Food Plants Cultivated by American Indians

Maize

Potatoes

Sweet potatoes

Tomatoes

Pumpkins

Squashes

Lima beans

Kidney beans

Peppers

Cacao

Pineapples

Nispero

Barbados cherry

Strawberries

Persimmons

Papaws

Guava

Arracacha

Peanuts

Oca

Cashew nut

Jocote

Star apples

Paraguay tea

Alligator pear

Chirimoya

Sour sop

Sweet sop

Custard apple

Cassava

Important Economic Contributions of American Indians

Fibers

Cotton

Henequen

Pita

Medicines

Tobacco

Cinchona (Quinine)

Cascara Sagrada

Cocaine

Ipecac

Sarsaparilla

Domesticated Animals

Alpaca

Llama

Guinea pig

Dog (perhaps Old World)

Muscovy duck

Turkey

Gums

Rubber

Copal

Peruvian Balsam

Chicle

Dyes

Añil (Indigo)

Cochineal

Logwood

Fustic

Diagram of American Chronology

Showing regions:

ARCTIC

CANADIAN FOREST

GREAT PLAINS

SOUTHWEST

CENTRAL MEXICAN

MAYAN

COLOMBIAN

AMAZON FOREST

PERUVIAN

SOUTHERN PLAINS

SOUTHERN FOREST

Eras:

Horizon of Recorded History

Second Horizon of Agriculture (Humid)

First Horizon of Agriculture (Arid)

Nomadic Non-Agricultural Horizon

Primary Invasion from Asia via Alaska on upper Paleolithic or lower Neolithic, without agriculture, pottery or loom weaving. 15000-10000 BC.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A brief list of books on Mexico and Central America is appended. These books may be consulted in the Museum Library as well as others referred to in the more complete bibliographies that will be found in the works cited.

Bancroft, H. H. The Native Races of the Pacific States. 5 vols. New York and London, 1875-1876.

Bandelier, Adolph F. On the Distribution and Tenure of Lands and the Customs with Respect to Inheritance, among the Ancient Mexicans. (Eleventh Annual Report, Peabody Museum of American Archæology and Ethnology, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 384-448, Cambridge, 1878.)

Social Organization and Mode of Government of the Ancient Mexicans. (Twelfth Annual Report, Peabody Museum of American Archæology and Ethnology, vol. 2, no. 3, Cambridge, 1879.)

Bowditch, C. P. The Numeration, Calendar Systems and Astronomical Knowledge of the Mayas. Cambridge, 1910.

Bransford, J. F. Archæological Researches in Nicaragua. (Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, XXV, Art. 2, pp. 1-96, 1881.)

Brinton, D. G. The Maya Chronicles. Philadelphia, 1882. (No. 1 of Brinton’s Library of Aboriginal American Literature.)

The Annals of the Cakchiquels. The original text with a translation, notes and introduction. Philadelphia, 1885. (No. 6 of Brinton’s Library of Aboriginal American Literature.)

Essays of an Americanist. Philadelphia, 1890.

Bulletin 28. Mexican and Central American Antiquities, Calendar Systems and History. Twenty-four papers by Eduard Seler, E. Förstemann, Paul Schellhas, Carl Sapper and E. P. Dieseldorff. Translated from the German under the supervision of Charles P. Bowditch. (Bulletin 28, Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington, 1904.)

Charnay, D. The Ancient Cities of the New World. Trans. by J. Gonino and H. S. Conant. London, 1887.

Dias Del Castillo, Bernal. The True History of the Conquest of Mexico, 1568. 3 vols. (Translated by A. P. Maudslay. Hakluyt Society, London, 1908.)

Förstemann, E. Commentary of the Maya Manuscript in the Royal Public Library of Dresden. (Papers, Peabody Museum, IV, No. 2, pp. 48-266, 1906.)

Gann, T. Mounds in Northern Honduras. (Nineteenth Annual Report, Bureau of American Ethnology, part 2, pp. 661-692, Washington, 1897-1898.)

Hartmann, C. V. Archæological Researches in Costa Rica. (The Royal Ethnographical Museum in Stockholm, Stockholm, 1901.)

Archæological Researches on the Pacific Coast of Costa Rica. (Memoirs, Carnegie Institute, vol. 3, pp. 1-95, 1907.)

Holmes, W. H. Ancient Art of the Province of Chiriqui. (Sixth Annual Report, Bureau of American Ethnology, pp. 3-187, Washington, 1888.)

Archæological Studies among the Ancient Cities in Mexico. (Publications, Field Columbian Museum, Chicago, 1895-1897.)

Joyce, T. A. Mexican Archæology. An Introduction to the Archæology of the Mexican and Maya Civilizations of pre-Spanish America. New York and London, 1914.

Central American and West Indies Archæology. Being an Introduction to the Archæology of the States of Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama and the West Indies. New York, 1916.

Maya and Mexican Art. London, 1927.

Kingsborough, Lord. Antiquities of Mexico. 9 vols., folio. London, 1831-1848.

Lehmann, W. Methods and Results in Mexican Research. Trans. by Seymour de Ricci. Paris, 1909.

Ergebnisse einer Forschungsreise in Mittelamerika und Mexico 1907-1909. (Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, Band 42, pp. 687-749, 1910.)

Zentral Amerika. Die Sprachen Zentral-Amerikas in ihren Beziehungen zueinander sowie zu Süd-Amerika und Mexiko. In zwei Banden. Band 1. Berlin, 1920.

Lothrop, S. K. Pottery of Costa Rica and Nicaragua. (Contributions, Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, vol. VIII, 1926.)

Lumholtz, C. Unknown Mexico. 2 vols. New York, 1902.

Symbolism of the Huichol Indians. (Memoirs, American Museum of Natural History, vol. 3, part 1, 1900.)

Decorative Art of the Huichol Indians. (Memoirs, American Museum of Natural History, vol. 3, part 4, 1904.)

MacCurdy, G. G. A Study of Chiriquian Antiquities. (Memoirs, Connecticut Academy of Sciences, vol. 3, 1911.)

Maudslay, A. P. Biologia Centrali-Americana, or Contributions to the Knowledge of the Flora and Fauna of Mexico and Central America. Archæology, 4 vols. of text and plates. London, 1889-1902.

Memoirs of the Peabody Museum, vols. 1-5. Reports on excavations and exploration by Gordon, Maler, Thompson, and Tozzer.

Morley, S. G. An Introduction to the Study of the Maya Hieroglyphs. (Bulletin 57, Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington, 1915.)

The Inscriptions at Copan. (Publication 219, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, 1920.)

Peñafiel, A. Monumentos del arte Mexicano antiguo. 3 vols. Berlin, 1890.

Nomenclatura geografica de Mexico. Mexico, 1897.

Sahagun, Bernardino de. Histoire générale des Choses de la Nouvelle-Espagne. (Edited and translated by D. Jourdanet and Rémi Siméon.) 1880.

Historia de las cosas de Nueva España. (Portfolio of illustrations from two Sahagun manuscripts copied under direction of F. del Paso y Troncoso and issued by the Mexican Government. Florence, 1922.)

Saville, Marshall H. Turquois Mosaic Art in Ancient Mexico. (Contributions, Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, vol. VI, 1922.)

The Wood-Carver’s Art in Ancient Mexico. (Contributions, Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, vol. IX, 1925.)

Schellhas, P. Representation of Deities of the Maya Manuscripts. 2nd edition revised. (Translated by Miss Selma Wesselhoeft and Miss A. M. Parker, Papers, Peabody Museum, vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 7-47, 1904.)

Seler, E. Die alten Ansiedelungen von Chaculá im Districkte Nenton des Departments Huehuetenango der Republic Guatemala. Berlin, 1901.

Gesammelte Abhandlungen zur amerikanischen Sprach- und Alterthumskunde. 5 vols. Berlin, 1908-1923.

Codex Vaticanus No. 3773 (Codex Vaticanus B). An Old Mexican Pictorial Manuscript in the Vatican Library. (Translated by A. H. Keane.) Berlin and London, 1902-1903.

Spinden, H. J. A Study of Maya Art. (Memoirs, Peabody Museum, vol. 6, 1913.)

The Reduction of Maya Dates. (Papers, Peabody Museum of American Archæology and Ethnology, Harvard University, vol. 6, no. 4, Cambridge, 1924.)

Squier, E. G. The States of Central America: their Geography, Topography, Climate, Population, etc. New York, 1858.

Stephens, J. L. Central America, Chiapas and Yucatan. 2 vols. New York, 1841.

Incidents of Travel in Yucatan. 2 vols. New York, 1843.

Thomas, C. A Study of the Manuscript Troano. (U. S. Geographical and Geological Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region, Contributions to American Ethnology, V, pp. 1-224, 1882.)

Thomas, C., and Swanton, John R. Indian Languages of Mexico and Central America. (Bulletin 44, Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington, 1911.)

Tozzer, A. M. A Comparative Study of the Mayas and Lacandones. New York, 1907.

A Maya Grammar, with Bibliography and Appraisement of the Works Noted. (Papers, Peabody Museum of American Archæology and Ethnology, Harvard University, vol. 9, Cambridge, 1921.)

FOOTNOTES

INDEX

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

A

Acropolis, artificial, 72, 74, 77.

Adobe, 63;

houses, Mexican, 15.

Agriculture, connection with archaic art, 249;

distribution of, 68, 70, 71;

distribution in the New World, 67, 68, 70;

influence on Mayan culture, 73;

invention of, 45, 51-53, 67, 251;

spread and development of, 63, 70, 250.

Ah Puch, Lord of Death, 101.

Alphabet, of Landa, 125.

Altars, Mayan, 84;

Quirigua, 108.

Amulets, archaic figurines as, 61;

gold, 198.

Animals, domestication of, 20, 59, 253.

Annals of Quauhtitlan, 171, 172.

Arch, in Mayan architecture, 79.

Archaic, art, 45-46, 53-57, 58, 75, 244;

art, on borders of Mayan area, 75;

art, local developments of, 63-68;

culture, 187, 249;

culture, distribution of, 63-66, 69;

culture, figures, 60, 61, 62;

figurines, 53-57;

horizon, 45-71;

horizon, extensions of, 63-68;

pottery, 46, 59-61;

sites, 50;

stone sculptures, 61-63.

Architecture, early period of the Mayas, 146;

great period of the Mayas, 147;

historical sequence determined by, 108-109;

Mayan, 77-83;

Mitla, 157, 163-164;

Monte Alban, 159;

period of the League of Mayapan, 149;

transition period, Mayan, 148;

types of, La Quemada, 182-183;

Zapotecan, 159.

Art, archaic, 45-46, 53-57, 75, 244;

archaic, characterization of, 53;

archaic, Colombia, and Venezuela, 66-67;

archaic, local developments of, 63-68;

bat, represented in, 20;

Chorotegan, 190-195;

decorative, Isthmian region, 64, 66;

high development of Mayan, 73;

massive sculptural, 83-84;

Mayan, 89, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150;

Mayan, human figure in, 93-94;

Mayan, sequences in, 106-109;

Mayan, serpent in, 89-93;

motives, Huichol, 37-38;

Santa Lucia Cozumalhualpa, 188;

Tarascan, 244-245;

Toltecan, influenced by Mayan, 169, 170;

Totonacan, close correspondence to Mayan, 165, 166, 167;

Zapotecan, influenced by Mayan, 159.

Arts, minor, Aztecan, 242-244;

Mayan, 87-89.

Astronomical, base line, Copan, 138;

checks, on correlation with Christian chronology, 136-137;

observatories, Mayan, 137-139.

Astronomy, Mayan knowledge of, 73, 111, 133.

Atlatl, 58, 244.

Atzcapotzalco, 203, 204, 209;

stratification at, 47-48, 169.

Aztecan history, 204-209.

Aztecs, 34, 201-249;

and Mayas, compared to Greeks and Romans, 201-203.

B

Baktun, defined, 120.

Bar and dot numerals, 119, 120, 128, 154, 157, 159.

Basketry, Mayan, 88.

Bats, represented in ancient art, 20.

Bells, Aztecan, 241-242;

copper, 187;

copper and gold, 198.

Ben, Mayan day sign, 87.

Birds, Mexico and Central America, 20-21.

Blankets, Mexican, 39, 243.

Brilliant period, Mayan civilizations, 75, 77, 147-148.

Buildings, Mayan, 78;

Mitla, 164.

C

Caban, Mayan day sign, 88.

Cakchiquels, 151, 211.

Calendar, annual, Mayan, 110, 111;

Central American, 163;

ceremonial, Aztecan, 229;

lunar, Mayan, 140-142;

lunar-solar, Mayan, 112;

Mayan, scheme as presented in Codex Tro-Cortesianus, 116;

religious, Aztecan, 235-236;

system, Zapotecan, 156;

Venus, Mayan, 143-145.

Calendar round, Mayan, 117-118.

Calendar Stone, 214, 215-219, 233.

Calpolli, Aztecan, 211, 213.

Cannibalism, 43.

Captives, as represented in Mayan art, 93.

Caribs, characterization of culture, 43.

Caricature, in archaic figurines, 54, 58.

Carving, development in style at Copan, 107;

on Mayan monuments, 108;

stone, at Xochicalco, 179.

Celts, copper, Tarascan, 244;

stone, 63.

Cemetery, at Copilco, 49-51.

Cempoalan, 25, 169, 195.

Cenote, 18;

sacred, at Chichen Itza, 28, 154.

Cephalic index, Mexico and Central America, 44.

Ceremonial, bar, Mayan, 93, 98, 99, 108;

regalia, depicted in Mayan art, 94.

Ceremonies, Aztecan, 234-239;

Mexican, 41.

Chacmool, 170, 194-195, 244.

Chalchuihtlicue, Aztecan Goddess of Water, 232.

Chapultepec, 207.

Chiapanecan languages, 35-36.

Chichen Itza, 28, 110, 139, 149, 150, 170, 173, 179, 188, 244.

Chichimecas, 203-204.

Chicomoztoc, 182, 204.

Chiefs, Aztecan, 210, 213;

Texcoco, 204;

Toltecan, 171;

war, Aztecan, 208-209;

Zapotecan, 161.

Chilam, Balam, Books of, 109-111, 234.

Chimayo blankets, 39.

Cholula, 25, 180-182, 203.

Chorotegan culture, 157, 189-195.

Chronology, archaic horizon, 45-46;

Aztecan, 205;

bases of Mayan, 103-106;

diagram of New World, opposite 253;

Mayan, 250;

Mayan, correlation with Christian, 75, 110-111, 135-136;

Mayan, established by dated monuments and style of sculpture, 104, 106, 107;

Peruvian, 252;

Southwestern, 251;

Toltecan, 173.

Cities, Mayan, 75.

Civilization, Mayan, 73-151, 250.

Civilizations, middle, in Mexico and Central America, 153-198.

Clans, kinship, 210-211.

Climate, Mexico and Central America, 13-14.

Cloisonné pottery, 178, 183-184;

San Juan Teotihuacan, 178.

Coatlicue, 215, 221-223.

Codex, Aubin, 205, 206, 208;

Borbonicus, 228;

Magliabecchiano, 230, 236;

Nuttall, 246, 247;

Telleriano-Remensis, 202;

Tro-Cortesianus, 116;

Xolotl, 204.

Codices, Mayan, 128-135, 248;

Mayan gods in, 99, 100, 103;

Mexican, 223;

southern Mexico, 163, 246-247.

Colhuacan, 203, 207;

stratification at, 48-49.

Collectors, specimens in Mexican Hall, 6.

Colonization, Central America, by Spaniards, 22;

Mexico, 29.

Columns, sculptured, at Tula, 179.

Comalcalco, 153.

Commerce, Aztecan objects of, 227.

Composition in design, Mayan, 94-97.

Conquest, history of Spanish, 22-32;

of Mexico, 22-31;

symbol for, 247, 248.

Construction of walls, La Quemada, 182-183;

Mayan, 78, 79, 81, 83;

Mitla, 157-158, 164.

Copan, 19, 72, 74, 77, 83, 85, 138, 139, 141, 146, 147, 188.

Copilco 49, 50.

Cora, 33, 37.

Coronado, 30.

Correlations, dates with style of carving in Mayan monuments, 104, 106, 107, 110, 111, 124-125;

Mayan and Christian chronology, 135, 136-137.

Cortez, Hernando, 24, 26, 27, 29, 30, 209, 217, 249.

Crocodile motive, in Chorotegan art, 191, 193;

Isthmian region, 194, 197.

Crops, indigenous and introduced, Mexico and Central America, 21;

principal, Mayan region, 73, 75.

Cross-section, typical, Mayan temple, 76, 78.

Cuauhtemoc, 29.

Cuicuilco, 49, 50, 51.

Cuitlahuac, 27.

Cult, of the quarters, Aztecan, 234;

of Xipe, 189.

Culture, Carib, 43;

Chorotegan, 189-195;

horizons, stratification of, 45-46;

Huichol, 38;

Lacandone Indians, 41;

Mayan, 73-151;

Mosquito Indians, 43;

peoples speaking Uto-Aztecan languages, 34-35;

sequences of, 250-252;

southern Mexico, 245-248;

strata, Atzcapotzalco, 48;

Sumo Indians, 43;

Tarascans, 244-245;

Toltecs, 169-171, 203;

Totonacan, 165-169;

Zapotecan, 156-163.

Cycle, defined, 113.

D

Dances, hunting, Huichol, 38;

Mosquito Indians, 43.

Dates, of dedication, Mayan, 123-125;

early Mayan, 146, 153;

Mayan, 96, 107, 117-118, 122,

123;

on National Stone, 218;

Olmeca, 154, 156;

Toltecan, 172-173.

Day, count, Mayan, elements of the, 112-114;

signs, Aztecan, 218, 225-226;

signs, hieroglyphs used on Mayan pottery, 87-88;

signs, Mayan, 112, 125;

signs, Zapotecan, 159.

Death God, Mayan, 101, 116.

Decoration, Mayan buildings, 83;

Mayan pottery, 85, 87-88;

pottery, archaic period, 59, 61.

Decorative motives, Chorotegan art, 190-193;

distribution of, 252.

Dedication, dates of, Mayan, 123-125.

Design, composition and perspective, Mayan, 94-98;

on Leyden plate, 146;

on Mexican blanket, 243;

motives, archaic pottery, 46, 61;

motives, Costa Rica, 191, 192, 193, 194, 196, 197.

Designs, archaic horizon, 64;

on blankets, 39;

developed in negative painting, 184-185;

geometric, at Mitla, 164, 246;

Mayan pottery, 85-88;

polychrome pottery, 87;

realistic, Mayan pottery, 85, 87;

textile, archaic, 58;

textile, Aztecan, 243;

textile, Mayan, 88;

Totonacan sacrificial yokes and paddle stones, 167;

woven, Huichol, 37, 38.

Dogs, domestication of, 58-59.

Donors, collections in Mexican Hall, 6.

Dresden Codex, 101, 128, 130, 134, 141, 142, 143, 145.

Dress, shown in archaic figurines, 57;

Mexico and Central America, 39-41;

modern Mexican, 39.

Drums, Aztecan, 240-241.

Dyes, 253.

E

Early Period, in Mayan history, 146-147.

Earrings, archaic figurines, 57.

Economic contributions, of American Indians, 253.

Ehecatl, God of Winds, 58, 226, 230.

Ek Ahau, war god, Mayan, 103.

Elevations, Mayan buildings, 81-83.

Environment, Mayan, 153;

Mexico and Central America, 13-21.

Ethnology, 36-44, 57-59.

European contact, history of, 22-32.

Exploration, of Central America, by Spaniards, 22;

Mexico, 22, 29.

Eyes, archaic sculptures, 63;

color and Mongoloid tilt, 44;

Totonacan figurines, 165;

types of, on archaic figurines, 56-57, 64.

F

Façade decoration, Mayan, 83-84.

Face numerals, Mayan inscriptions, 121, 126.

Fauna, Mexico and Central America, 20-21.

Feast, in connection with planet Venus, 239;

of the twelfth month, 237-238.

Feasts, Aztecan, 235-239;

Sumo, 43.

Feather mosaics, Aztecan, 243-244;

Tarascan, 244.

Fertility, female figurines associated with, 46, 59, 63.

Fetishes, female, Southwestern Pueblo, 251.

Figurines, archaic, 46, 53-57;

archaic, at Atzcapotzalco, 47;

archaic, Colombia and Venezuela, 66-67;

archaic, Isthmian region, 64, 65;

archaic, Nicaragua, 64;

archaic, Salvador, 56, 64;

clay, transition period, 75;

female, Basket-Maker III, 63-64;

female, distribution of, 59, 63-64;

female, Island of Marajo, 67;

pottery, Aztecan, 242;

pottery, San Juan Teotihuacan, 177-178.

Filigree, modern Mexican work, 243.

First Empire, Mayan, 111, 123, 142, 148, 195, 251.

Flageolets, Aztecan, 241.

Flora, Mexico and Central America, 21.

Flores, 28.

Flying façade, Mayan buildings, 83.

Food plants, cultivated by American Indians, 253;

most widely distributed in the New World, 52.

Frescoes, Mitla, 163-164.

Frontier cities, of the northwest, 183-187.

Fruits, native, 21.

Funerary urns, Zapotecan, 159, 160; also frontispiece.

G

Games, ceremonial Toltecan, 170;

sacred, Olmeca, 154.

Genealogical table, Mexican, 230.

Genealogies, Aztecan, 210.

Geography, Mexico and Central America, 13-21.

Geology, Mexico and Central America, 19-20.

Gladiator stones, 219.

Glaze, on modern Mexican pottery, 39.

Glyphs, introducing, 122, 123;

period, Mayan, 121, 123, 126;

supplementary series, 123, 141, 142.

God houses, Huichol, 38.

God of War, Mayan, 103.

God’s eyes, Huichol, 38.

Gods, Aztecan, 225, 229, 231;

beast, Mayan representation of, 99;

in Dresden Codex, 101;

Mayan, 89, 98-103, 135;

Mexican, 58, 229, 230-232;

represented in pottery from San Juan Teotihuacan, 178.

Gold work, ancient, Isthmian region, 66;

Aztecan, 242-243;

in cruciform tombs, 164;

Isthmian, 195-198;

Mayan, 89;

Zapotecan, 160.

Gourd vessels, Tarascan, 245.

Government, Aztecan, 209, 213;

theocratic of the Mayas, 93.

Graves, Isthmian, gold objects found in, 198.

Great Mound, Copan, 147.

Great Period, Mayan history, 147-148.

Great Pyramid, Mexico City, 206, 208.

Grooving, archaic figurines, 56.

Groundplans, Toltecan buildings, 170;

Yaxchilan temples, 77.

Guatuso, 44.

Gums, 253.

H

Haab, defined, 139.

Hablatun, defined, 120.

Hair form, Indians of Mexico and Central America, 44;

Lacandone, 42.

Headdresses, archaic figurines, 55, 57;

Zapotecan funerary urns, 159-160;

Zapotecan, 42.

Head form, Indians of Mexico and Central America, 44.

Hieroglyphs, Aztecan, of precious stones, 224;

containing phonetic element kin, 127;

decorative use on pottery, Mayan, 87-88;

of the Four Directions, 126, 127;

Mayan, 73, 97, 125-128;

Mayan, Venus and the Moon, 137;

Nahuan, 224;

on stelæ at Monte Alban, 159;

on the Stone of Tizoc, 221;

at Xochicalco, 179;

Zapotecan, 160-161.

History, Aztecan, 204-209;

Chichimecan, 203-204;

cross-section of New World, 249-253;

of European contact, Mexico and Central America, 22-32;

Mayan, 136;

Mayan, recovery of, 103-106;

Mayan, summary of, 145-151;

summary in relation to archaeological evidences, on the archaic horizon, 68, 71;

Toltecan, 171-175;

traditional, southern Mexico, 245-246.

Hochob, 80, 148.

Hokan linguistic stock, distribution of, 36.

Horse, introduction of, 67-68.

Hotun periods, 124.

Houses, adobe, Mexican, 15, 39;

archaic period, 63;

Mayan, 79.

Huastecas, 35, 165.

Huichol, 33, 37.

Huipili, decorated, 40, 41.

Huitzilihuitl, 207, 210.

Huitzilopochtli, 215, 221, 231, 237.

Human, form, carved in stone, archaic period, 61, 63;

form, in Mayan art, 89, 93-94, 106-108.

Hunac Ceel, identification of, 150.

Hunting implements, Lacandone, 41.

I

Ilhuicatl, inferior heavens, 233.

Imix, day sign, Mayan, 87;

first day of formal permutation, 114.

Incense burners, Lacandone, 41.

Incised designs on pottery, 88.

Influence, Aztecan, in Central America, 248-249;

Mayas, on other civilizations, 170;

Mexican, in northern Yucatan, 150.

Initial Series dates, 123, 124, 135, 141, 149.

Inscriptions, hieroglyphic, 103;

hieroglyphic, on Mayan monuments, 123-125;

Mayan, face numerals on, 121;

Mayan, Great Period, 141-148;

Mayan, typical, 122.

Invention of agriculture, in the New World, 45, 51-53, 67, 251.

Irrigation, in the New World, 17, 52-53, 63.

Itzamna, 99, 103, 116.

Ixchel, Goddess of the Rainbow, 103.

Ixtapalapan, 26.

Ixtubtun, Mayan goddess, 103.

J

Jade, carving of, Mayan, 89;

Zapotecan, 160;

work in, Aztec, 243.

Jaguar design, Chorotegan art, 191, 193.

K

Kan, day sign, Mayan, 88;

maize sign, 135.

Katun, defined, 110, 120.

Kukulcan, 150.

L

Lacandone Indians, 35, 41, 151.

Lakes, Mexico and Central America, 17, 18-19.

Land laws, Aztecan, 211.

Language, Toltecan, 170;

Totonacan, 165.

Languages, Central America, 239;

Mexico and Central America, 32-36.

La Quemada, 182, 183.

League, Aztecan, 209;

of Mayapan, 145, 149.

Leyden Plate, 146.

Lienzo of Amoltepec, 246.

Linguistic stocks, Mexico and Central America, 32-36.

Lintels, Mayan sculptured, 83, 97;

Zapotecan, with hieroglyphs, 159.

Long count, Mayan, 123, 141.

Long-nosed God, Mayan, 98, 100, 101, 160, 232.

Lunar, calendar, Mayan, 112, 140-142.

Lunar-solar calendar, Mayan, 112.

M

Macuilxochitl, God Five Flower, 248.

Maize God, Mayan, 99, 100, 103.

Maize, distribution of use, 52;

most important food of the New World, 52;

staple, in Mayan region, 75.

Manikin Scepter, 93, 99, 100.

Manioc, cultivation of, 52;

use and preparation by Carib, 43.

Marimba, origin of, 242.

Mask panels, on Mayan structures, 84, 159.

Matlatzincas, 245.

Mayan civilization, 73-151;

linguistic stock, distribution of, 35-36.

Mayas, and Aztecs, compared to Greeks and Romans, 201-203.

Mazatecas, 189.

Medicines, 253.

Metal, ornaments made of, Mayan, 89;

working, technology of, 251-252;

Zapotecan, 145.

Metates, elaborately sculptured, 193.

Metonic cycle, Greeks, 140.

Mexican, Hall, American Museum, 5-6;

influence, period of, in Mayan history, 149-150.

Mexitin, 34.

Mictlan, 163, 233, 234.

Mictlanteuctli, Lord of Death, 233-234.

Middle Period, in Mayan history, 147.

Migrations, Aztecan, 205-207;

indicated by distribution of linguistic stocks, 35-36.

Mitla, 19, 156-157, 163-165, 246.

Mixtecan stock, 35.

Mixtecas, 156, 246.

Moctezuma, 25, 26, 27, 215, 245.

Modeling, archaic figurines, 53, 55-57;

archaic sculptures, 63;

clay, San Juan Teotihuacan, 178.

Modern Period, Mayan history, 150.

Mogotes, Zapotecan burial mounds, 160.

Monkey, in Chorotegan art, 190-191.

Monte Alban, 152, 155, 156, 246.

Month, Mayan, twenty day signs of, 113;

signs, of Mayan year, 115;

signs, Zapotecan, 159.

Months, Aztecan, 227;

Mayan, length of, 115;

Mayan, names of, 115.

Monuments, Mayan, dated, 123-125;

sequence of Mayan determined by style of sculpture, 106-109.

Moon, representations of the, 142.

Mosaic, feather, Aztecan, 242;

feather, Tarascan, 244;

masks and ceremonial objects, 89.

Mosquito Indians, 43.

Mound, artificial, at Copan, 77, 147;

at Cholula, 80;

at Cuicuilco, 49, 51.

Mounds, at Atzcapotzalco, 47;

foundation for temples, 77;

Mayan, 146;

at Monte Alban, 152, 157;

Tarascan, 244;

Zapotecan, 160.

Mountains, Mexico and Central America, 14-16.

Music, Aztecan, 240-242.

Musical instruments, Aztecan, 240-241.

Mythology, Aztecan, 204, 217, 229, 232-233;

Mayan and Aztecan, 229.

Myths, cosmogonic, 232-233.

N

Nahuan linguistic stock, distribution of, 33, 203.

Naranjo, 75, 108, 147.

Nasca, 252.

National Stone, Aztecan, 218, 220.

Negative painting, 46, 66, 184-185, 187, 252.

New Fire Ceremony, Aztecan, 218;

Toltecan, 173.

Nezahualcoyotl, 204, 239.

Niquiras, 34.

Nose form, Indians of Mexico and Central America, 44.

Noserings, on archaic figurines, 57.

Notation system, Mayan, 111, 118-121.

Numbers, Aztecan, 227, 234;

Mayan, 118-121;

Mexican system of, 227-229;

Zapotecan system of, 157.

O

Observatories, astronomical, Mayan, 137-139.

Obsidian, Aztecan ornaments of, 243.

Ochpaniztli, eleventh feast of the year, 236.

Olin, Aztecan day sign, 214, 217, 218.

Olmeca, 154-156, 187.

Ometeuctli, Lord of Duality, 231, 233.

Organization, political, Mayan, 201;

social Aztecan, 209-213.

Ornaments, precious and semi-precious stones, Aztecan, 243;

shown on archaic figurines, 57.

Otomi, 36, 189, 203, 245.

P

Pachtli, twelfth month, Aztecan, 237-238.

Paddle-shaped stones, Totonacan, 167.

Painting, archaic figurines, 57, 64;

archaic pottery, 61;

body, shown on archaic figurines, 58;

on Mayan pottery, 87;

negative, on pottery, 46, 66, 184-185, 187, 252;

Zapotecan pottery, 160.

Palaces, structure of Mayan, 78-79.

Palenque, 75, 76, 83, 146, 156.

Palmate stone, 168.

Pantheon, Mayan, 98-103.

Papantla, pyramid at, 167, 169.

Peregrinations, Aztecan, 205-207.

Peresianus Codex, 128.

Period, defined, in Mayan time count, 113;

glyphs, Mayan, 121, 126.

Permutation system, Aztecan, 238;

Mayan, 111, 113-114.

Perspective, in Mayan design, 94, 97.

Peyote worship, Huichol and Tarahumare, 38.

Phonetic use of signs, Mayan hieroglyphs, 125, 127.

Physical types, 42, 44.

Pictographic hieroglyphs, Mayan, 125.

Piedras Negras, 75, 96, 105, 108, 147.

Pima, 36.

Pipiles, 34, 157, 188.

Place names, Aztecan, 225.

Plants, food, cultivation of, in the New World, 51, 249-250.

Poetry, Aztecan, 239-240.

Polychrome pottery, Cholula, 180, 182;

Mayan, 87.

Portraiture, in archaic art, 54, 58;

in Mayan art, 94, 124;

Totonacan art, 166.

Post-Archaic Horizon, 68-71.

Potato, cultivated in Peru, 52.

Pottery, archaic, 46, 59, 61, 165;

Atzcapotzalco, 47;

Aztecan, 215, 242;

from Cholula, 180, 182, 246;

Chorotegan, 191-193;

cloisonné, San Juan Teotihuacan, 178;

at Cuicuilco, 51;

distribution of, 63-64, 69, 70;

Lacandone, 41;

Mayan, 85, 86, 87-88;

Mitla, 164-165;

modern Mexican, 39;

northwestern region of Mexico, 183-184;

polychrome, Cholula, 180, 182;

polychrome, Mayan, 87-88;

San Juan Teotihuacan, 178;

with semi-glaze, 188-189;

Zapotecan, 160.

Pouches, Valiente Indians, 40.

Pre-Archaic Horizon, 68.

Priests, in Mayan art, 93;

Zapotecan, 161.

Protohistoric Period, Mayan history, 145-146.

Pueblo Viejo, 23.

Pulque, 38, 170.

Pyramid, Cholula, 180-181;

Mayan, 78-79;

Monte Alban, 157;

San Juan Teotihuacan, 175-176;

Toltecan, 169, 170.

Q

Quetzalcoatl, 25, 149, 171, 205, 232;

and the Toltec era, 171-175.

Quichés, 151.

Quinatzin, map, 203.

Quirigua, 15, 75, 108, 141.

R

Rank, among the Aztecs, 209-210.

Rattles, Aztecan, 241.

Religion, Aztecan, 229-232;

as evidenced by archaic art, 58;

Isthmian region, 198;

Lacandone Indians, 41;

Mayan, 99-103, 146, 201;

Toltecan, 170;

Zapotecan, 146.

River systems, Mexico and Central America, 17-18.

Roman-nosed God, Mayan, 98, 99, 100.

Roof comb, on Mayan buildings, 76, 83, 109.

Roofs, Mayan buildings, 81.

Rooms, Mayan buildings, 79, 81, 109.

Rubber, uses of, 154.

Ruins, Usumacinta Valley, 18.

Rulers, Toltec, 171.

S

Sacrifices, Aztecan, to the gods, 201;

human, 215, 219, 229;

human, archaic horizon, 59;

human, Aztecan, 229, 234, 235;

human, in sacred cenote, 28;

human, shown on sculptures, 188;

human, Toltecan, 179;

human, Zapotecan, 161.

Sacrificial yokes, Totonacan, 167, 168.

Saltillo blankets, 39.

San Andres Tuxtla, 146, 153.

San Blas Indians, 44.

San Juan Teotihuacan, 169, 175-179.

San Miguel blankets, 39.

Santa Lucia Cozumalhualpa, 187-189.

Sculptural art, massive, 83-84.

Sculptures, archaic, 61-63;

common material for, 19;

developments in, as a check to chronology, 104;

Mayan, Early Period, 146;

Mayan, Middle Period, 147;

San Juan Teotihuacan, 177;

Santa Lucia Cozumalhualpa, 188;

sequence in style, 106-108;

style, correlated with dates, 124-125;

Tenochtitlan, 242;

at Tula, 179;

wall, at Copan, 83;

Zapotecan, 162.

Second Empire, Mayan, 149, 195.

Seibal, 75, 95.

Seri, 36.

Serpent, archaic pottery, 59, 61;

in Chorotegan art, 190-191;

conventional, of the Mayas, 91, 92-93;

heads, comparison of Mayan and Zapotecan, 156;

heads, on Mayan buildings, 84;

motive, importance in Mayan art, 89-93;

in religion of the Mayas, 98.

Shield stone, Cuernavaca, 216.

Sky God, 102.

Slabs, sculptured stone, from Costa Rica, 192, 193, 194;

Zapotecan, 162.

Smiling faces, Totonacan, 165-167.

Social organization, Aztecan, 209-213.

Songs, Aztecan, 239, 240.

Southern Mexico, culture of, 245-248.

Spear-thrower, Tarascan, 244.

Speech scroll, 188.

Stability, Mayan buildings, 81.

Stature, Indians of Mexico and Central America, 44.

Stelæ, Mayan, 84, 106;

Zapotecan, 157.

Stocks, language, distribution of, 32-36.

Stone, collars, Totonacan, 167-168;

great development of building in, Copan and Mitla, 19;

sculpture in, 60-63;

yokes, 167;

Zapotecan art in, 160.

Stratification, archaeological, at Atzcapotzalco, 47-48, 169;

Mexican sites, 45-46, 47-49;

in Salvador, 49.

Structure, two-roomed, Mayan, 79-81.

Subtiaban stock, 36.

Sumo Indians, culture of, 43.

Sun God, Aztecan, 217, 231.

Suns, sequence of, in Aztecan mythology, 233.

Superstructures, on Mayan buildings, 83.

Supplementary series, 123, 141, 142.

Syllables, phonetic use of Mayan, 125, 127.

Symbolism, religious, Mayan, 95, 98, 234.