The Project Gutenberg eBook of Tribal Custom In Anglo-Saxon Law, by Frederic Seebohm.

INDEX.

Aillts and Alltuds (strangers in blood) under Cymric law, 50, 51;
kindreds of, recognised at fourth generation, 52
Alamannic Laws, 172-178;
wergelds, 172-175;
value of animals, 178
Alcuin uses Roman currency, 19, 184
Alfred, K., his laws, 370-377, 392, 396;
compact with Guthrum, 352-355, 500
Alod of land, a family holding, 508;
Lex Salica ‘de alodis,’ 151;
Ripuarian law, 170;
Lex Angliorum et Werinorum, 226
Ancilla as currency, see ‘Cumhal’
Anglii and Werini, Laws of, 224-228;
Wergelds of liber 200 sol., 225;
triple wergeld of the Adaling, 225
Anglo-Saxon Custom, 321 et seq.;
from Norman point of view, 321-336;
from Danish point of view, 337-350;
from Viking or Northmen’s point of view, 351-368;
from early custom (Alfred’s Laws), 370-377;
Archbishop Egbert’s Dialogue, 377-385;
King Ine’s Dooms, 386-439;
Kentish Laws, 441-495;
Twelve-hynde and twy-hynde classes, 406-416;
Gesithcund and Ceorlisc classes, 417-436;
Six-hynde stranger class, 371, 392, 396;
position of wife, 326
Anglo-Saxon Wergelds, position of paternal and maternal parentes in payment of, 322, 323, 328, 358;
of thane or twelve-hynde man, 325;
of ‘freeman,’ Dane and English, 326, 349, 353-55;
of ‘cyrlisci vel villani,’ 328;
of ‘villanus et socheman’ in Danelaga, 331-332;
of ‘ceorl on gafol-land’ and Danish ‘lysing,’ 353, 355;
how paid, 329, 357-59
Animals, value of as currency:
Ripuarian, 171;
Saxon, 215, 217, 221;
Alamannic, 178;
Cymric cow 3 oz., 48, 49;
Irish bo 1 oz., 97;
Frisian dog, 202
Argenteus (silver drachma) of Roman currency.
See ‘Currency’
Bavarian Laws, 175-177;
wergelds, 174
Beowulf, evidence of, as to feuds, 56-72;
as ‘sister’s son’ becomes chieftain, 68;
as to marriage, 71, 72
Borhbryce, fine for breach of pledge or protection, like mundbryce, 347;
of various classes, 377
Bullock as currency in Saxon Laws, 217
Burgundian Laws, 121-125, 527;
original wergeld of 160 sol., 167;
Roman and Christian influence on, 527
Burh-bryce (Burg-bryce) (breach of fence of precinct), of various classes, 372, 377, 387
Cæsar, evidence of, as to Gallic wergelds, 115-120;
and on Gallic landholding, 116;
as to division of classes, 528
Canones Hibernenses, 101
Canones Wallici, 105-109
Ceorl = man—husband, 482;
so man with household and flet or precinct, 371, 394, 482—‘who sits on gafol-land’ twy-hynde, 353-355, 361;
ceorlisc class mostly gafolgeldas, and twy-hynde, 373;
once could rise to be twelve-hynde, 366, 503;
accused of theft, 388;
harbouring a fugitive, 390;
his mundbyrd in Kent, see ‘Mundbyrd’
Chamavi, laws of, 229-231;
wergeld of ingenuus 200 sol., 229;
triple wergeld of ‘Homo Francus,’ 229
Charlemagne, conquest of Italy, 181;
becomes emperor, 19, 181;
and issues nova moneta in silver solidi of 12d. and at 1:4 with gold, 182-194;
conquers Frisians and Saxons, 182, 195
Cnut. His greater Scandinavia, 339;
his ore of 1/15th lb. or 16d., 341;
his smaller silver pence, 343
Compurgation, under Frisian law, 203-205;
under Anglo-Saxon law, see ‘Hyndens’ and see ‘Werborh’
Congildones = gegildas, sureties in lieu of kinsmen, 323, 389, 415
Cows, as currency, 1.
In Cymric law, 49;
Irish, 97;
Alamannic, 178;
value of, see ‘Animals’;
Norse, 247-250;
Bretts and Scots, 307
Cumhal in Irish currency, 97-98 = female slave and ‘ancilla’ of the Canones Hibernenses and Wallici, 101, 109
Currency, in oxen: ox-unit of Professor Ridgeway, 2;
in cows, Cymric, 1, 49;
Irish, 97;
Norse, 247-250;
Bretts and Scots, 307;
in cumhals, ancillæ or female slaves, 97-98, 101, 109;
in gold torques, &c., 17;
Anglo-Saxon in silver sceatts of 28·8 w.g. or 20 to the Roman ounce, 12, 443-455;
in silver pence of 32 w.g. or 20 to the Frankish and Norman ounce, 12;
gold and silver mancus of 30d., 18, 329;
Mercian scilling of 4d., 12, 363;
Wessex scilling of 5d., 12, 325;
Kentish scilling of 20d., or two gold tremisses, 443-455;
Northumbrian thrymsa of 3d., 362-368;
Danish in marks and half-marks, 16, 353-354;
Cnut’s in ores of 16d., 306, 341, 343 (see ‘Ore’);
Imperial in gold solidi and tremisses of 32 w.g., 5, 6;
in silver sicli (didrachmæ) and argentei (drachmæ), 184, 382;
Merovingian in gold solidi and tremisses of 28·8 w.g., 9;
afterwards in silver tremisses, 10, 180, 443-445;
Charlemagne’s nova moneta in silver solidi of 12d. of 32 w.g., 10, 11, 186, et seq.;
of Norse laws in gold and silver marks, ores and ortugs at ratio 1:8, 233-238
Cymric tribal custom as to galanas, 30;
fiscal unit for food-rents, the tref and treffgordd, 33-42;
strangers, how treated, 50-54;
as to marriage, 32;
galanas of several classes paid in cows, 46-55.
See ‘Gwely,’ ‘Galanas’
Danelaga, 331-332, 338, 522
Ealdorman in judicial position, 387;
his burgbryce, 387;
his fightwite, 394;
his residence, 420
Egbert, Archbishop, Dialogue of, 377 et seq.;
uses Roman currency, 20, 379;
wergeld of his monks, 382, 491;
value of their oaths, 379
Eye, hand, and foot, payments for, 175, 222, 225, 252, 300, 465, 489
Fightwite, fine for fighting within a person’s precinct or jurisdiction, 328-332, 359, 393;
in a ceorl’s flet, 371, 394, 482
Firma unius noctis, mode of paying food-rents to chieftain, 41, 431
Frankish Tribal Custom.
Wergeld of Lex Salica of 200 sol., 131-146;
division of classes, 147;
triple wergeld of officials, 148;
half wergeld of strangers, 149;
the Alod or family holding of terra Salica, 150;
the ‘de alodis,’ 151, 170, 226;
edict of Chilperic, 159;
Ripuarian Law, 163-171;
wergeld of 200 sol., 163;
division of classes, 165
Fredus, payment for breach of king’s peace, equivalent to A.S. mundbryce or grithbryce, 488, 489
Freedman (libertus) under Frankish Law, 168-170, 199;
under Bavarian Law, 175;
under Kentish Law, 478, 484.
And see ‘Læt’ and ‘Leysing’
Frisian Laws, 194-212;
wergeld of 160 sol., 167, 195, 201, 210;
ordeal under, 203-5
Frith, between Ethelred II. and Olaf, 349;
between Alfred and Guthrum, 352-355
Frostathing Law (Ancient Norse), 238-276.
See ‘Norse Tribal Custom’
Gafolgeldas, tenants on others’ land paying gafol to their lord, with twy-hynde wergelds, 353-355;
fighting in gafolgelda or gebur’s house, 394.
See ‘Twy-hynde’
Galanas (Cymric death fine or wergeld), 30;
liability of kindred for, 30-32;
method of payment, 42-46;
amount of, 46-49;
of non-tribesmen goes to the lord, 54
Gebur, tenant of a yardland doing work and paying gafol to lord for house and oxen, 422-429;
fighting in house of gafolgelda or gebur, 394
Gegildas (see ‘Congildones’) sureties in lieu of kinsmen, 323, 389;
hyndens of frith-gegildas in the city, 415
Gesithcund class, in direct service to the king and twelve-hynde, 366;
in landed position with five hides to king’s utware, 369;
forfeit land if they neglect the fyrd, 391;
in their connection with land, 417 et seq.;
sometimes evicted, 433
Grith, Danish for frith or peace, 344-348;
grithbryce of English and mundbryce of Kentish law the same, 346;
extent in area, 348;
in duration of time, 346;
of different moots, 345
Gulathing Law, oldest Norse law, 238-276.
See ‘Norse Tribal Custom’
Gwely (Cymric family holding of four generations), 21-30;
of non-tribesmen, 52
Halsfang, first part of wergeld paid to those ‘within the knee,’ 328, 329, 359
Hide in agriculture of four yardlands, 423;
Mr. Corbett on tribal hidage, 424;
in pastoral stage, 424;
= familia of Bede, also = hiwisc, 407;
also = ‘manentes et tributarii’ of Archbishop Egbert, 381, 408;
oaths reckoned in hides, 381, 408;
the 10-hide oath of the twelve-hyndeman, 411;
oath of himself and hynden of oath-helpers, 120;
hides, 411
Hiwisc (family) of land = hide, 364, 381
Homicide. Within the family unavenged, 30, 63, 66, 164, 176, 241, 336;
by a slave, 108, 202, 333, 472, 474;
of a slave, 202, 333;
between kindreds caused blood-feud, see ‘Beowulf,’ or wergeld in lieu of it.
See ‘Wergeld’
Hyndens of oath-helpers, 409;
of twelve-hynde and twy-hynde class, 409-411;
of city frith-gegildas, 415
Ine, K. Laws of, 386-439;
as to theft, 387-389;
burgbryce, 387;
ealdorman, 387-894;
gesithcund class, 388, 391;
six-hynde class, 392, 396;
gafolgeldas and geburs, 393;
ceorlisc class, 391, 396;
wealh and wylisc class, 397-405;
twelve-hynde and twy-hynde classes, 400-417;
gesithcund and ceorlisc classes, 417-436;
comparison of Wessex and Mercian with continental wergelds, 436
Irish Tribal Custom, 73-120;
the Eric-fine consisting of (1) the coirp-dire, or body-price, of seven cumhals, 74;
in Irish and Breton canons, 101 et seq.;
(2) the eneclann, or honour-price, varies with rank, 75, 80-83, 92;
the hearths or kindreds liable, 76-80;
gradations in rank, 83-86;
grades of tenants, 86 et seq.;
currency, 97
Kentish Laws, currency in scætts and scillings, 443-455;
scilling of 20 scætts or two gold tremisses, 450-455;
laws of Ethelbert, 455-466;
of Hlothære and Eadric, 467-476;
of Wihtræd, 477-481;
division of classes, 481-487;
Kentish wergelds, 487-492;
compared with Continental and Anglo-Saxon wergelds 492-495;
Kentish sulungs and yokes, 514-515;
gavelkind holdings, 515;
Kentish læts, 463, 484-486, 502
Kindred, solidarity of, 30, 45, 157, 276;
grades of, 22, 30, 76, 318;
disintegration of, 111, 124, 129, 162, 164;
emancipation from restraints of, 134, 158, 507;
power of, in East Anglia and Kent, 415, 416;
liability of, for wergeld, under Cymric custom, 42, 45;
Irish, 77-80;
Breton, 109;
Burgundian and Wisigothic, 121-130;
Salic Franks, 144, 164;
Frisian, 212;
Saxon, 216;
Norse, 246-257;
Scanian, 290, and see ‘Anglo-Saxon wergelds;’
groups of, holding land, Cymric gwely, 21-30;
Alod of terra salica, 150-162, 183;
Ripuarian hereditas aviatica, 171;
Norse odal-sharers, 271-275;
Scanian family holdings, 276-288;
Anglo-Saxon family holdings, 511-516
King’s thane, oath of, 353, 368, 390
Læt, in Kentish Law of three grades, 463, 484-486, 502.
See ‘Leysing’ and ‘Freedman’
Leases for three successive lives, tribal reason for, 524;
St. Oswald’s tenants, 525
Leysing in Norse law, newly made freedman, his rett, 240;
his wergeld, 259;
his want of kindred and his rise by steps of three generations into freedom, 260-267
Leysing’s son, great grandson of leysing in higher social position, 259, 268
Litus, Ripuarian, 168;
Frisian, 199, 201-207;
Saxon, 214, 215, 219, 224;
of Chamavi, 229
Lombardic tribal custom compared with Scanian as to family holdings, 292-296
London, ‘De Institutis Lundonie,’ 337-344;
Port of the Greater Scandinavia in Cnut’s time, 339;
‘Judicia Civitatis Lundoniæ,’ 415
Lysing (leysing of Norse law), with same wergeld as A. S. ‘Ceorl on gafol land,’ 353-355, 501.
See ‘Leysing’
Manbot, payment for value of a man to his lord, 328-332, 359;
of freeman and of slave compared, 334-335;
of various classes, 392
Mancus, weight of 30 dwts., 18, 329
Mark, Norse gold and silver weight of eight ores or ounces, 234-237;
used in Frisia, 207;
half-marks of gold in compact between Alfred and Guthrum, 353;
27 marks of Charlemagne= 30 of old Norse and Merovingian, 256
Marriage, how regarded, 498;
under Cymric custom, 32;
in Beowulf, 69-72;
in Lex Salica, 146;
under Alamannic law, 177;
under Lex Saxonum, 216;
under Scanian law, 276-281;
under Lombardic law, 294;
under Laws of Bretts and Scots, 318;
under Kentish custom, 465-466
Mercian law, fragments of, 360-369;
Mercian oaths, 360;
wergelds, 361;
rise of ceorl into thane, 366
Merovingian kings, currency of, mostly in gold tremisses, see ‘Currency’
Mina, gold value of normal wergeld, 4;
ancient Eastern of 100 staters, 2, 7;
of 200 gold solidi, 6;
Italica of 20 Roman ounces, 14, 491;
Attica of 16 Roman ounces, 16, 233
Mundbryce or mundbyrd of king, 346, 377, 451;
of various classes, 377;
in Kent, 346, 452, 460, 476, 481, 488
Norse tribal custom, 238-276;
personal rett, 240;
wergelds how reckoned and paid, 242-258;
wergeld of the hauld odalman or typical freeman, 96;
cows = 200 sol., 259;
gradations in rank, 260-270;
the leysing or freedman, 261-267;
odal-sharers of odal land, 271-276, 284, 504, 508
North peoples law, fragments of, 360-369;
wergelds in thrymsas (of 3d.), 363;
wergeld of ‘hold’ double that of Saxon thane, 363
Nova Moneta of Charlemagne, 11, 179-193, and see ‘Currency’
Ordeal in absence of oaths of kinsmen, 166, 403, 413, 499;
under Frisian law, 203-205
Ore or ounce of 20d.;
Merovingian = Roman ounce of 20 silver tremisses of 28·8 w.g. (1/12 lb. of 6912 w.g.), 10;
and so also Kentish scilling, 443-455;
Charlemagne’s and later Anglo-Saxon and Norman ore of 20 pence of 32 w.g. (1/12 lb. of 7680 w.g.), 11-13
Ore, Cnut’s of 16d. (1/15 Anglo-Saxon lb.), 306, 341;
divided by him into 20 smaller pence, 343;
used in Laws of Bretts and Scots, 306
Ore, Norse, of three ortugs = 1/12 of Roman lb. 6912 w.g., 234-237
Ortug, of Scandinavia, ⅓ ounce = Greek stater, 233.
See ‘Ore’
Ox as currency, 1, 2;
value of, see ‘Animals’
Parage, tenancy in, 513, 525
Pound, Roman of 6912 w.g., 8, 11, 18;
Charlemagne’s of 7680 w.g., 11, 18;
Anglo-Saxon and Norman of 7680 w.g., 12;
Northern lb. of two marks, 234
Ratio between gold and silver:
Norse of 1:8, 238;
Merovingian 1:10, 185;
Imperial, 1:12, 11;
Charlemagne’s (attempted), 1:4, 11, 189;
restored Frankish, 1:12, 11, 191;
Cymric, 1:12, 49;
Irish, 98;
Bretts and Scots, 1:8, 307
Romanus possessor, half wergeld of, 149, 167;
his res propria, 158, 162
Saxon Laws (Lex Saxonum), 213-228;
wergeld of liber 160 sol., 214;
wergeld stated in silver, 214;
gold solidus of 2 tremisses or bullock, 217
Scæt.
See ‘Currency’
Scanian tribal custom. The lex Scania antiqua, family holdings, 276-288;
Scanian wergeld, 291;
Scanian and Lombardic custom compared, 292-296
Scilling.
See ‘Currency’
Scotland, tribal custom in ancient laws of, 297-302;
the Regiam Majestatem, 302-307;
Leges inter Brettos et Scotos, 307-318;
wergeld of thane 100 cows, 314;
rules of kindred, 318, 320
Siclus, silver didrachma or ¼ oz. of Roman currency, see ‘Currency’
Six-hynde class, 371, 392, 397
Soc and sac, 330, 348
Sochemen in Danelaga, 331-332, 522;
their services, 332 note
Solidus (gold) of Constantine of three tremisses, 7, 9;
of Merovingian kings, 10;
of Frisian custom (2 and 2½ tremisses), 197;
of Saxon (2 tremisses), 217;
(silver) of Charlemagne ‘nova moneta,’ see ‘Currency’
Strangers in blood, how treated under Cymric custom, 50-54;
under Irish custom, 90;
their rights increase with growth of kindred, 51, 90;
their half wergeld, 401-403;
galanas and wergeld of, without kindred, goes to the lord, 54, 478;
ordeal instead of oaths, 166, 403
Thane = twelve-hyndeman, 325;
might rise to be an eorl, 368.
See ‘King’s Thane’
Thrymsa, Northumbrian unit of currency = 3d., 362-366
Twelve-hynde and Twy-hynde, 406-416;
hyndens of oath-helpers, 409;
full kindred twelve hyndens of oath-helpers, 409-411;
twy-hynde class, originally the kinless class, as freedmen, 412, 500;
steps to higher grade, 365-369, 502
Werborh (wereplegium), 328, 358, and see ‘Hyndens’
Wergeld, death-fine in substitution for blood feud between kindreds, see ‘Beowulf,’ and 150;
liability of kindred for, see ‘Kindred;’
normal of 100 head of cattle or gold mina, 3;
of 200 gold solidi, 6, 49, 163, 171, 225, 229, 231, 233, 314;
of 160 gold solidi, 1, 167, 172, 214, 232;
Wessex and Mercian and Kentish wergelds compared with Continental wergelds, 436-439;
of various tribes, see names of tribes;
of clergy, 170, 177, 382
Wife, see ‘Marriage’
Wilisc, Wealisc, Wealh, non-Anglo-Saxon people, 364-5;
with five hides to King’s utware, six hynde, 397;
Gallo-Roman Wala, 398;
Wallerwente of Yorkshire, 399;
with half wergelds, 401-403;
wealh gafolgelda, 404;
Servus Waliscus 333;
Wilisc witetheow, 404;
theow-wealh, 405
Wisigothic Laws, 126-130;
Roman influence on, 527
Yardlands of gafolgeldas and geburs, 393, 422 et seq.;
single succession to, 517-521