ABBREVIATIONS
| A. | Author |
| Ass. | Associations with |
| Bp. | Birthplace |
| Cap. | Capital |
| F. | Founded |
| Ind. | Indies |
| Res. | Residence |
| Sc. | Scene (of, in) |
| W. | War(s) |
| Cent. A. | Central America |
| Conn. | Connecticut |
| Mass. | Massachusetts |
| Mex. W. | Mexican War |
| N.A. | North America |
| N.Y. | New York |
| Penn. | Pennsylvania |
| S.A. | South America |
| U.S. | United States |
| S. A. W. Ind. | South American War of Independence |
Abancay, Peru. 10S. 70W. Victory of Almagro, fellow-conqueror with Pizarro of Peru and Chili, over his Spanish rival Alvarado, Captain-General of Peru, 1537. (See Prescott, 'Conquest of Peru.')
Acadia, see Nova Scotia.
Acapulco, Mexico. 16N. 99W. Old commercial centre; Spanish galleon from, captured by Anson, 1743; by Parker, 1762. (See Anson, 'Voyage Round the World.')
Acul, Haiti. 19N. 74W. Port named Saint-Thomas by Columbus.
Alabama, U.S. 31N. 85W. De Soto, discoverer of Mississippi (q.v.), had fierce combats with natives; first colonised by French 18th century (see Mobile); part transferred by France to Great Britain, 1763; formerly part of Georgia; became independent state, 1817; admitted to Union, 1819; seceded, 1861; readmitted, 1868.
Alamo Fort, San Antonio, Texas. 28N. 98W. Heroically defended by Texans against Mexicans under Santa Ana, who massacred the six left of the garrison after capitulation, 1836 (Texan struggle for independence).
Alaska. 55N. 140W. Formerly 'Russian America;' discovered by Bering, 1741; bought by the U.S. and organised as a territory, 1867.
Albany, cap. of N.Y. State. 42N. 72W. Dutch traders at, 1614; f. by Dutch (Fort Orange), 1622; present name given by English, to whom ceded, 1664; peace conference with the five nations at, 1689; colonial conventions, at which the six nations were represented, 1748, 1751, and 1754, when Benjamin Franklin assisted as delegate from Pennsylvania. Bp. Bret Harte (1839-1902); P. H. Sheridan, general (1831-88).
Albemarle Sound, N. Carolina. 36N. 76W. Indecisive battle during Civil W.
Alderman Jones's Sound. 76N. 82W. So named by Baffin, 1616.
Aleutian Islands, N. Pacific. 53N. 173E. Discovered by Bering, 1741.
Allatoona, Georgia. 34N. 84W. Capitulated to Sherman, 1864 (Civil W.). (His signal 'Hold the fort' has been made popular in a well-known hymn.)
Allumette, island, Ottawa River, Quebec. 45N. 77W. Champlain at, 1612.
Amaquemecan, Mexico. 19N. 98W. Cortés at, on his march to Mexico, 1519.
Amazon (Marañon), river, 0N. 50W. So called from the accounts given by Orellana of the warlike women he encountered on its banks. First seen at its mouth by Vincent Yañez Pinzon, 1500; Orellana, who accompanied Gonzalo Pizarro on his expedition from Quito into the interior, sailed down to the mouth from the Rio Napo, 1540; among later explorers were Lope de Aguirre, Pedro de Texeiro, La Condamine, and in the 19th century the naturalists Alfred Wallace, Walter Bates, Poeppig, Agassiz, Orton, and English, American, and French navigators.
Ambato, Ecuador. 1S. 79W. Defeat of Huascar by Atahuallpa, brother Incas of Peru and Quito. (See Prescott, 'Peru,' op. cit.)
America. Visited by Northmen 10th century (see Massachusetts); mainland of the North sighted by John Cabot, 1497; discovered by Columbus during his third voyage, 1498; Vespucci accompanied Ojeda in expedition to, 1499 (there is uncertainty as to V.'s earlier voyage); further explorations of the east coast in 1498-9 by the Cabots; 1500-1 by the Cortereals; 1502 and 1504 by Columbus; 1524 by Verazzani; in 1500 Yañez Pinzon and Cabral discovered Brazil shortly after one another; 1513, Balboa crossed the isthmus of Panama and sighted the Pacific; other explorers of 16th-17th centuries: Cortés, Pizarro, Almagro, De Soto, Magalhaes, Cartier, Champlain, La Salle, Joliet, and Marquette; in the 18th the American travellers Lewis and Clarke, and Pike. The continent was first named after Amerigo Vespucci in a geographical work by Waldseemüller, 1507.
Anaquito, Plains of, Ecuador, 0. 78W. Battle between Gonzalo Pizarro and Blasco Nuñez, Viceroy of Peru, and defeat and death of latter, 1546, (Prescott, 'Peru,' op. cit.)
Anastasia Island, Florida. 29N. 81W. Ribault and his Huguenot followers massacred by Menendez, 1565.
Andes, The. 18S. 65W. Passage of, by Pizarro, 1532. The highest summit is Aconcagua, in the Chilian Andes, ascended by Zurbriggen, 1897; a partial ascent of Chimborazo was made by Humboldt and Bonpland, 1802; Edward Whymper was the first to reach the summit, 1880; ascent of Cotopaxi by Thielmann, 1878; by Whymper, 1880; ascents of other heights were made by Conway, 1898.
Angostura (Ciudad Bolivar), Venezuela. 8N. 63W. F. by Jesuits, 1576, and formerly known as S. Tomas de Nueva Guayana; present name derived from the liberator Bolivar, who here held the congress which converted New Grenada and Venezuela into the single state of Colombia, 1819.
Annapolis, Maryland. 39N. 76W. Settled by Puritans from Massachusetts under Durand, 1649; formerly known as Providence; present name given in honour of Queen Anne; tea burned in harbour by American patriots, 1774; convention for establishing temporary government, 1775. Bp. J. H. Alexander, scientist (1812-67).
Annapolis (former Port Royal), Nova Scotia. 44N. 65W. F. by French, 1604; several times captured by English in following years; by Sir W. Phipps, 1690; again in 1710, and finally ceded to Great Britain, when the change of name took place.
Anticosti, island, Canada. 49N. 63W. Discovered by Cartier, 1534.
Antietam Creek, near Sharpsburg. 39N. 77W. Battle between McClellan and Lee, the former remaining victor, Sept. 16-17, 1862 (Civil W.).
Antigua, West Indies. 17N. 61W. Discovered by Columbus, 1493.
Appomattox Court House, Virginia. 37N. 78W. Surrender of the Confederate Gen. Lee to Gen. Grant, 1865.
Apurimac, river, Peru. 13S. 73W. Perilous passage of, effected by Gasca's army, 1548. (Prescott, 'Peru,' op. cit.)
Aquidaban, river, Paraguay. 20S. 55W. Paraguayans defeated at, and the despot Lopez killed, 1870 (war with Brazil).
Aragua, near Barcelona, Venezuela, 10N. 63W. Bolivar and Marino severely defeated by the Royalist forces under Morales, 1814 (S. A. W. Ind.).
Araucania, Chili. 36-39S. 73W. The natives waged devastating warfare with the Spaniards from the first endeavour of the latter to subdue them; in 1773 independence was granted them by Spain; in 1858 M. de Tounens was made king by them; he was taken prisoner by the Chilians; fierce war raged with Chili, 1868-70; now nominally under Chili. An epic poem by Alonzo d'Ercilla commemorates the conflict of the 16th century in which the author himself took part.
Arctic Regions. Early explorers of 16th-18th centuries: Cabot, Sir H. Willoughby, Frobisher, Davis, Hudson, Baffin, Barentz, Bering, Phipps, Cook and Clerke; 19th century: Parry, Ross, Franklin, followed by many others, among the latest being Nansen ('Fram'), and Peary, who finally discovered the North Pole in the present century.
Arena Islands. 22N. 75W. So named by Columbus, 1492.
Arequipa, Peru. 16S. 71W. F. by Pizarro, 1536; Almagro and his Spaniards in, 1537; taken by Chilians, 1883.
Argentine Republic (La Plata), S.A. 35S. 65W. Revolted from Spain, 1810; republic established, 1816; war with Brazil, 1827-28; Rosas dictator, 1835-52; war with France and England, 1838-50; constitution drawn up, 1853; civil war continued till 1862; war with Paraguay, 1865-70.
Arica, Chili. 18S. 70W. Stormed by Chilians and taken from Peruvians, 1880.
Arispe, Sonora, Mexico. 30N. 109W. Count G. de Raousset Boulbon proclaimed a republic in 1853, but was taken and shot.
Arizona, U.S. 34N. 112W. Vasconcellos, follower of Cortés, in, 1526; mission established by Jesuits, 1687, later destroyed by Indians; sold by Mexicans to U.S. Government (Gadsden Purchase), 1850; explored by Lieut. Mowry, 1855; separated from New Mexico and made a territory of the U.S., 1863.
Arkansas, U.S. 35N. 92W. Discovered by De Soto, 1541; Father Marquette in, 1673; colonised by French, 1685; bought by U.S., 1803; admitted to Union, 1836; seceded, 1861; readmitted, 1868.
Arkansas, river. 35N. 92W. Explored by La Harpe, 1722.
Astoria, Oregon. 46N. 123W. Settled by Astor Company, 1810; captured by British and renamed Fort George, 1813; restored to U.S., 1818; boundary dispute settled, 1846. (See work by Washington Irving.)
Asuncion, Paraguay. 25S. 57W. First Spanish settlement in Paraguay f. by Mendoza, 1536 or 1537; Yrala and Cabeza de Vaca were in turn the first governors; overthrow of Belgrano, leader of Paraguayan revolutionaries, by Royalists, 1811 (S. A. W. Ind.). (See Paraguay.)
Atacama, desert of, Chili. 24S. 70W. Crossed by Almagro, the Spanish conqueror of Chili, 1536.
Atlanta, cap. of Georgia. 33N. 84W. Capitulated to Sherman, 1864 (Civil W.).
Augusta, Georgia. 33N. 81W. F. by British under Oglethorpe; surrendered to Americans, 1781 (W. of Ind.).
Ayacucho (formerly Huamanga), Peru. 13S. 74W. F. by Pizarro, 1539; Spaniards defeated by patriots and their power broken, 1824 (also known as battle of Candorcanqui) (S. A. W. Ind.).
Ayohuma, Argentine. Belgrano, leader of the Buenos Ayreans, defeated, 1813 (S. A. W. Ind.) (See Crichfield, 'Rise and Progress of S.A. Republics.')
Baffin's Bay. 72N. 67W. Named after the discoverer, 1616.
Bahama Islands. 25N. 77W. One of these (now identified as Watling Island) was the first land sighted by Columbus, and called by him San Salvador, 1492.
Bahia. 12S. 38W. Former cap. of Brazil; f. 1549 by Thomas de Souza. (See Darwin, 'Voyage of the Beagle.')
Bahia Blanca, Argentine. 38S. 62W. (See Darwin, 'Voyage of the Beagle.')
Ball's Buff (or Leesburg Heights), on the Potomac. 39N. 77W. Defeat of Federals 1861 (Civil W.).
Baltimore, Maryland, U.S. 39N. 76W. First settler on site of, 1682; f. 1729, and named in honour of Lord Baltimore; attacked unsuccessfully by the English, 1814; Federal volunteers attacked by citizens, 1861; finally joined the Federal cause. (See Fort MacHenry and North Point.)
Barbadoes, Windward Islands. 13N. 59W. Actual discoverers unknown, perhaps the Portuguese; sighted by English, 1605; in power of English since first colonised by them, 1625, in which year Jamestown was f.
Bastimentos, Boca Toro. 9N. 82W. Columbus at, 1502.
Baylis's Creek, James River, near Malvern Hill. 37N. 77W. Attack on driven back by Confederates, 1864 (Civil W.).
Beagle Channel, Tierra del Fuego. 54S. 67W. (See Darwin, 'Voyage of the Beagle.')
Belle Isle Strait. 50N. 55W. J. Cartier in, 1534.
Belmont, on the Mississippi. 36N. 89W. Fierce indecisive encounter during Civil W., 1861.
Bemis's Heights, near Albany, N.Y. 42N. 72W. Battles Sept. and Oct., and final defeat of English, 1777 (W. of Ind.).
Bennington, Vermont, U.S. 42N. 73W. Victory of Stark and his New England farmers over part of Burgoyne's army, 1777 (W. of Ind.).
Bentonville, N. Carolina. 35N. 77W. Confederates defeated near, by Sherman, March 18-21, 1865 (Civil W.).
Berbice, S. America, 0N. 55W. Discovered by Pinzon, 1499; Dutch settlement, 1580; in English possession, 1796-1802; retaken by English, 1803, and ceded to them by treaty, 1814; now part of British Guiana.
Bering Island, N. Pacific. 55N. 166E. Bering died on, from exhaustion, having been wrecked off coast, 1741.
Bering Strait. 65N. 170W. Named after the Danish navigator who first explored it, 1728; Cook during his third and last voyage (1776-9) endeavoured to make his passage through, but failed.
Bermudas, The, islands. 32N. 64W. Discovered by Juan Bermudez, 1522; the first Englishman on was the shipwrecked navigator May, 1593; colonised by Sir George Somers (or Summers), who with Sir T. Gates was shipwrecked on, 1609 (the account of this storm by Strachey possibly furnished source for part of 'Tempest'). (See poem by Waller.)
Big Bethel, Virginia. 37N. 76W. Victory of Confederates, 1861 (Civil W.).
Big Black River, Mississippi. 32N. 90W. Defeat of Confederates, 1863 (Civil W.).
Big Horn, battle of, at junction of Big and Little Big Horn River. 44N. 106W. General Custer's force destroyed by the Sioux Indians under Sitting Bull, 1876.
Bio-bio, river, Chili. 38S. 72W. Fierce contests at, between Araucanians to the south, and Spaniards to the north, during the 16th century.
Blackrock, near Buffalo. 42N. 78W. Fort surprised by British, 1813.
Blackstock's Plantation, Charlotte, N. Carolina. 35N. 80W. Defeat of British by Sumter, 1780 (W. of Ind.).
Blackwater, river, Missouri. Surrender of Confederates, near Milford, 1861 (Civil W.).
Bladensburg, Maryland. 39N. 76W. Americans defeated by English, 1814.
Blakely, near Mobile, Alabama. 30N. 88W. Fort taken by Federals, 1865 (Civil W.).
Block Island, Connecticut. 41N. 71W. Taken by Endicott after murder of English traders by the Indians, 1636.
Bloody Bridge, near Detroit. 42N. 82W. Rout of English by Indians at Parent's Creek (Bloody Run) and death of Dalzell. (See Parkman, 'Conspiracy of Pontiac.')
Boca del Sierpe. 9N. 61W. So named by Columbus, 1498.
Bogota, cap. of Colombia. 4N. 74W. F. by the conqueror Quesada, and formerly known as Santa Fé, 1538; independence proclaimed at, 1811; taken by Spaniards, 1816; delivered by Bolivar, 1819 (S. A. W. of Ind.).
Bolivia, S.A. 18S. 68W. Formerly Upper Peru. Rise of natives under Tupac Amaru, descendant of the Incas, who was cruelly put to death by the Spaniards, 1780-2; sc. successive battles during S. American War of Independence, 1809-25; independence secured by victory of Ayacucho, 1824; republic named after the liberator Bolivar; Santa Cruz president of B. and Lower Peru, 1828-39; Peru-Bolivian war with Chili, 1879-83; sc. frequent civil war.
Boonesboro, Kentucky. 39N. 84W. On site of fort built by Daniel Boone, the explorer of Kentucky (1735-1820), who was several times attacked in it by the Indians, and once made prisoner.
Booneville, Missouri. 38N. 92W. Confederates defeated by Gen. Lyon, 1861 (Civil W.).
Boothia Felix. 70N. 94W. Northern extremity of the continent, discovered by Sir John Ross, 1829-30; named after Sir F. Booth, the financier of the expedition, during which Ross's nephew (James Clark Ross) discovered the magnetic pole.
Borgne, Lake, Louisiana. 30N. 89W. British naval victory, 1812.
Boston, Mass., U.S. 42N. 71W. Called Shawmut by the Indians and Trimountain by the English. In 1630 a settlement was made here by Winthrop, governor of Mass. Bay, and this year the present name was given, after the English town from which many of the colonists came; first congress of confederated colonies (Mass., Plymouth, Connect.,) 1643; seizure and expulsion of Andros, governor-general, 1688; seizure of the British sloop 'Liberty,' 1768, first action taken in the W. of Ind.; the Boston massacre, 1770; 'Boston tea party,' 1773; meeting in Faneuil Hall ('Cradle of American Liberty') denouncing the Boston Port Bill, 1774; warlike preparations begun by General Gage, 1774; besieged by Washington, 1775-6, when English evacuated; first charter, 1822. The city has suffered from several destructive fires, the latest in 1872. The 'Boston News Letter,' 1704, was the first newspaper printed in the U.S. Dr. Channing minister at Federal Street Church, 1803-40. Bp. Cotton Mather (1663-1728); T. Hutchinson, historian of Massachusetts (1711-80); Paul Revere, patriot (1735-1818) (see Longfellow's poem); W. Austin, A. of 'Peter Rugg, the Missing Man' (1778-1841); Ticknor, A. of 'History of Spanish Literature' (1791-1871); Parkman, historian (1823-93); R. Waldo Emerson (1803-82); Edgar Allan Poe (1809-49); Benjamin Franklin (1706-90); Francis J. Child, scholar (1825-96); Mrs. Craigie, novelist (1867-1906).
Boston Bay. Expedition to, under Miles Standish, 1621.
Boyaca, Colombia. 5N. 73W. Decisive victory by Bolivar, 1819 (S. A. W. of Ind.).
Boydton Plank Road, near Petersburg, Virginia. 56N. 78W. Battle, 1864 (Civil W.).
Braceti (Brazito), Texas. 30N. 109W. Mexicans defeated, 1846 (Mex. W.).
Braintree, near Quincy, Mass. 42N. 71W. Bp. John Adams, second president of the U.S. (1735-1826), and John Quincy Adams, sixth president of the U.S. (1767-1848).
Brandywine Creek, near Wilmington. 39N. 75W. Defeat of Washington by Howe, Lafayette wounded, 1777 (W. of Ind.).
Brazil, S.A. 10S. 52W. Discovered by the Spaniard Yañez Pinzon, 1500, and shortly after by the Portuguese Cabral; Vespucci reached the bay of Rio de Janeiro on New Year's Day, 1502 or 1504, and named it accordingly; Hawkins in 1528 and 1530, bringing a Brazilian king home with him from this latter voyage; traversed by Cabeza de Vaca, 1540-2; French colony of short duration planted at Fort Coligny by Villegagnon, 1555; Portuguese and Dutch in possession in turns; latter driven from, 1654; Portuguese court take refuge from Napoleon at Rio, 1807; independence declared and Pedro I. crowned emperor, 1822; war with Paraguay, 1865-70; emancipation of slaves, 1885; country revolts against Pedro's son and declares itself a republic, 1889; revolt of fleet and civil war, 1893-5; campaigns against Indians (Jaguncos), 1897; attempt to assassinate President Barros, 1897; disturbances continue. (See Darwin, 'Voyage of Beagle.')
Brier Creek, Georgia. 32N. 81W. Americans defeated by English under Gen. Prevost 1779 (W. of Ind.).
British Columbia (formerly New Caledonia). 49N. 114W. Cook off, 1778; coast explored by Vancouver during voyage of 1793-5; in 1858 it received its present name, and in 1871 was incorporated with the dominion of Canada.
Brook Farm, West Roxbury, near Boston, Mass. 42N. 71W. Association at organised by G. Ripley and Dr. Channing, 1841; among its members and the visitors to B. Farm were Hawthorne, Dana, Margaret Fuller, W. H. Channing, Emerson, Alcott, Brownson, Miss Peabody (the 'Miss Birdseye' of H. James's 'Bostonians'), etc.; Fourierism was adopted by the community in 1843, and in 1847 the community broke up. (See Hawthorne's 'Blithedale Romance.')
Brooklyn Heights, Long Island, N.Y. 40N. 73W. Occupied by British, 1776. (See Long Island, battle of.)
Brown, Fort, Rio Grande, Texas. 25N. 97W. Defended by Brown against attack on by Mexicans, 1846 (Mex. W.).
Buena Vista, near Saltillo, Mexico. 25N. 101W. Defeat of Santa Ana, 1846 (Mex. W.).
Buenos Ayres, province, Argentine. 34S. 58W. Independence proclaimed, 1816; separated from other provinces, 1853; rejoined, 1860; La Plata made the capital, 1882.
Buenos Ayres, cap. of Argentine Republic since 1882, formerly cap. of province. 34S. 60W. F. by Mendoza, 1535; Spaniards driven from by Indians, 1539; re-colonised, 1580; attacked by English and Portuguese, 1763; taken by English under Admiral Popham and Beresford, who were soon forced to surrender, 1806; two days' fighting in streets ending in defeat of English under Whitelocke, 1807; blockaded by French and English, 1835 (see Argentine). (See Darwin, 'Voyage of the Beagle.')
Buffalo, Erie, N.Y. 42N. 78W. Taken and destroyed by British and Indian allies, 1813; Pan-American Exhibition, 1901.
Buffington Island (St. George's Creek), Ohio. Capture of Confederate raiders under Morgan, 1863 (Civil W.).
Bull Run, near Manassas Junction, Virginia. 38N. 77W. Victories of Confederates, 1861 and 1862 (battle of Groveton).
Bunker Hill, Charlestown, Mass. 42N. 71W. First great battle of the W. of Ind., fought actually on Breed's Hill, in which the Americans gained a substantial victory, 1775.
Burburata, Venezuela. Sir John Hawkins at, trading in slaves, 1565.
Burlington, New Jersey. 40N. 74W. F. by Quakers, 1677. Bp. of James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851).
Burnt Corn Creek, near Pensacola. 50N. 37W. Victory of McQueen and his Indians over Caller's force, 1813 (Creek W.).
Bushy Run, about 25 miles from Fort Pitt (q.v.). Victory of Bouquet over the Indians, 1763. (See Parkman, 'Conspiracy of Pontiac.')
Buzzard's Bay, Mass. 41N. 70W. Early trading station of the Plymouth Fathers.
Cabo de la Vela, Colombia. 12N. 74W. Furthest point reached by Ojeda, who was the first to sight this cape, 1499.
Cahokia, St. Claire Co., Illinois. 38N. 90W. Pontiac, Indian chief, killed in wood near, 1769 (see Parkman, op. cit.); prehistoric mounds near.
Caimanera, Cuba. 19N. 75W. Engagement between Americans and Spaniards, latter finally driven from their camp, 1898.
Cajamarca (Caxamarca), Peru. 6S. 79W. The Inca Atahuallpa treacherously made prisoner and his followers massacred by Pizarro, 1532; the Inca executed, 1533. (See Prescott 'Peru,' op. cit.).
California, Gulf of. 28N. 112W. Expedition of Narvaez to, 1527; explored by Cortés and his generals, 1528-35; reached by Cabeza de Vaca and survivors of expedition, the first explorers to cross the American continent, during their nine years' wanderings, 1527-36; Ulloa in, 1539; Alarçon, 1540; Viscayno. 1596.
California, Lower, Mexico. 28N. 113W. Discovered by Grijalva, 1534; taken possession of by Spaniards, 1602; colonised by Jesuits, 1642; part of Mexico since 1823.
California, Upper, U.S. 37N. 120W. Coast explored by Cabrillo, 1542; taken possession of by Drake for Elizabeth, and named by him 'New Albion,' 1578; expedition to, under Viscayno, 1602-5; colony in settled by Spaniards, 1698; coast explored by Vancouver, 1793; revolted from Spain, 1823; exploring expedition under Frémont, 1844; ceded by Mexico to U.S., 1848; admitted to Union, 1850; decides against joining Confederates, 1860.
Callao, Peru. 12S. 77W. Known to early Spanish founders as Ciudad de los Reyes: former town destroyed by tidal wave, 1746: last stronghold in Peru held by Spaniards, who capitulated, 1826; Spanish fleet defeated off, 1866; bombarded by Chilians, 1882.
Cambridge, Mass. 42N. 71W. F. 1631, and originally named Newtown; Harvard University f. 1636; first printing press in U.S. set up by Day, 1638; the 'Bay Psalm Book,' first book printed in English America, 1640; first president of Harvard, Henry Dunster, 1640-54; theological constitution known as the 'Cambridge Platform' framed at synod, 1646-8; congress for re-organising army, at which Franklin and Washington assisted, 1775; Washington here took command of the continental army, 1775. Bp. R. H. Dana, poet and essayist (1787-1879); Oliver Wendell Holmes (1809-94); James Russell Lowell (1819-91); res. Lowell, Longfellow (see Mount Auburn).
Cambridgeport, Mass. (now part of Cambridge). 42N. 71W. Bp. of S. Margaret Fuller (Marchioness d'Ossoli), drowned off Long Island (1810-50).
Camden, S. Carolina. 34N. 80W. English victory under Cornwallis, 1780; engagement near, between Gen. Greene and Lord Rawdon, 1781; evacuated by English, 1781 (W. of Ind.).
Campbell's Station, near Knoxville, Tennessee. 36N. 83W. Federals forced to withdraw from, after repelling Confederates, 1863 (Civil W.).
Campeche, Yucatan, Mexico. 19N. 90W. Discovered by Cordova, 1517; Spaniards settled at, 1539; taken by English, 1659; by the buccaneer Louis Scot, 1678; and again by buccaneers, 1685.
Campeche Bay, Gulf of Mexico. 20N. 93W. Cortés sails down, 1519.
Canada (New France). 46N. 55W. The Cabots discover Labrador and Newfoundland, 1497, 1498; further discoveries by the Cortereals, 1500, 1501; Verazzani in Gulf of St. Lawrence, 1524; explored by Cartier, 1534, who was the first to sail up the St. Lawrence, 1535; small French colony planted by Roberval, 1541; voyages of exploration and discoveries by Champlain, founder of Quebec, 1602-35; taken by the English, 1759-60; finally ceded to, by Treaty of Paris, 1763; divided into Upper and Lower, 1791; in 1840 reunited and known as East and West; Confederate Dominion formed, 1867; original provinces joined in 1870 by the N.W. Territories; in 1871 by British Columbia, and in 1873 by Prince Edward Island.
Canelas (Land of Cinnamon). 25N. 105W. Gonzalo Pizarro in, during his expedition into Quito, 1540-2.
Cape Breton Island. 46N. 60W. Probably discovered by Cabot, 1497; settled by French, 1712; ceded to England by Peace of Paris, 1763; incorporated with Nova Scotia, 1819.
Cape Desolation, Greenland. 61N. 48W. So named by Davis, 1585.
Cape Farewell, Greenland. 60N. 44W. Davis off, 1585.
Cape Horn, S.A. 55S. 68W. Rounded by Magalhaes, 1520; sighted by Drake, 1578.
Cape Mercy, Cumberland, Baffin Land. 64N. 64W. So named by Davis, 1585.
Carabobo, Venezuela. 9N. 68W. Victory of Bolivar over Spaniards, 1821 (S. A. W. Ind.).
Caracas, Venezuela. 10N. 66W. Sighted by Columbus, 1498; f. by Spaniards, 1567; sacked by buccaneer Amyas Preston, 1595; and by French, 1679; revolted, 1810, and after being twice retaken by Spaniards, finally delivered, 1821; destroyed by earthquake, 1812; now capital of Venezuela. Bp. Miranda, revolutionary leader (or at Santa Fé, N. Granada) (1756-1816); Bolivar, the 'Liberator' (1785-1830).
Carenas, Port, Cuba. Name given by Ocampo, who here careened his vessels, 1508.
Caribees, N. and S. (or Windward and Leeward) islands, W. Indies. 16N. 62W.; 13N. 60W. Name derived from the aboriginal tribe.
Carnifex Ferry, near Summersville, W. Virginia. 38N. 80W. Federal victory, 1861 (Civil W.).
Carolina, N. and S. (called Albemarle by refugees from Virginia, 1660). 34N. 80W. Discovered by Ponce de Léon, 1512; explored by expedition sent by De Ayllon, 1521; by Verazzani, 1524; Raleigh landed on Roanoke Island, 1584; 1663 conceded by Charles II. to Lord Clarendon and other nobles, hence its present name; constitution drawn up by Locke, 1670; became crown colony, 1729; two of the 13 original United States; both N. and S. seceded, 1861; readmitted to Union, 1868. (See Roanoke and Fort Carolina.)
Cartagena, Colombia, S.A. 10N. 75W. F. by Pedro de Heredia, 1533; Hawkins at, 1568; taken by Drake, 1586; resisted English attack under Vernon, 1741; captured by Royalists, 1815; retaken by revolutionaries, 1821. (See Colombia.)
Carthage, Jasper Co., Missouri. Confederates force Gen. Lyon to retreat, 1861 (Civil W.).
Cary Islands, off Ellesmere Land. 76N. 83W. Name given by Baffin, 1616.
Caseros, near Buenos Ayres. 34S. 58W. Final defeat of Rosas, by forces of Brazil and Uruguay, 1852.
Caxas, Peru. 10S. 79W. De Soto at, when reconnoitring for Pizarro, 1532. Painful march of Blasco Nuñez through valley of, pursued by Gonzalo Pizarro. 1544. (See Prescott, 'Peru,' op. cit.)
Cayenne, cap. of French Guiana. 4N. 52W. In possession in turns of French, English, and Dutch, 1604-76; restored to French and taken by English, 1809; French possession since Peace of 1814; formerly French penal settlement.
Cedar Creek, Virginia. 39N. 77W. Confederates defeated, 1864 (Civil W.).
Cedar Mountain, Virginia. 38N. 78W. Victory, and subsequent retreat, of 'Stonewall' Jackson, 1862 (Civil W.).
Cempoalla, Mexico. 19N. 96W. Cortés and his troops received in state by the cacique, 1519; Cortés destroys part of his fleet, 1519; his victory over Narvaez, envoy of Velasquez, Governor of Cuba, 1520. (See Prescott, 'Conquest of Mexico.')
Cerrito, near Montevideo. Spaniards defeated by Argentine revolutionaries, 1812.
Cerro, S.A. Victory of Montevideans by aid of Garibaldi over the forces of Rosas, 1846.
Cerro-Cora, Paraguay. 22S. 55W. The dictator F. S. Lopez surprised and killed by Lacerda (Chico le Diable), 1870, thus putting an end to war between Brazil and Paraguay.
Cerro Gordo, Mexico. 26N. 105W. American victory over Mexicans and flight of Santa Ana, 1847 (Mex. W.).
Ceutla, Plains of, Tabasco, Mexico. Defeat of Indians by Cortés, 1519. (Prescott, 'Conquest of Mexico.)
Chacabuco, Chili. 33S. 70W. Spaniards defeated by the Argentinians under San Martin and the allied revolutionaries, 1817 (S. A. W. Ind.).
Chalco, on lake of name, Mexico. 19N. 98W. Cortés marches along Lake of, on his way to Mexico, 1519; Mexicans defeated by Spaniards under Sandoval, 1521; noted for its 'floating gardens.' (See Prescott, 'Mexico,' op. cit.)
Chaleur Bay. 47N. 65W. So named by Cartier, 1534.
Champion Hills, Hind's Co., Miss. 32N. 90W. Confederates defeated by Gen. Grant, 1863 (Civil W.).
Champlain, Lake. 44N. 73W. Named after the explorer who reached the lake and there defeated the Iroquois, 1609; American fleet under Arnold defeated by English, 1776; English fleet by American, 1814.
Chancellorsville, near Fredericksburg, Virginia. 38N. 77W. Army of the Potomac defeated by the Confederates, and 'Stonewall' Jackson mortally wounded, 1863 (Civil W.).
Chantilly, near Washington, Virginia. 38N. 76W. Confederates driven back, 1862 (Civil W.).
Chapultepec, near the cap., Mexico. 19N. 99W. Ancient res. of kings of Mexico. Hill forts stormed by Gen. Scott, and Mexicans heavily defeated, 1847 (Mex. W.).
Charcas, Mexico. 23N. 101W. Gonzalo Pizarro at, to explore the Potosi mines, 1543.
Charleston, S. Carolina. 32N. 79W. The people of old Charlestown on the Ashley removed here, 1680; French and Spanish defeated, 1706; British fleet under Parker repulsed, 1776; surrendered to Clinton, 1780; evacuated by English, 1782; capture of Fort Sumter by S. Carolinians, 1861 (beginning of Civil W.); attacks on Forts Wagner and Sumter by Gen. Gillmore, 1863; town besieged till 1865, when evacuated by Confederates and national flag raised.
Charlestown, W. Virginia. 39N. 77W. John Brown, abolitionist, hanged, 1859.
Charlestown, Mass. 42N. 71W. Part of Boston; Bunker's Hill in; burnt by Gage, 1775; taken by British, 1779 (W. of Ind.).
Chattanooga, Tennessee. 35N. 85W. Victory of Confederates on Chickamanga Field, Sept. 20; defeat of Confederates by Grant (Look-out Mountain and Missionary Ridge), Nov. 23-25, 1863.
Chesapeake Bay (known to early explorers as Bay of St. Mary). 38N. 76W. Discovered by explorers sent by Q. V. de Ayllon, 1521; Verazzani off, 1524; De Ayllon in, 1526; expedition to, under Newport, in which John Smith took part, 1607; English Admiral Graves forced to retire, 1781 (W. of Ind.); sc. hostilities during war of 1814.
Chiahuitzlan, Mexico. 39N. 30W. Cortés at, with his troops, 1519. (Prescott, 'Mexico,' op. cit.)
Chicago, Illinois. 41N. 87W. French fur-traders at, 1654; Marquette at, 1673, and during winter 1674-5; fort built by French, 1683; abandoned when Canada ceded to English; American fort (Dearborn) built, 1804; raid and massacre by Indians, 1814; small beginning of present town laid out, 1830; terrible fire, 1871; World's Fair, 1893.
Chickahominy River, Virginia. 37N. 77W. Explored by John Smith, 1607; a series of battles fought on, ending in victory for Confederates under Lee, 1862. (See Richmond.)
Chickamanga, see Chattanooga.
Chickasaw Bayou, arm of the Yazoo river. 32N. 90W. Sherman repulsed by Confederates, 1862 (Civil W.).
Chihuahua, Mexico. 28N. 106W. Hidalgo, Mexican patriot, shot, 1811.
Chili (Chile), S.A. 32S. 70W. Almagro as conqueror in, 1536; Valdivia invades, 1540; Santiago f. by, 1541; revolt against Spanish rule, 1810; supremacy of Spain renewed, 1814; defeat of Spaniards at Chacabuco, 1817; national independence finally proclaimed after battle of Maypo, 1818; recognised at Madrid, 1844; alliance with Peru and declaration of war with Spain, 1865-6; Valparaiso bombarded by Spanish fleet, 1866; treaty with Spain, 1879; war with Peru and Bolivia, 1879-83; Balmaceda president, 1886; revolution in and revolt of navy, 1891; complications with U.S. concerning the 'Matta Note' affair, peaceably settled, 1892.
Chiloe, island. 42S. 73W. Spanish fleet defeated off by Peruvians and Chilians, 1866; Darwin on (see 'Voyage of the Beagle').
Chimborazo, see Andes.
Chincha Islands, Peru. 13S. 76W. Seized by the Spaniards when at war with Peru, 1864; restored on conclusion of peace, 1865.
Chippawa (or Chippewa), Ontario. 43N. 79W. Gen. Riall defeated by Americans, 1814.
Cholula, Mexico. 19N. 98W. Famous pyramid at, four times the size of the pyramid of Cheops; massacre of the Cholulans by Cortés, 1519. (Prescott, 'Mexico,' op. cit.)
Chonos Islands, S.A. 44S. 74W. Darwin on (see 'Voyage of the Beagle').
Chrysler's Field, Ogdensburg, St. Lawrence. 44N. 75W. Fierce but indecisive action, 1813.
Chupas, Peru. 12S. 75W. Defeat of the Spaniards under Almagro by Vaca de Castro, commissioner sent out by Spanish Government, 1542. (See Prescott, 'Peru,' op. cit.)
Chuquisaca (now Sucre), cap. of Bolivia. 19S. 64W. F. by one of Pizarro's followers, 1529; independence of Bolivia proclaimed at, 1825; said to be oldest university in S. America.
Churubusco, near Mexico. 19N. 99W. Santa Anna defeated by Americans, 1847 (Mex. W.).
Cincinnati, city, Ohio. 39N. 84W. Block-house erected by Ensign Luce, 1788, and first known as Losantiville.
Ciudad Bolivar, see Angostura.
Clarksburg, Harrison Co., W. Virginia. Bp. Thomas Jonathan Jackson ('Stonewall' Jackson), Confederate general (1824), killed at Chancellorsville, 1863.
Cleveland, Ohio. 41N. 81W. Named in honour of its founder, 1796.
Coaque, Peru. 0. 77W. Taken by Pizarro, 1531.
Cod, Cape, Mass. 42N. 70W. Discovered by Gosnold, who so named it, 1602; Champlain off during his second expedition to Canada, 1604-7, and called by him Cape Fortune; explored by John Smith, 1614; first land sighted by Pilgrim Fathers.
Cold Harbour, near Richmond, Virginia. 37N. 77W. Sanguinary and indecisive battle between Grant and Lee, 1864 (Civil W.). (See under Richmond for former battle, 1862.)
Colombia, S.A. 3N. 75W. Coasts, etc., explored by Columbus (from whom the present name derived), and earlier and later navigators, 15th-16th centuries; named New Granada by Quesada, conqueror of Bogota, 1538; revolt against Spanish rule, 1810; independence established after Bolivar's victory at Boyaca, 1819; Venezuela and Ecuador withdrew from confederation, 1830; name changed to 'United States of Colombia,' 1861; constant revolutions.
Colorado, U.S. 39N. 105W. Explored by Vasquez de Coronado, 1540; Pike's Peak discovered by mountaineer of that name, 1806; Frémont in, during his expedition over the Rocky Mountains, 1842-4; organised as a territory, 1861; sided with Federals in Civil W.; admitted to Union, 1876.
Colorado River, Colorado, N. America. 34N. 114W. Discovered by Hernando Alarçon on his expedition to California, 1540; explored last century by Yves, White, and Powell.
Columbia, Tennessee. 35N. 86W. Battle of Duck Run, and earlier encounter, 1862 (Civil W.).
Columbia, S. Carolina. 34N. 80W. Taken and burnt by Gen. Sherman, 1865 (Civil W.).
Columbia, river, Oregon. 46N. 124W. Discovered by Capt. Grey, 1792; the same year Lieut. Broughton, under directions from Vancouver, sailed up; later explorations by Lewis and Clarke, 1805; navigation of granted to England by treaty, 1846.
Columbia University, New York. Originally King's College, chartered, 1754; Columbia College, 1784; University, 1896.
Concepcion, town, Chili. 36S. 73W. F. by Valdivia, 1550. (See account of earthquake, Darwin, 'Voyage of the Beagle.')
Concord, Mass. 42N. 71W. First battle fought during W. of Ind. was at Lexington (six miles off) and Concord, 1775 (see Emerson's hymn to the 'embattled' farmers). Sleepy Hollow and Walden Pond are both near. Res. and burial-place of Emerson, Hawthorne, Thoreau, who was also born here (1817-62); Hawthorne wrote his 'Mosses from an Old Manse' in Emerson's house; other literary names are ass. this place, which has been called the American Weimar.
Conestoga, Pennsylvania. Indians at massacred by the 'Paxton boys,' 1763. (Parkman, 'Pontiac,' op. cit.)
Connecticut, U.S. 41N. 72W. One of the thirteen original North-American states; discovered by Dutch, 1613; Dutch in possession of valley till 1635-6, when English settled in; war with the Pequods, 1636; Windsor settled, 1637; charter granted to by Charles II. (1662) secreted in 'Charter Oak' to preserve it from James II.'s envoy, 1687-8; became independent, 1776.
Contreras, Mexico. 19N. 99W. American victory over Mexicans under Santa Ana, 1847 (Mex. W.).
Copan, on river of name, Honduras. 14N. 89W. Gigantic remains of ancient temple and pyramids.
Cordoba, cap. province, Argentina. 31S. 63W. F. by Jerome Cabrera, 1573.
Corinth, Mississippi. 35N. 88W. Confederates forced to evacuate, 1862; later the same year they were defeated in the battle of Oct. 3-4.
Coronation Gulf, Arctic Ocean. 68N. 110-116W. Reached by Sir J. Franklin, 1821.
Corrientes, Argentina. 38S. 57W. Three days' naval fight between Garibaldi, on behalf of the Montevideans, and Admiral Brown, commander of Rosas' fleet, 1846.
Costa Rica, Republic of, Cent. A. 10N. 84W. East coast discovered by Columbus, 1502; west coast reached by Espinoza about 1514; early Spanish colonies, and final conquest of country by Coronado, 1561-5; Indians rise along the Atlantic coast and win their independence, 1709; independent state since 1821; part of Confederation of Cent. A., 1824-9; constitution promulgated, 1870.
Cotopaxi, volcano, Ecuador, 0S. 78W. The earliest recorded eruption took place during Pizarro's invasion; the first complete ascent was made by Dr. Reiss, 1872.
Cowpens, near Spartanburg, S. Carolina. 34N. 81W. English under Tarleton defeated by Morgan. 1781 (W. of Ind.).
Cozumel, island, Yucatan. 20N. 87W. Cortés and his forces land on, 1519.
Crampton's Gap, near Barkittsville, Maryland. 39N. 77W. Battle of South Mountain fought at, 1862 (Civil W.).
Crosskeys, Virginia. 38N. 78W. Indecisive action between 'Stonewall' Jackson and the Federals, 1862 (Civil W.).
Crown Point, Lake Champlain. 43N. 73W. English caught in ambuscade near, and Indian King Hendrick killed; French under Dieskau, who was taken prisoner, finally forced to fall back on Crown Point, 1755; captured by English under Amherst, 1759.
Cuba, island, W. Indies. 21N. 79W. Discovered by Columbus, who named it Guana, 1492; further explored by, 1494; Ocampo off coast, 1508; Ojeda stranded on, 1509-10; final conquest of by Velasquez, 1511; De Soto made captain-general, 1537; Hawkins off, 1564-5; taken by English, 1762, and restored to Spain by Treaty of Paris, 1763; Black Eagle rebellion, 1829; insurrection of blacks, 1844; further rebellion against Spain, 1868-78; further revolution, 1895; autonomy granted to, 1897; the 'Maine' blown up, 1898; armed intervention of U.S. and liberation of island from Spanish rule, 1898; control of island formally transferred to Cuban Government, 1902; insurrection, 1906, and provisional government of U.S. till 1909.
Cuernavaca, Mexico. 19N. 99W. Remains of palace and church built by Cortés.
Cumana, Venezuela. 10N. 64W. Destroyed and inhabitants massacred by Royalist Gen. Boves, 1814 (S. A. W. Ind.).
Cumberland Bay, N.A. 64N. 65W. Davis in, 1585.
Cummington, Mass. 42N. 72W. Bp. of William Cullen Bryant, poet (1794-1878).
Curaçao, island, Antilles. 12N. 69W. Discovered by Ojeda, 1499; Spanish settlement on, 1527; in Dutch possession since 1632; taken by English during continental wars and restored to Dutch by Treaty of London, 1814.
Curiana (or Pearls), Gulf of, Nicaragua. Discovered by Ojeda, 1499.
Cuttyhunk, island, Buzzard's Bay, Mass. English colony under Gosnold on, 1602.
Cuzco, the 'Holy City,' Peru. 13S. 72W. F. by Manco Capac, 11th century; ancient res. and burial-place of the Incas, and site of famous Temple of the Sun, now occupied by a Dominican convent; its buildings despoiled by Pizarro's emissaries to complete the Inca's ransom, 1532; entered by Pizarro as conqueror, 1533; besieged and burnt by Peruvians, 1535; Almagro, Pizarro's rival, makes himself master, 1537; Hernano Pizarro enters as victor, and Almagro executed, 1538; Francesco Pizarro again in, 1538; the younger Almagro in power for a while and executed by Vaca de Castro, 1542; insurrection under Gonzalo Pizarro, 1544; won back for the crown by Centeno, 1547; return of F. Pizarro after victory of Huarina, 1547; Gonzalo Pizarro executed, 1548; remains of gigantic fortress and other Peruvian relics. Bp. of Garcilasso de la Vega, historian of Peru (1539, d. after 1617). (See Prescott, 'Peru,' op. cit.)
Dakota, N. and S. 42N. 97W. Gold-fields in; Pembina f. by French, 1780; Sioux Falls by Americans, 1857; uprising of Sioux Indians, 1862; campaign against and destruction of Custer's force, 1876; re-rising, death of Sitting Bull, and final suppression of, 1890; admitted to Union, 1889.
Dallas, Georgia. 34N. 84W. Federals defeated, May 25, Confederates, May 28, 1864 (Civil W.).
Dalton, Georgia. 34N. 84W. Confederates forced to evacuate, 1864.
Danbury, Connecticut. 41W. 73N. Burnt by Governor Tryon, 1777 (W. of Ind.).
Darien Isthmus, S. America. 9N. 89W. Bastidas and Columbus off (see Panama); F. Pizarro reached, 1509; crossed by Nuñez de Balboa, who was the first European to sight the Pacific, 1513; by Drake, 1572; Scottish settlement on (New Caledonia) forced to evacuate by Spaniards, 1698-9; treaty conferring right on U.S. of constructing canal across, 1869. (See sonnet by Keats.)
Darwin Sound, and Mount Darwin, King Charles's South Land, Tierra del Fuego. (See Darwin, 'Voyage of the Beagle.')
Davis Strait, N.A. 65N. 57W. Named after the explorer who discovered it in 1585.
Deerfield, Mass. 42N. 72W. Attacked by Indians and saved by the fugitive regicide, Colonel Goffe, 1674; sc. destruction and massacre by French and Indians, 1704.
Delaware, U.S. 38N. 75W. One of the 13 original states; bay discovered by Hudson, 1609; first entered by Lord de la Warr, 1610; Dutch colony settled in, 1631; Wilmington settled by Swedes, 1638; latter driven out by Dutch, who were succeeded by English, 1655, 1664; Penn became proprietor, 1683; declared an independent state, 1776; first of the 13 states to ratify the Federal constitution.
Delaware River. 40N. 74W. Passage of, by Washington, 1776.
Demerara, British Guiana, S.A. 6N. 57W. Colonised by Dutch, 1580; taken by the English, 1796 and 1803; finally surrendered to England, 1814.
Detroit, Michigan. 42N. 83W. In possession of French in 17th century; colony planted by Cadillac, 1701; taken by the English under Rogers, 1760; six months' siege by Pontiac, finally relieved by Col. Bradstreet, 1763-4; Americans in possession, 1796; surrendered to British, 1812; finally ceded to America, 1813. (See Parkman, 'Conspiracy of Pontiac.')
Dismal Swamp, Virginia and N. Carolina. 36N. 76W. Former hiding-place of runaway slaves. (See poems, Longfellow and Moore.)
Dominica, W. Indies. 15N. 61W. Discovered by Columbus on a Sunday (hence its name) in 1493; Sir J. Hawkins at, 1565, 1568; taken by English, 1761, and ceded to them by Treaty of Paris, 1763; taken by French and restored to England, 1770, 1783; attempts by French on, 1795 and 1805; negro insurrection, 1802.
Dominican Republic, see Santo Domingo.
Dorchester, near Boston, Mass. 42N. 71W. Bp. of J. Lothrop Motley, historian (1814-77).
Dranesville, Fairfax Co., Virginia. 38N. 76W. Confederates defeated, 1861 (Civil W.).
Durango (Ciudad de Victoria, or Guadiana), Mexico. 24N. 104W. F. by Velasco, 1559.
Dustin's Island, Merrimac River, near Concord, N.H. 42N. 71W. So called from Hannah Dustin, who escaped with her two companions from the Indians, after killing and scalping their captors, 1697.
Duxbury, Mass. 42N. 70W. Ocean telegraph from Brest terminates at this point; here died in 1687 John Alden, one of the Pilgrim Fathers, commemorated by Longfellow in his 'Courtship of Miles Standish.'
Easter Island (Davis's Land), Pacific. 27S. 109W. Discovered by Davis, 1686; Roggewein at, 1722; Cook at, 1774.
Eastport, Moose Island, Passamaquoddy Bay. 45N. 67W. Surrendered to British squadron, 1814.
East Windsor, Conn. 41N. 72W. Bp. Jonathan Edwards, theologian (1703-58), and of Lorrin Andrews, missionary and Hawaiian scholar (1795-1868).
Eatonton, Georgia. 33N. 83W. Bp. of Joel Chandler Harris, A. of 'Uncle Remus,' etc. (1848-1908).
Econochaca (or Holy Ground), Alabama River, Lourdes Co., Miss. 31N. 88W. Indians surprised and scattered by Gen. Claiborne, 1813 (W. with Creek Indians).
Ecuador (Equator), S.A. 2S. 78W. Part of the Inca's territory conquered by Pizarro in the 16th century; it formed part of the presidency of Quito; first revolt against Spanish rule in 1809; finally liberated after defeat of Spaniards at Pichincha, 1822; became part of Colombia, and finally separated as an independent republic under its present name, 1830; continual civil war in after this; the dictator Moreno assassinated at Quito, 1875; frequent revolutions since.
El Caney, near Santiago, Cuba. 20N. 76W. Defended by Vera de Rey against Americans, victory of latter and death of Spanish commander (Spanish-American W.), 1898.
El Molino del Rey, capture of, see Chapultepec.
Emucfau, Alabama. 32N. 85W. Fierce encounter near, between Jackson and Creek Indians, 1814.
Erie Canal, running 363 miles between Buffalo and Albany, connecting the upper lakes and Hudson river, completed, 1825.
Erie, Lake, 42N. 81W. Heavy defeat of British by Commander Perry in Put-in Bay, 1813.
Esopus, near Kingston, N.Y. 41N. 73W. Warfare between Dutch and Indians known as the 'Esopus War,' 1655-64.
Espanola, see Haiti.
Essequibo, British Guiana, S.A. 5N. 58W. Colonised by Dutch, 1580; taken by the English, 1796 and 1803; finally surrendered to England, 1814.
Essequibo, river (mouth of), 7N. 58W. Discovered by Pinzon, 1499.
Eutaw Springs, Charleston Co., S. Carolina. 53N. 80W. The battle was indecisive; the Americans under Greene gained a complete victory over the English under Stuart during the first great conflict, but were forced to give way during a renewed fight of some hours, 1781 (W. of Ind.).
Exeter, New Hampshire. 42N. 71W. English colony settled at, 1638.
Fair Oaks (or Seven Pines), on the Chickahominy. 37N. 77W. One of the series of battles known as the 'Seven days of Richmond.' The Confederates after gaining considerable advantage over enemy were finally driven back, May 31-June 1, 1862 (Civil W.).
Falkland Islands, S. Atlantic. 52S. 60W. Discovered by Davis, 1592; Hawkins off, 1594; the present name was given first to the sound by John Strong, captain, in 1690; in 1710 they were christened Malonines by French from St. Malo; finally, after various countries had established settlements in, it passed, 1833, into English possession, and is one of the crown colonies; Darwin on (see 'Voyage of the Beagle').
Farmville, Virginia. 37N. 78W. Confederates under Lee defeated by Sheridan, 1865 (Civil W.).
Fayette, Missouri. 38N. 92W. Indecisive action between Federals and Confederates, 1862 (Civil W.).
Fayetteville, N. Carolina. 35N. 78W. Surrendered to Confederates, 1861; retaken by Gen. Sherman, 1865 (Civil W.).
Filbert Island (Isle aux Condres), St. Lawrence. 47N. 70W. So named by Cartier, 1535.
Fire Island Beach, Long Island, N.Y. 40N. 73W. Margaret Fuller (Marchioness d'Ossoli) and her husband and child drowned off, 1850.
Fisher's Hill, near Woodstock, Virginia. 38N. 78W. Confederates defeated by Sheridan, 1864 (Civil W.).
Five Forks, Virginia. 37N. 77W. Defeat of Confederates under Lee, March 31-April 1, 1865.
Florida, U.S. 29N. 82W. The Cabots off, during voyage, 1498-9; discovered and named by Ponce de Leon, who landed on Palm Sunday (Pascua Florida), 1513; expedition to, under Pineda, 1519; disastrous expedition to, under Narvaez, 1528; colonising expedition to, under De Soto, 1539; expeditions sent to by Coligny, 1562, 1564 (see Fort Caroline); St. Augustine f. by Spaniards, 1565, and taken by Drake, 1586; invasion of, under Oglethorpe, 1740; ceded to Great Britain by Treaty of Paris, 1763; invaded by Spaniards, 1779, and Pensacola seized by, 1781; restored to Spain by treaty, 1783; purchased by U.S., 1819, and transferred to, 1821; war with Seminole Indians, 1835-42; admitted to the Union, 1845; seceded, 1861; readmitted, 1868.
Florida, Missouri. 38N. 92W. Bp. Samuel Langhorne Clemens (Mark Twain) (1835-1910).
Fort Bowyer, Mobile Bay. 30N. 87W. British fleet repulsed, 1814; besieged for two days and surrendered to English, 1815.
Fort Carolina, St John's R., Florida. 30N. 81W. Small Huguenot colony settled by Ribault, 1562; Laudonnière joins, 1564; attacked and massacred by Spaniards under Menendez, 1565; revenge taken on Spaniards by De Gourges, 1568.
Fort Chambly, St. Lawrence. 45N. 73W. Captured by Americans, 1775 (W. of Ind.).
Forts Clinton and Montgomery, Hudson R. 41N. 73W. Taken by Sir Henry Clinton's forces, 1777 (W. of Ind.).
Fort Detroit (see Detroit). Surrendered by Gen. Hull to the English, 1812.
Fort Donelson, near Dover, Tennessee. 36N. 87W. Surrendered by Confederates to Gen. Grant, 1862; attack on by, and repulse of, Confederates, 1863 (Civil W.).
Fort Du Quesne, Penn. 40N. 79W. Built by French on site of present city of Pittsburg, 1754; disastrous expedition against, under Braddock, 1755; taken by English and name changed to Fort Pitt (q.v.), 1758.