotive after Explosion | 22 |
| 12. | Hancock’s Steam Omnibus | 22 |
| 13. | Nasmyth’s Steam Hammer | 27 |
| 14. | Merryweather’s Steam Fire-Engine | 28 |
| 15. | A Foundry | 29 |
| 16. | Aerolite in the British Museum | 31 |
| 17. | Blast Furnace | 41 |
| 18. | Section and Plan of Blast Furnace (obsolete type) | 42 |
| 19. | Section of a Reverberatory Furnace | 45 |
| 20. | Fibrous Fracture of Wrought Iron | 47 |
| 21. | Cup and Cone | 49 |
| 22. | Section of Blast Furnace | 51 |
| 23. | Experiments at Baxter House | 58 |
| 24. | Bessemer Converter | 63 |
| 25. | Model of Bessemer Steel Apparatus | 65 |
| 26. | Section of Regenerative Stoves and Open Hearth | 68 |
| 26a. | Rolling Mill | 71 |
| 26b. | The Eiffel Tower in course of construction | 73 |
| 26c. | The Eiffel Tower | 75 |
| 26d. | St. Paul Building, N. Y. | 77 |
| 26e. | Manhattan Insurance Co.’s Building in course of erection | 79 |
| 26f. | Manhattan Insurance Co.’s Building nearly completed | 80 |
| 26g. | Original Design for the Great Wheel | 82 |
| 27. | Portrait of Sir Joseph Whitworth | 85 |
| 28. | Whitworth’s Screw Dies and Tap | 86 |
| 29. | Screw-cutting Lathe | 87 |
| 30. | Whitworth’s Measuring Machine | 89 |
| 31. | Whitworth’s Drilling Machine | 91 |
| 32. | Whitworth’s Planing Machine | 93 |
| 33. | Pair of Whitworth’s Planes or Surface Plates | 94 |
| 34. | Interior of Engineer’s Workshop | 95 |
| 35. | Blanchard Lathe | 96 |
| 36. | Vertical Saw | 98 |
| 37. | Circular Saw | 99 |
| 38. | Pit-Saw | 100 |
| 39. | Box Tunnel | 101 |
| 40. | Coal-pit, Salop | 102 |
| 41. | Sankey Viaduct | 103 |
| 42. | Rails and Cramp-gauge | 104 |
| 43. | Fish-plate | 105 |
| 44. | Section of Rails and Fish-plates | 106 |
| 45. | Conical Wheels | 107 |
| 46. | Centrifugal Force | 107 |
| 47. | Points | 108 |
| 48. | Signal Box on North London Railway | 109 |
| 49. | Post Office Railway Van | 111 |
| 50. | Gower Street Station, Metropolitan Railway | 115 |
| 51. | Map of the Route of Pacific Railway | 117 |
| 52. | Trestle Bridge | 118 |
| 53. | American Canyon | 119 |
| 54. | “Cape Horn” | 121 |
| 55. | Snow Plough | 122 |
| 56. | First Steam Railroad Train in America | 123 |
| 57. | Railway Embankment | 124 |
| 57a. | Train ascending the Rigi | 126 |
| 57b. | At the summit of the Rigi | 127 |
| 58. | The Great Eastern at Anchor | 129 |
| 59. | Casting Cylinder of a Marine Steam Engine | 131 |
| 60. | Screw Propeller | 132 |
| 61. | Section of Great Eastern Amidships | 134 |
| 62. | The Great Eastern in course of construction | 135 |
| 63. | The Great Eastern ready for launching | 136 |
| 64. | Comparative sizes of Steamships | 137 |
| 65. | The ss. City of Rome | 138 |
| 66. | The Castalia in Dover Harbour | 140 |
| 67. | The same—End View | 141 |
| 68. | Bessemer Steamer | 142 |
| 68a. | A Whaleback Steamer, No. 85, built at West Superior, Wisconsin | 146 |
| 69. | H.M.S. Devastation in Queenstown Harbour | 149 |
| 70. | Section of H.M.S. Hercules | 151 |
| 71. | Section of H.M.S. Inconstant | 153 |
| 72. | Section, Elevation and Plan of Turret of H.M.S. Captain | 154 |
| 73. | H.M.S. Captain | 155 |
| 74. | Diagram of H.M.S. Captain | 158 |
| 75. | Ditto | 159 |
| 76. | H.M.S. Glatton | 162 |
| 77. | H.M.S. Thunderer | 163 |
| 78. | The König Wilhelm | 165 |
| 78a. | The Victoria leaving Newcastle-on-Tyne | 166 |
| 78b. | Firing at Floating Battery | 168 |
| 79. | Krupp’s Works at Essen, Prussia | 169 |
| 80. | Trajectory of a Projectile | 174 |
| 81. | Diagram for Trajectory of a Projectile | 176 |
| 82. | Muzzle-loading Musket and Rifles (obsolete patterns) | 179 |
| 83. | The Minié Bullet | 181 |
| 84. | Greener’s Expanding Bullet | 182 |
| 85. | The Chassepot Rifle—Section of the Breech | 183 |
| 86. | Section of the Martini-Henry Lock | 185 |
| 87. | The Martini-Henry Rifle | 186 |
| 88. | The Mannlicher Magazine Rifle | 188 |
| 89. | The Magazine and Breech of the Mannlicher Rifle | 189 |
| 90. | 32–pounder, 1807 | 191 |
| 91. | Whitworth Rifling and Projectile | 193 |
| 92. | 600–pounder Muzzle-loading Armstrong Gun | 194 |
| 93. | 35–ton Fraser Gun | 195 |
| 94. | Section of 9–in. Fraser Gun | 196 |
| 95. | Millwall Shield after being battered with Heavy Shot—Front View | 200 |
| 96. | Rear View of the Millwall Shield | 200 |
| 97. | Comparative Sizes of 35 and 81–ton Guns | 201 |
| 98. | Diagram of Velocities and Pressures | 205 |
| 99. | Elswick 4·7–in. Q. F. Gun on Pivot Mounting | 207 |
| 100. | The Moncrieff Gun raised and ready for firing | 209 |
| 101. | Moncrieff Gun lowered for loading | 209 |
| 102. | 68–ton Gun on Elswick Hydro-Pneumatic Mounting | 211 |
| 103. | Mallet’s Mortar | 213 |
| 104. | 32–pounder Krupp Siege Gun, with Breech-piece open | 214 |
| 105. | The Citadel of Strasburg after the Prussian Bombardment | 215 |
| 105a. | The Shrapnel and Segment Shells | 217 |
| 105b. | The Gatling Gun—Rear View | 219 |
| 105c. | The Gatling Gun—Front View | 221 |
| 105d. | The Montigny Mitrailleur | 222 |
| 105e. | A Hotchkiss Gun | 224 |
| 106. | Harvey’s Torpedo.—Working the Brakes | 227 |
| 107. | Submerged Torpedo | 228 |
| 108. | Mode of Firing Torpedo | 230 |
| 109. | Explosion of Whitehead’s Torpedo | 231 |
| 110. | Effect of the Explosion of Whitehead’s Torpedo | 232 |
| 111. | Experiment with a Torpedo charged with 10 lbs. Gun Cotton | 233 |
| 112. | Explosion of Torpedo containing 67 lbs. Gun Cotton | 234 |
| 113. | Explosion of 432 lbs. Gun Cotton in 37 ft. Water | 235 |
| 114. | The same in 27 ft. Water | 235 |
| 115. | Section of Priming Case and Exploding Bolt | 236 |
| 116. | Harvey’s Torpedo | 237 |
| 117. | The same | 238 |
| 118. | The same | 239 |
| 119. | Official Trial of “Harvey’s Sea Torpedo” | 239 |
| 120. | Model of Submarine Guns | 240 |
| 121. | The Warner Experiment off Brighton | 241 |
| 122. | Portrait of M. Lesseps | 249 |
| 123. | The Sand-Glass | 253 |
| 124. | A Group of Egyptian Fellahs and their Wives | 254 |
| 125. | Dredges and Elevators at Work | 255 |
| 126. | Map of the Suez Canal | 256 |
| 127. | Port Saïd, the Mediterranean Entrance to the Suez Canal | 257 |
| 128. | Bird’s-eye View of Port Saïd | 258 |
| 129. | One of the Breakwaters at Port Saïd | 259 |
| 130. | Lake Timsah and Ismaïlia | 259 |
| 131. | Railway Station at Ismaïlia | 260 |
| 132. | The Viceroy of Egypt cutting Embankment | 261 |
| 133. | Map of the Manchester Ship Canal, Western Portion | 263 |
| 134. | Map of the Manchester Ship Canal, Eastern Portion | 263 |
| 135. | A Cutting for the Manchester Ship Canal | 265 |
| 136. | Blasting Rocks for the Manchester Ship Canal | 266 |
| 137. | Manchester Ship Canal Works, Runcorn | 267 |
| 137a. | The French Steam Navvy | 268 |
| 137b. | The English Steam Navvy | 269 |
| 137c. | Sketch Map of the North Sea Canal | 271 |
| 138. | Britannia Bridge, Menai Straits | 276 |
| 139. | Diagram showing Strains | 278 |
| 140. | Ditto | 279 |
| 141. | Girder | 279 |
| 142. | Ditto | 279 |
| 143. | Ditto | 280 |
| 144. | Section of a Tube of the Britannia Bridge | 281 |
| 145. | Albert Bridge, Saltash | 283 |
| 146. | Clifton Suspension Bridge, near Bristol | 285 |
| 147. | Section of Shaft | 286 |
| 147a. | Clifton Suspension Bridge, Niagara | 288 |
| 147b. | Living Model of the Cantilever Principle | 291 |
| 147c. | Principal Dimensions of the Forth Bridge | 294 |
| 147d. | Map of the Tower Bridge and its Approaches | 299 |
| 147e. | The Tower Bridge | 301 |
| 147f. | Sketch | 302 |
| 148. | Newspaper Printing-Room | 305 |
| 149. | Inking Balls | 306 |
| 150. | Inking Roller | 306 |
| 151. | Diagram of Single Machine | 308 |
| 152. | Diagram of Perfecting Machine | 309 |
| 153. | Cowper’s Double Cylinder Machine | 309 |
| 154. | Tapes of Cowper’s Machine | 310 |
| 155. | Hopkinson and Cope’s Perfecting Machine | 311 |
| 156. | Section of Casting Apparatus | 314 |
| 157. | Diagram of the Walter Press | 315 |
| 158. | Hoe’s Type Revolving Cylinder Machine | 317 |
| 159. | Hoe’s “Railway” Machine | 319 |
| 160. | Napier’s Platen Machine | 320 |
| 161. | Roller for Printing Wall-Papers | 322 |
| 162. | Machine for Printing Paper-Hangings | 323 |
| 163. | Chain Testing Machine | 324 |
| 164. | Pascal’s Principle | 325 |
| 165. | Collar of Hydraulic Cylinder | 326 |
| 166. | Hydraulic Press | 327 |
| 167. | Section of Hydraulic Lift Graving Dock | 331 |
| 168. | Section of Column | 332 |
| 169. | Sir W. Armstrong’s Hydraulic Crane | 335 |
| 170. | Raising Tubes of Britannia Bridge | 336 |
| 171. | Press for Raising the Tubes | 337 |
| 172. | Head of Link-Bars | 338 |
| 173. | Apparatus to Prove Transmission of Pressure | 339 |
| 174. | Pneumatic Tubes and Carriages | 340 |
| 175. | Diagram of Tubes, &c. | 342 |
| 176. | Sending and Receiving Apparatus | 343 |
| 177. | Section of Receiving Apparatus | 344 |
| 178. | Sommeiller Boring Machines | 349 |
| 179. | Transit by Diligence over Mont Cenis | 353 |
| 180. | Burleigh Rock Drill on Tripod | 356 |
| 181. | The same on Movable Column | 358 |
| 182. | The same Mounted on Carriage | 359 |
| 183. | Diamond Drill Crown | 360 |
| 184. | Diamond Drill Machinery | 363 |
| 185. | Chart of the Channel Tunnel | 367 |
| 186. | Section of the Channel Tunnel | 368 |
| 187. | View of Dover | 369 |
| 187a. | Map of the St. Gothard Railway | 372 |
| 187b. | The Uppermost Bridge over the Maïenreuss | 375 |
| 187c. | The Bridges over the Maïenreuss, near Wasen | 377 |
| 187d. | Windings of the Line near Wasen | 378 |
| 188. | Contrasts of Light | 380 |
| 189. | Rays | 382 |
| 190. | Diagram | 383 |
| 191. | Telescopic Appearance of Jupiter and Satellites | 384 |
| 192. | Diagram | 386 |
| 193, 194, 195. | Diagrams | 388 |
| 196. | Diagram | 389 |
| 197. | Polemoscope | 390 |
| 198. | Apparatus for Ghost Illusion | 391 |
| 198a. | The Ghost Illusion | 393 |
| 199. | Illusion produced by Mirrors | 394 |
| 200. | A Stage Illusion | 395 |
| 201. | View of Venice—Reflections | 396 |
| 202. | Refraction | 397 |
| 203. | Diagram | 398 |
| 204, 205. | Diagrams of Crystals | 400 |
| 206. | Diagram | 401 |
| 207. | Diagram | 403 |
| 208. | Diagram | 404 |
| 209. | Polariscope | 406 |
| 210. | Section showing Polarisation | 407 |
| 211. | Iceland Spar, showing Double Refraction | 407 |
| 212. | Diagram | 408 |
| 213. | Diagram | 410 |
| 214. | Diagram | 412 |
| 215. | Portrait of Professor Kirchhoff | 416 |
| 216. | Diagram | 417 |
| 217. | Newton’s Experiment | 418 |
| 218. | Bunsen’s Burner on Stand | 421 |
| 219. | Spectroscope with one Prism | 423 |
| 220. | Miniature Spectroscope | 426 |
| 221. | The Gassiot Spectroscope | 427 |
| 222. | Browning’s Automatic Adjustment of Prisms | 429 |
| 223. | Apparatus for Spark Spectra | 430 |
| 224. | The Sorby-Browning Micro-Spectroscope | 433 |
| 225. | Section of Micro-Spectroscope, with Micrometer | 434 |
| 226. | Diagram | 435 |
| 227. | Section of Micro-Spectroscope | 436 |
| 228. | Solar Eclipse, 1869 | 439 |
| 229. | The Planet Saturn | 441 |
| 230. | Solar Prominences, No. 1 | 442 |
| 231. | Ditto, No. 2 | 443 |
| 232. | Section of Amateur Star Spectroscope | 444 |
| 232a. | X. Ray Photo of Living Hand, Exposure 4 minutes | 446 |
| 232b. | Skiagraph of a Hand by Dr. Roentgen | 448 |
| 232c. | Metal objects photographed through Calico and sheet of Aluminium | 450 |
| 232d. | Skiagraph of Layers of various substances | 451 |
| 233. | Portrait of Professor Helmholtz | 452 |
| 234. | Vertical Section of the Eye | 454 |
| 235. | Section of Retina | 456 |
| 236. | Diagram | 457 |
| 237. | Muscles of Eyes | 459 |
| 238. | Diagram | 461 |
| 239. | Diagram | 464 |
| 240. | Diagram | 465 |
| 241. | Ruete’s Ophthalmoscope | 466 |
| 242. | Diagram | 467 |
| 243. | Wheatstone’s Reflecting Stereoscope | 469 |
| 244. | Diagram | 470 |
| 245. | Diagram | 471 |
| 246. | The Telestereoscope | 473 |
| 247. | Lines | 475 |
| 248, 249. | Diagrams | 476 |
| 250, 251. | Diagrams | 477 |
| 251a. | Edison’s Kinetographic Theatre | 479 |
| 252. | Portrait of Sir W. Thomson | 481 |
| 253. | A simple Electroscope | 485 |
| 254. | The Gold-leaf Electroscope | 489 |
| 255. | The Leyden Jar | 490 |
| 256. | A Voltaic Element | 491 |
| 257. | Ampère’s Rule | 492 |
| 258. | Galvanometer | 493 |
| 259. | Daniell’s Cell and Battery | 495 |
| 260. | Grove’s Cell and Battery | 495 |
| 261. | Wire Ignited by Electricity | 496 |
| 262. | Duboscq’s Electric Lantern and Regulator | 497 |
| 263. | Decomposition of Water | 498 |
| 264. | Electro-plating | 499 |
| 265. | A Current producing a Magnet | 500 |
| 266. | An Electro-magnet | 501 |
| 267. | Ruhmkorff’s Coil | 503 |
| 268. | Discharge through Rarefied Air | 504 |
| 268a. | Large Induction Coil at the Old Polytechnic Institution, London | 505 |
| 269. | Appearance of Spark on Looking-glass | 507 |
| 270. | Magneto-electric Spark | 508 |
| 271. | A Magnet producing a Current | 509 |
| 272. | Clarke’s Magneto-electric Machine | 509 |
| 273. | Magneto-electric Light | 510 |
| 274. | Diagram | 511 |
| 275. | Gramme Machine | 512 |
| 276. | Insulated Coils | 513 |
| 277. | Hand Gramme Machine | 513 |
| 278. | Gramme Machine, with eight Vertical Electro-Magnets | 516 |
| 279. | Gramme Machine, with Horizontal Electro-magnets | 517 |
| 280. | Gramme Machine | 519 |
| 280a. | The Alliance Machine | 520 |
| 280b. | Wilde’s Machine | 521 |
| 280c. | Siemens’ Dynamo | 522 |
| 280d. | The Brush Dynamo | 523 |
| 280e. | Siemens’ Regulator | 524 |
| 280f. | Jablochkoff Candle | 525 |
| 280g. | Electric Lamp | 526 |
| 280h. | Incandescent Lamp | 529 |
| 280i. | Poles with Single Arms for Suburban Roads.—The Ontario Beach Railway, Rochester, N.Y. | 533 |
| 280j. | The Glynde Telepherage Line, on the system of the late Fleeming Jenkin | 534 |
| 280k. | Diagrams | 540 |
| 280l. | The Tesla Oscillator | 542 |
| 280m. | M. Nikola Tesla | 543 |
| 281. | Portrait of Professor Morse | 547 |
| 282. | Double-Needle Instrument | 554 |
| 283. | Electro-magnetic Bells | 555 |
| 284. | Portable Single-Needle Instrument | 556 |
| 285. | Connections of Telegraph Line | 558 |
| 286. | Morse Recording Telegraph | 559 |
| 287. | Morse Transmitting Key | 561 |
| 288. | Morse Transmitting Plate | 562 |
| 289. | Step-by-step Movement | 567 |
| 290. | Froment’s Dials | 567 |
| 291. | Wheatstone’s Universal Dial Telegraph | 568 |
| 292. | Mirror Galvanometer | 571 |
| 293. | Telegraph Post and Insulators | 573 |
| 294. | Ditto | 573 |
| 295. | Wire Circuit | 574 |
| 296. | Wire and Earth Circuit | 574 |
| 297. | Submarine Cable | 575 |
| 298. | Making Wire for Atlantic Cable | 577 |
| 299. | Instrument Room at Valentia | 578 |
| 300. | Breaking of the Cable | 579 |
| 301. | Atlantic Telegraph Cable, 1866 | 580 |
| 302. | Diagram | 580 |
| 302a. | Reiss’s Musical Telephone | 584 |
| 302b. | Bell’s Musical Telephone | 585 |
| 302c. | Superposition of Currents | 587 |
| 302d. | Bell’s Speaking Telephone | 588 |
| 302e. | Hughes’s Microphone | 591 |
| Lighthouse (heading) | 593 | |
| 303. | Eddystone Lighthouse | 594 |
| 304. | Eddystone in a Storm | 595 |
| 305. | Revolving Light Apparatus | 601 |
| 306. | Stephenson’s Holophotal Light | 604 |
| 307. | Camera | 607 |
| 308. | Camera and Slide | 615 |
| 309. | Folding Camera | 616 |
| 310. | Lenses | 617 |
| 311. | Bath | 619 |
| 311a. | The Roll-Slide | 622 |
| 312. | Portrait of Aloysius Senefelder | 632 |
| 313. | Press for Stereotyping by Clay Process | 633 |
| 313a. | The Linotype Machine | 645 |
| 313b. | A Matrix | 646 |
| 313c. | Diagram of Movements | 647 |
| 313d. | A Line of Matrices | 648 |
| 313e. | A finished Line entering galley | 649 |
| 313f. | The Melting Pot and Mould Wheel | 650 |
| 313g. | The Finished Line | 651 |
| 313h. | Lines assembled into a “Form” | 651 |
| 313i. | Matrices dropping into Magazine | 652 |
| 314. | Recording Anemometer | 653 |
| 315. | Registration of Height of Barometer and Thermometer | 655 |
| 316. | Electric Chronograph | 657 |
| 317. | Negretti’s Deep-Sea Thermometer | 661 |
| 318. | Ditto, General Arrangement | 662 |
| 319. | Atmospheric Recording Instrument | 663 |
| 319a. | Traces of Vibrations of a Tuning-Fork | 667 |
| 319b. | Phonautographic Tracings of Different Vowel Sounds | 667 |
| 319c. | Diagram | 668 |
| 319d. | Phases of Sound Waves | 668 |
| 319e. | Edison’s Original Phonograph | 670 |
| 319f. | Diagrammatic Section of Phonograph | 671 |
| 319g. | The Graphophone | 672 |
| 319h. | Edison’s Perfected Phonograph | 674 |
| 320. | Domestic Aquarium | 675 |
| 321. | The Opelet | 679 |
| 322. | Viviparous Blenny | 680 |
| 323. | The Lancelet | 681 |
| 324. | Sea-Horses | 683 |
| 325. | Proteus anguinus | 684 |
| 326. | Mud-Fish | 685 |
| 327. | The Axolotl | 686 |
| 328. | Sorting, Washing, and Digging at the South African Diamond Fields | 687 |
| 329. | Gold Miner’s Camp | 689 |
| 330. | Gold in Rocks | 690 |
| 331. | “Cradle” for Gold-washing | 690 |
| 332. | Pniel, from Jardine’s Hotel | 702 |
| 333. | Sifting at the “Dry Diggings” | 703 |
| 334. | Vaal River, from Spence Kopje | 704 |
| 334a. | Sketch Section of the Kimberley Diamond Mine | 709 |
| 335. | Portrait of Sir Humphrey Davy | 714 |
| 336. | Apparatus | 717 |
| 337. | Portrait of Mr. Thomas Hancock | 724 |
| 338. | Portrait of Sir James Young Simpson, M.D. | 731 |
| 339. | Railway Cutting | 740 |
| 340. | View on the Tyne | 751 |
| 341. | Fossil Trees in a Railway Cutting | 752 |
| 342. | Impression of Leaf in Coal Measures | 753 |
| 343. | Possible Aspect of the Forests of the Coal Age | 754 |
| 344. | The Fireside | 756 |
| 345. | View on Hyde and Egbert’s Farm, Oil Creek | 761 |
| 346. | View of City of London Gas-Works | 764 |
| 347. | Section of Gas-making Apparatus | 765 |
| 348. | The Retort | 767 |
| 348a. | Retort House of the Imperial Gas-Works | 768 |
| 349. | The Gas Governor | 770 |
| 350. | Bunsen’s Burner | 772 |
| 351. | Faraday’s Ventilating Gas-Burner | 773 |
| 351a. | Diagram | 778 |
| 351b. | Diagram | 778 |
| 351c. | Diagram | 779 |
| 351d. | Diagram | 779 |
| 351e. | Diagram | 780 |
| 352. | Apparatus for making Magenta | 781 |
| 353. | Iron Pots for making Nitro-Benzol | 784 |
| 354. | Section of Apparatus for making Nitro-Benzol | 785 |
| 355. | Apparatus for making Aniline | 786 |
| 356. | Section of Hollow Spindle | 787 |
| 357. | Portrait of J. Prescott Joule, F.R.S. | 801 |