Niagara, river. 43N. 79W. Falls discovered by French missionary, Hennepin, 1678. (See Fort Niagara.)

Nicaragua, Cent. A. 12N. 85W. Columbus off coast, 1502; Espinosa in, 1519; J. de Avila, 1522; towns of Granada and Leon f. by Cordova, 1523; part of the Confederation of Cent. America, 1824-38, when it was declared an independent republic; in 1856 the filibuster Walker had himself elected president, but had to surrender the following year; political disturbances since; war with Honduras, 1907.

Nine Partners, Duchess Co., N.Y. 41N. 73W. Bp. J. K. Paulding, A. (1779-1860).

Nipissing, Lake, Canada. 46N. 70W. Champlain at, 1615; Jean Nicolet at during expedition, 1634-9.

Nombre de Dios, Panama. 9N. 78W. Pizarro embarks at, 1528; Blasco Nuñez arrives at, 1544; Drake off, 1572; seized by Drake, 1595.

Nootka Sound, Vancouver's Island. 49N. 126W. Discovered by Cook, 1778.

Norfolk, Virginia. 36N. 76W. Burnt by the English, 1776 (W. of Ind.).

Northampton, Mass. 42N. 72W. Jonathan Edwards preacher at, 1727-50; bp. Timothy Dwight, writer of patriotic verse (1752-1817).

Northampton, N. Jersey. 39N. 74W. Bp. John Woolman, Quaker preacher (1720-72). (See 'A Quakers' Meeting' in 'Essays of Elia.')

North Point, Baltimore. 39N. 76W. Landing of British forces, 1814. (See Fort McHenry.)

Norwich, Conn. 41N. 72W. Bp. Benedict Arnold (1741-1801); Mrs. Sigourney, poet and prose writer (1791-1865).

Nova Scotia. 45N. 64W. Discovered by Norsemen, end 10th century (see the Markland of old saga of 'Eric the Red'); the Cabots off, 1497, 1498-9; Verazzani off, 1524; coast explored by Champlain, 1604; name of Acadia changed to present one by Scotch, to whom grant was given by James I., 1622; colony restored to France by Treaty of Breda, 1667; English conquest of, 1708; finally ceded to England by Treaty of Utrecht, 1713; expatriation of French. (See Grand Pré.)

Nova Zembla. 71N. 55E. Discovered by Sir Hugh Willoughby, 1553; voyage to by Stephen Burroughs, 1556; by the Dutch under Barentz, 1594-6.

Ocosingo, Chiapas, Mexico. 16N. 91W. Famous ruins at, relics of ancient tribes.

Ocotepeque, Salvador, Cent. A. Troops of Carrera defeated by those of San Salvador, 1863.

Ogdensburg, N.Y. 44N. 75W. English repulsed by Brown, 1812; entered and plundered by English, 1813.

Ohio, U.S. 38N. 80W. Explored by La Salle about 1680; valley taken possession of for French by de Bienville, 1749; explored by Christopher Gist for Ohio Company, 1750-2; English settlements in destroyed by French, 1752; cause of war between the two countries, 1755; ceded to England, 1763, and Marietta settled, 1788; lost to her by W. of Ind.; admitted to Union, 1802.

Ohio, river. Discovered by La Salle, 1669; explored by Christopher Gist, 1750-1.

Oklahoma ('beautiful land'). 35N. 96W. Entered the Union (with Indian territory) as a state, 1906.

Onoto, Venezuela. 9N. 65W. Paez defeated by Royalists, 1818 (S. A. W. Ind.).

Oregon, U.S. 42N. 116W. Ferreto in, 1543; Drake off, 1579; Cook landed at Nootka Sound, to which he gave its name, 1778; mouth of Columbia R. discovered by Spaniards, 1775; named by Gray, 1792; coast explored by Vancouver, 1793; explorations in under Lewis and Clarke, 1804-6; boundary dispute between Great Britain and America settled, 1846; organised as a territory, 1848; admitted to Union, 1859. (See Astoria.)

Orinoco, river, S.A. 8N. 60W. Columbus at mouth of, 1498; Raleigh rowed partly up in search of the gold mines of Manoa, 1595; Kemys sent up by Raleigh, 1617, during the latter's last expedition; Kemys attacked San Tomas and Raleigh's son was killed.

Oriskany, near Utica, N.Y. 43N. 75W. Victory of Patriots over Mohawks and Tories, 1777 (W. of Ind.).

Orleans, Island of, Canada. 46N. 70-71W. Discovered by Cartier, who called it the Island of Bacchus on account of the number of its vines, 1535.

Osawatomie, Kansas. 38N. 96W. Fight between John Brown, the abolitionist, and his opponents, 1856.

Oswego, N.Y. 43N. 76W. English establish post at, 1725; forts captured by Montcalm, 1756; surrendered and in English possession till 1795; taken by English, 1814.

Ottawa, Canada. 45N. 75W. Made capital of Dominion, 1858; originally named Bytown after Col. By, its founder; first parliament opened, 1866.

Ottawa, river, Ontario and Quebec. Explored by Champlain, 1612 and 1615; by Jean Nicolet, 1634.

Otumba, Mexico. 19N. 99W. Victory of Cortés over Mexican Indians, 1520.

Pachacamac, Peru. 12S. 77W. Famous under the Incas for its great temple and shrine whence oracles were delivered; image destroyed by Hernando Pizarro, who arrived at, 1533. (See Prescott, 'Peru,' op. cit.)

Pacific, The. First seen by a European when Nuñez de Balboa sighted it from the Isthmus of Darien, 1513; name given by Magalhaes, who sailed into its waters, 1520; first English boat launched on by John Oxenham (d. 1575); Drake sailed across after entering by Magellan, 1577; among the many explorers of the 18th century were Cook, 1778, and Vancouver, 1791. (See Irving, 'Companions of Columbus.')

Paita (Payta), Peru. 5S. 80W. Reached by Pizarro, 1527; sacked and burnt by the filibuster Anson, 1741; burnt by Lord Cochrane, 1820.

Palenque, Chiapas, Mexico. 17N. 91W. Famous prehistoric ruins at.

Palmyra, N.Y. 43N. 77W. Mormon sect at f. by Joseph Smith, 1827.

Palo Alto, Texas. 26N. 97W. Defeat of Mexicans by Americans, 1846.

Paltos, Desert of, north of Caxas. Crossed by Blasco Nunez pursued by Gonzalo Pizarro, 1545. (See Prescott, 'Peru,' op. cit.)

Pamlico Sound, U.S. 35N. 76W. Discovered by Amadas and Barlow sent by Raleigh, 1584.

Panama, town. 8N. 79W. First town f. by Avila, 1518; destroyed by buccaneer Morgan, 1670, and rebuilt by H. de Cordova.

Panama, Isthmus of. 7-9N. 77-82W. Coast first sighted by the Spaniard Bastidas, 1501; coasted by Columbus, who called it Veragua, during his fourth and last voyage, 1502; town on f. by Ojeda, 1510, afterwards destroyed; Nombre de Dios and other towns settled shortly after; Pizarro here on his way to Peru. The idea of cutting a way through the isthmus was propagated as early as the 16th century. First Pacific steamboat passed through canal, 1909. (See under Darien).

Panuco, river, mouth of at Tampico, Mexico. 21N. 97W. Pineda attacked by natives near mouth of, 1519; colony settled on by Garay, Governor of Jamaica, 1520; De Soto at mouth of, 1539.

Paraguay, republic, S.A. 22S. 54W. Discovered by De Solis, 1515; by Cabot, 1526; explored and taken possession of by Mendoza, 1536; Asuncion (q.v.) f. 1536 or 1537; formerly a dependency of Peru; threw off Spanish authority, 1810; defeat of Belgrano, near Asuncion, made Paraguay definitely independent of Buenos Ayres, 1811; Dr. Francia dictator, 1816-40; Antonio Lopez in power, 1841-62; reign of terror under his son till 1870, when latter was captured and killed; constant change of presidents since.

Paraguay, river, Brazil. 14S. 57W. Cabot on, 1525; explored by Ayolas, who fought successfully with the natives on, 1535-7.

Parana, river, estuary of, at Rio de la Plata. First ascended by Cabot, 1525; Ayolas on, 1535.

Paria, Gulf of, S.A. 9N. 60W. Columbus in, 1498; Ojeda in, 1499.

Patagonia, S.A. 39S. 60W. Discovered by Magalhaes, 1519; R. de Isola the first to traverse the country, 1535; Drake off, 1578; Cook, 1774; many later explorers, among them Darwin (see 'Voyage of the Beagle') and Capt. Mayne, 1866-8.

Patapsco, river, Maryland. 39N. 76W. Explored by John Smith, 1608.

Paulus Hook (now Jersey City). 40N. 74W. Captured by Americans, 1779 (W. of Ind.).

Paxton, Penn. 40N. 76W. 'Boys' of massacre Indians at Conestoga and Lancaster, 1763. (See Parkman, 'Pontiac,' op. cit.)

Paysandu, Uruguay. 32S. 57W. Taken by assault by Brazilians, and subjected to a hideous pillage, and its defender Gomez murdered, 1865.

Pennsylvania, U.S. 40N. 79W. One of the 13 original states of the Union; early colonies in of Swedes and Finns, 17th century; territory surrendered to English, 1664; granted by letters patent to Penn, 1681.

Penobscot, river, Maine. 44N. 68W. Navigated by George Weymouth, 1605.

Pepperell, Mass. 42N. 71W. Early home of Prescott, the historian.

Pernambuco, Brazil. 7-9S. 35-44W. Colonised by Portuguese, 16th century; invaded by Dutch, 1630; insurrections in, 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries.

Peru, S.A. 3-22S. 69-80W. Expedition to, under Andagoya, 1522; Pizarro first reaches, 1526; conquering expedition to landed at Tumbez, 1531. He found the empire divided between the two Incas, Huascar and Atahuallpa; the latter was strangled by Pizarro, 1532; Lima f. by conqueror, 1535; country settled by Gasca, 1548-50; Mendoza viceroy, 1551; Indian insurrection under Pumacagna, 1814; Spanish viceroy's forces heavily defeated at Maypo by San Martin, 1816; entry of San Martin, the Liberator, into Lima, and proclamation of independence, 1821; liberation of country assured by defeat of Spaniards at Ayacucho, 1824; finally evacuated by Spaniards, 1826; civil disturbances continual, and war with Spain, 1864 and 1866; treaty with Bolivia, 1873; and war with Chili, 1879-83; continued revolutions and hideous slaughter in the streets of Lima for three days, March 1895.

Philadelphia, Penn. 39N. 75W. Early Swedish settlers in, who sold the land to W. Penn, 1682, when city was f.; first continental congress at, 1774; Declaration of Independence proclaimed at, 1776; taken by Lord Howe, 1777; evacuated by English, 1778; proclamation of close of W. of Ind., 1783; capital removed from to Washington, 1800. Bp. C. Brockden Brown (1771-1810); F. Hopkinson, satirist, A. of 'The Battle of the Kegs' (1737-91); Louisa M. Alcott (1832-88); Allibone, A. of the 'Dict. of Literature' (1816-89); Joseph Hopkins, A. of 'Hail Columbia' (1770-1842); Leland (Hans Breitmann) (1824-1903); H. H. Furness, editor of the Variorum Shakespeare (1833); F. R. Stockton (1834-1902); res. Benjamin Franklin, 1723-90, the year of his death.

Pichincha, near Quito, Ecuador, 0. 78W. Victory of Sucré, Bolivar's lieutenant, 1822 (S. A. W. Ind.).

Pines, Isle of, W. Indies. 24N. 81W. Discovered by Columbus, and named by him Evangelista, 1494.

Pittsburg, Penn. 40N. 80W. On site of Fort Duquesne (q.v.). Defeat of Braddock by the French and Indians, 1755; taken by English, 1758, who gave it its present name.

Pittsburg Landing, Tennessee. 35N. 88W. Federals defeated, but Confederates finally forced to retire, April 6 and 7, 1862 (also known as battle of Shiloh).

Piura, river, Peru. 5S. 80W. Crossed by Pizarro on his way inland, 1532.

Plata, La, Rio de, S.A. 34S. 36W. Mouth discovered by Pinzon and Solís, 1508; Solís again at, 1515, and killed by natives; Cabot on, 1526, who named it as above, and f. S. Espiritu; Garcia arrived at mouth of the same year (see Brazil); Drake off, 1578.

Plata, La. Silver mines in worked by Gonzalo Pizarro in 15th century; by Carbajal, 16th century; made a viceroyalty, 1778. (See Argentine Republic.)

Plattsburg, N.Y. 44N. 73W. British fleet defeated in Cumberland Bay, and English land force repulsed, by Americans, 1814.

Pleasant Grove, near Sabine Cross Roads, Louisiana. 31N. 93W. Confederates repulsed, 1864 (Civil W.).

Plymouth, Mass. 41N. 70W. First town f. in New England by the Pilgrim Fathers, 1620; bp. W. Bradford, second governor and historian of Plymouth, 1588-1657.

Plymouth, N. Carolina. 36N. 76W. Taken by Confederates, 1864.

Plymouth Harbour (Port St. Louis). 41N. 70W. Champlain in during second expedition to Canada, 1604-7; the 'Mayflower' enters, 1620.

Point Pleasant, Clermont Co., Ohio. 39N. 84W. Bp. Ulysses Simpson Grant, general, and 18th President of U.S. (1822-85).

Popayan, Colombia. 2N. 76W. F. by Benalcazar, 1537; reached by Blasco Nuñez after his long and painful march pursued by Gonzalo Pizarro, 1545. (See Prescott, 'Peru,' op. cit.)

Pope's Creek, near Bridge Creek, Virginia Bp. George Washington, first President of U.S. (1732-99).

Popocatepetl ('smoking mountain'), volcano, Mexico. 18N. 98W. Ascent of by Diego Ordaz and Spaniards in the train of Cortés, 1519.

Port-au-Prince (now Port Republican), Haiti. 18N. 72W. F. by French, 1745; destroyed by earthquake, 1770; revolt of negroes, 1791.

Portland, Maine. 43N. 70W. Bp. Longfellow (1807-82).

Porto (Puerto) Bello, Panama. 9N. 79W. Discovered by Columbus, 1502, who so named it; town f. 1584; sacked by Drake, 1595; the following year he died and was buried off; sacked by filibuster Morgan, 1668; and by English, 1680 and 1702; and by Admiral Vernon (Old Grog), 1739.

Porto Rico, island, W. Indies. 17N. 65W. Discovered by Columbus, 1493; explored by Ponce de Leon, 1508; unsuccessful attack on by Drake and Hawkins, and death of the latter off, 1595; unsuccessful attack on by Abercrombie, 1797; revolt in, 1820; ceded to U.S. 1898.

Port Pheasant, Gulf of Darien. 9N. 77W. So named by Drake.

Port Royal, see Annapolis.

Port Royal, Jamaica. 17N. 76W. Successive destruction of the town by earthquake and hurricane caused the commercial capital to be moved to Kingston.

Port Royal Island, S. Carolina. 32N. 80W. Huguenot colony settled on by Ribault, and soon after deserted, 1562; settlement on by Lord Cardross, who a few years afterwards was dislodged by Spaniards, 1686.

Port Royal Sound, S. Carolina. 32N. 80W. Confederate posts taken, 1861 (Civil W.).

Portsmouth, N. Hampshire. 41N. 70W. Bp. T. B. Aldrich, poet and prose writer (1836-1906).

Potomac, river, Virginia and Maryland. 38N. 76W. Explored by John Smith, 1608.

Potosi, Bolivia, S.A. 19S. 65W. Silver mines discovered by an Indian, 1545; exploited by Spaniards in 16th century.

Prairie Grove, Arkansas. 35N. 93W. Confederates forced to retreat, 1862 (Civil W.).

Prince Edward's Island, Gulf of St. Lawrence (formerly Isle de St. Jean). 45N. 62W. Discovered by Cartier, 1534; confirmed to England by Treaty of Paris, 1763; under government of Nova Scotia till made a separate colony, 1768; admitted into the Dominion, 1873.

Princeton, N. Jersey. 40N. 74W. English defeated by Washington, 1777 (W. of Ind.); University f. 1746, at Elisabethtown, and removed to Princeton, 1757.

Princetown Harbour, Cape Cod Bay. 42N. 70W. Here the 'Mayflower' anchored, and the Pilgrim Fathers first set foot on land, 1620.

Providence, Rhode Island. 41N. 71W. F. by Roger Williams, 1636.

Puerto Cabello, Venezuela, 1S. 44W. Surprised and taken by revolutionaries under Paez, 1823 (S. A. W. Ind.).

Puerto de Piñas. 6N. 76W. Reached by Balboa and Andagoya; doubled by Pizarro, 1524.

Puerto Gordo, W. Indies. 22N. 82W. Columbus at, 1502.

Puna, Island of, Gulf of Guayaquil, Ecuador. 2S. 80W. Encampment of Pizarro and battle of with natives, during his last expedition to Peru, 1531.

Punta de Pasado. 0. 80W. Southern limit of exploration by Ruiz, Pizarro's pilot, the first European to cross the equinoctial line sailing south on the Pacific.

Punta Quemada. 5N. 77W. So named by Pizarro.

Quauhquechollan. 45N. 95W. Mexicans routed by Cortés and native allies, 1520 (See Prescott, op. cit.).

Quaker's Hill, Rhode Island. 41N. 71W. Fierce engagement between Americans and English, 1778 (W. of Ind.).

Quebec (Stadacona), Canada. 46N. 71W. Discovered by Cartier, 1535; Champlain at, 1603, and 1608-9, when he f. the town; in English possession, 1629-32; unsuccessful attack on by English under Phipps, 1690; fall of, and death of Wolfe and Montcalm, 1759; ceded to English by Peace of Paris, 1763; American attack under Benedict Arnold and Montgomery repulsed, 1775. (See Parkman, 'Montcalm and Wolfe.')

Queen Charlotte's Islands, British Columbia. 52N. 131W. Discovered by Perez, 1774; Cook off, 1778; so named by Capt. Dixon, 1787, who took possession of them for England; explored further by Vancouver, 1793.

Queenstown, Ontario. 43N. 79W. Captured by Americans, but recovered by British, who lost their general, Brock, 1812.

Queretaro, Mexico. 20N. 100W. King Maximilian shot by order of Juarez, 1867.

Quincy, Mass. 42N. 71W. Here Morton settled a plantation and set up his maypole, which Endicott cut down; M. was seized by Capt. Standish and sent to England, 1628. (See Braintree.)

Quipaypan, Plains of, near Cuzco. 13S. 70W. Defeat of Huascar by Atahuallpa, rival Incas of Peru and Quito, 1532.

Quito, Ecuador, 0. 78W. Ancient capital of the Incas; taken by the Spaniards under Pizarro, 1534; disastrous expedition into the interior from, by Gonzalo Pizarro, 1540-2; death of Blasco Nuñez, defeated by G. Pizarro, 1546; made capital of Ecuador, 1831.

Quito, presidency. Detached from Peru and added to New Granada, 1718; part of the republic of Colombia, 1819; Flores declares presidency of Quito independent, and names country Ecuador (q.v.), 1830.

Rancheria, Colombia. 11N. 72W. Burnt by Drake, 1595.

Rappahannock, river, Virginia. 38N. 77W. Federals defeated at Kelly's Ford, 1863. (See also Chancellorsville, Fredericksburg, and Wilderness.)

Raymond, Maine. 43N. 70W. Hawthorne's home as a boy; the diary of his life while there was published in 1897.

Redding, Conn. 41N. 73W. Bp. Joel Barlow, poet (1754-1812).

Rhode Island. 41N. 71W. One of the 13 original states. This and the coast between Boston and New York is supposed to be the Vinland of the saga of 'Eric the Red,' who undertook an expedition to these parts at the close of the 10th century. Verazzani in Narragansett Bay, 1524; explored by Dutch navigator Block, 1614; first settlement (Providence) under Roger Williams, 1636; colony settled by W. Coddington, 1638; other settlements, 1643; charter granted to by Charles II., 1663; burning and massacre on during war with Indian king, Philip, 1676; fighting on during W. of Ind. (See Cooper, 'Puritans of America.')

Richelieu (Chambly, St. John), river, Quebec. 45N. 73W. Navigated by Champlain, 1609.

Richmond, Virginia. 37N. 77W. Battles on the banks of the Chickahominy known as the Seven Days of Richmond, June 1862; town besieged, and evacuated by Confederates, 1865 (Civil W.).

Ridgefield, Conn. 41N.73W. Bp. S. G. Goodrich (Peter Parley) (1793-1860).

Riobamba (or Bolivar), Ecuador. 1S. 77W. Indians defeated on plains of by Benalcazar, one of Pizarro's cavaliers, 1534.

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 22S. 43W. Solis in bay of, 1515; Magalhaes, 1519; De Sousa, 1531; Huguenot settlement on under Villegagnon, 1555, which was soon after suppressed by the Portuguese, who f. R. de J., 1567; viceregal residence from 1763; became capital of the independent empire of Brazil, 1822, and of the Republic of the U.S. of Brazil, 1889.

Rio Hacha, Colombia. 11N. 72W. Hawkin trading at in negroes, 1565, 1568; burnt by Drake, 1595.

Rio Negro, Argentine Republic. 40S. 61W. (See Darwin, 'Voyage of Beagle.')

Roanoke, island, N. Carolina. 35N. 75W. Discovered by expedition under Barlow and Amadas, sent by Raleigh, 1584; colony left on by Grenville under Ralph Lane, 1585; rescued by Drake, 1586; small colony left by Grenville, 1586, which perished; larger band of colonists under John White sent by Raleigh, 1587; captured by Federals, 1862 (Civil W.). Bp. Virginia Dare, first English child born in the New World, 1587.

Roanoke, river, N.A. 35 and 36N. 76 and 78W. Explored by Christopher Gist, 1750-1.

Rocky Mountains, N.A. Alexander Mackenzie the first European to cross, 1793.

Roslyn, Long Island. 40N. 73W. 'Cedar-Mere,' the home and burial-place of Bryant the poet (1794-1878).

Roxbury, Mass. 42N. 71W. John Eliot, apostle to the Indians, and translator of the Bible into the Indian language, minister at, 1632-46, when he began his missionary labours; here he died, 1690.

Sabine Cross Roads, Louisiana. 31N. 93W. Confederate victory, 1864 (Civil W.).

Sable Island, Nova Scotia. 43N. 60W. Colony planted by Roberval, who sailed up the St. Lawrence, 1542-3.

Saccarappa, Westbrook, Maine. 43N. 70W. Bp. B. P. Akers, sculptor (1825-61). (See Hawthorne's 'Transformation.')

Saguenay, Quebec. 48N. 69W. Cartier off coast of, 1535.

S. Antonio, Cape, Cuba. 21N. 84W. John Hawkins off, 1564.

St. Augustine, Florida. 29N. 80W. F. by Spaniards on site of the Huguenot Fort Caroline (q.v.), 1565; the oldest town in the U.S.; Ribault and his followers massacred near by Menendez, 1565; often attacked and pillaged by English, Indians, etc.; destroyed by Drake, 1586; unsuccessful attack on by Oglethorpe, 1740. (See St. John's River.)

St. Christopher (St. Kitts), island, English Antilles. 17N. 62W. Discovered by Columbus, 1493; after long dispute with the French, became a British possession, 1713; Brimstone Hill relieved by English squadron under Howe, 1783 (W. of Ind.).

St. Croix, St. Lawrence. 46N. 71W. So named by Cartier, 1535.

St. Croix, W. Indies. Taken by Cochrane, 1807; restored to Denmark, 1814.

S. Diego, Bay of, California. 32N. 116W. Discovered by Viscayno, during expedition, 1602-5.

S. Espiritu, see La Plata.

St. Eustatius, W. Indies. Colonised by Dutch, 17th century; taken by Rodney, 1781; and same year by the French; regained by English, and restored to the Dutch, 1814.

S. Felix, Venezuela. 9N. 74W. Defeat of Royalists, and massacre of Spanish prisoners by Piar, 1817.

St. John, Quebec. 45N. 73W. Surrendered to American army after siege of over fifty days, 1775.

St. John's, Newfoundland. 47N. 52W. Claimed in the name of Elizabeth, 1583; French in possession for a few months, 1762.

St. John's Isles, Gulf of St. Lawrence. So named by Cartier, 1535.

St. John's River, Florida. 29N. 81W. Entered by Ribault and his Huguenot followers, May 1562, and so given the name of the May River; arrival of Laudonnière's expedition, 1564; Huguenot colonists relieved by Sir J. Hawkins, 1565; massacred by Menendez, 1565.

St. Joseph, Fort, Lake Michigan. Mission station, attacked and inhabitants massacred by Indians, 1763.

S. Juan de Ulua (see Vera Cruz). Cortés and his fleet arrive at, 1519.

St. Lawrence, river, N.A. Rises 44N. 76W. Discovered and explored by Cartier, 1535; Roberval on, 1542-3; Pontgravé and Champlain sail up, 1603; country along the upper river to Montreal explored by Champlain, 1611.

St. Lawrence, Gulf of. Explored by Jacques Cartier, 1534 and 1535, and so named by him.

St. Lucia, W. Indies. 14N. 60W. Reduced by Abercrombie, 1796.

S. Maria de la Vittoria. F. on the site of the battle of Ceutla (q.v.).

St. Nicholas, Port. 49N. 67E. So named by Cartier, 1535.

St. Pierre, Martinique. Destroyed by eruption of Mont Pelée, 1902.

St. Thomas, Danish Antilles. 18N. 65W. Discovered by Columbus, 1493.

St. Vincent, Lesser Antilles, W. Indies. 13N. 61W. Discovered by Columbus, 1498; ceded to England, 1763; captured by French, 1779; restored to England, 1783; insurrection of natives, 1795; partly destroyed by eruption of the Soufrière, 1902.

Salem, Mass. 42N. 70W. Former name Naumkeag; early colony at, 1626; name given by Governor Endicott, 1628; famous trial and executions for witchcraft, 1692; proclamation of independence, Massachusetts Assembly, 1774. Bp. Israel Putnam (1718-90); Nat. Hawthorne (1804-64); W. H. Prescott, historian (1796-1859); J. H. Choate, diplomatist (1832). Roger Williams res. 1635-6. (See Intro. to Hawthorne's 'Scarlet Letter.')

Salem, N. Jersey. 39N. 75W. F. by Quakers, 1675.

Salem, N. Carolina. 36N. 80W. Settled by Moravians, 1766; college for women at.

Saltillo, Mexico. 25N. 100W. Battle in which Santa Anna's power was overthrown, 1855.

Salt Lake City, Utah. 40N. 112W. Capital of the Mormon state, f. 1847; abandoned by Mormons, 1858.

Salvador, state, Cent. A. 13N. 86W. Conquered by Alvarado, Spanish officer, 1524; threw off Spanish yoke and became part of the Confederation of Central America, 1824; declared a republic, 1824; war with Guatemala, 1863-4; frequent civil disturbances in.

San Antonio, Texas. 29N. 98W. Frightful massacre of American garrison at Fort Alamo by Santa Ana, the Mexican leader, 1836.

San Antonio. 26S. 56W. Victory of Montevideans by help of Garibaldi over the troops of Rosas, 1846.

San Cristobal (formerly Xaltocan), on lake of that name. 19N. 90W. Taken by Cortés, 1521. (Prescott, 'Mexico,' op. cit.)

San Domingo (Dominican Republic). 16N. 68W. Eastern extremity of Haiti. Ceded to French by Treaty of Bâle, 1795; restored to Spain, 1814; established as a republic, 1843; dependent on Spain, 1861-5, when it again became independent. (See Haiti.)

San Domingo, Haiti. 18N. 69W. Town f. by Bartholomew Columbus, 1496, under the name of Nueva Isabella; first town built by Europeans in the West; taken by Drake, 1585; seized by Toussaint l'Ouverture in name of French, 1801; evacuated by French, 1809; Christopher Columbus buried here till 1536, when his remains were removed to Havana.

Sandusky, Ohio. 41N. 83W. Fort erected by French, 1751; captured by Indians, 1763. (Parkman, 'Pontiac.')

San Francisco, California. 37N. 122W. Settled by Spaniards under the name of Yerba Buena, 1776; took present name, 1847; discovery of gold following year; incorporated as a city, 1856.

San Francisco del Quito (Riobamba, q.v.). So named by Benalcazar after his victory over the Indians.

San Jacinto, Texas. 29N. 95W. Mexicans defeated by Texans, and Santa Ana captured, 1836.

San Juan, Porto Rico, Antilles. 18N. 65W. F. 1514; sacked by Drake, 1594; by Earl of Cumberland, 1597.

San Mateo (Fort Caroline, q.v.). Name given by Menendez.

San Miguel de Piura (or Piura), Peru. 5S. 80W. First colony settled by Pizarro in Peru, 1532.

San Salvador, Salvador, Cent. A. 13N. 88W. F. by the brother of the conqueror Alvarado, 1528.

San Salvador, island, Bahamas, W. Indies. Native name Guanahani; name given by Columbus, 1492, to the first land he sighted. (See Watling Island.)

San Sebastian, Panama. 7-9N. 77-82W. F. by Ojeda, the first colony on Darien, 1510.

Santa Cruz, island, Lesser Antilles. 17N. 64W. Danish possession since 1814, when it was restored by England, after being taken in 1807.

Santa Maria, Pensacola Bay. 30N. 88W. Tristan de Luna's fleet destroyed off, 1559; first Spanish colony in Florida settled near by him.

Santa Maria del Tule, Mexico. 16N. 96W. Built round the largest known tree, which is held sacred.

Santa Marta, Colombia, S.A. 11N. 74W. F. by Bastidas, 1525; old town destroyed by Drake, 1596; subject to continual attacks by buccaneers in 16th and 17th centuries; not far off is the spot where Bolivar died, 1830.

Santa Rosa, San Salvador, Cent. A. 13N. 86W. Troops of San Salvador defeated by Carrera, 1863.

Santiago, Chili. 33N. 70W. F. by P. Valdivia, one of the conquerors of Chili, 1541; terrible fire in church of La Compania, 1863.

Sarandi, Uruguay. 33S. 55W. Fierce battle between forces of Brazil and Buenos Ayres, in which former defeated, 1825.

Saratoga, N.Y. 43N. 73W. Destroyed by French and Indians, 1745; the English under Burgoyne surrendered to Americans near, 1777.

Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan. 46N. 84W. Reached by Jean Nicolet during expedition, 1634-9; Père Marquette at, 1668; mission station of the Jesuits, 1669.

Savannah, Georgia. 31N. 81W. F. by Oglethorpe, 1733; J. Wesley pastor at, 1736; English in military occupation, 1778; in a skirmish here, the last blood was shed in the W. of Ind., 1782; taken by Sherman, 1864 (Civil W.).

Schenectady, N.Y. 42N. 73W. Dutch settlers massacred by French and Indians, 1690.

Seven Islands, Gulf of St. Lawrence. 45N. 40W. So named by Cartier, 1535.

Seven Pines, near Richmond (q.v.). Defeat of Federals, 1862.

Sevier, Lake, Utah. 38N. 113W. Gunnison, the explorer, massacred on, by Indians, 1853.

Shackamaxon, Philadelphia. Famous treaty of Penn with the Indians, 1683. (See picture by Benjamin West.)

Shadwell, Virginia. 38N. 78W. Bp. Thomas Jefferson, third President of U.S. (1743-1826).

Shiloh, see Pittsburg Landing.

Sombrero, Venezuela, 10N. 66W. Spaniards defeated by Bolivar, 1818.

Sonora, Mexico. 27N. 109W. Discovered by Coronado, 1540; expedition into of Count G. de Raousset Boulbon, and defeat by Mexicans, 1853; his capture and death, 1854.

Spanishtown, Jamaica. 17N. 77W. F. by Diego Columbus, 1525, and originally named Santiago de la Vega.

Spottsylvania, Virginia. Confederate victories, 1864. (See Wilderness.)

Springfield, Mass. 42N. 72W. (See Wilson's Creek.)

Springfield, Illinois. 39N. 89W. Res. Abraham Lincoln, who is buried in Oak Ridge Cemetery.

Staten Island, N.Y. 40N. 73W. Bought by the Dutch, 1630; occupied by English under Gen. Howe, 1776.

Stockbridge, Mass. 42N. 73W. Ass. Jonathan Edwards, who here wrote his 'Freedom of the Will,' and Hawthorne.

Stony Creek, Ontario. 43N. 79W. English victory, 1813.

Stony Point, Hudson R. 43N. 74W. Seized by British, brilliantly recaptured by Gen. Wayne, and subsequently reoccupied by British, 1779.

Stratford, Westmoreland Co., Virginia. Bp. Robert Edward Lee, Confederate general (1807-70).

Sucre, see Chuquisaca.

Sumter Fort, see Charleston.

Sunbury, Georgia. 31N. 81W. Taken by the English, 1779 (W. of Ind.).

Surinam, Dutch Guiana, S.A., see Guiana.

Susquehanna, river, Penn. Explored by John Smith, 1608.

Suwanee, river, Georgia and Florida. De Soto at, 1538.

Tabasco, state, Gulf of Mexico. 16N. 91W. Expedition of Cortés into, 1524.

Tacna, Chili. 13S. 70W. Chilian victory over Peruvians and Bolivians, 1880.

Tadousac, Quebec. 48N. 69W. Small French colony planted by Roberval, 1541; early fur-trading post.

Tambo, Peru. 16S. 71W. Spaniards driven from the assault of by the Inca Manco, 1535.

Tampa Bay, Florida. 27N. 82W. Landing-place of De Soto. 1539.

Tampico, Mexico. 22N. 98W. Sc. many actions during civil wars; Spaniards defeated by Santa Ana, 1820; taken by U.S. forces, 1846; by French, 1862, 1863.

Tappan, N.Y. 41N. 73W. Execution of Major André, 1780.

Tarqui, Quito, S.A. Peruvians defeated by Colombians, 1829.

Tarrytown, N.Y. 41N. 73W. Major André captured, 1780; Sleepy Hollow near; later home and grave of Washington Irving (1783-1859).

Tehuantepec, Mexico. 16N. 92W. Famous prehistoric ruins.

Tennessee, U.S. 35N. 81W. Originally part of N. Carolina; De Soto in, 1538; Fort London settled by English, 1757; admitted to Union, 1796; seceded, 1861; readmitted, 1866.

Teotihuacan, plateau, Mexico. 40N. 97W. Pyramids on dedicated to sun and moon.

Tepeaca, Mexico. 17N. 97W. Cortés enters as conqueror, 1520.

Texas, U.S. (formerly part of Mexico). 25N. 93W. Colony settled in by La Salle, 1685; possession of disputed by French and Spaniards, 17th-19th centuries; San Antonio f. by Spaniards, 1692; declares its independence, 1836; Mexicans defeated by colonists at San Jacinto, 1836; admitted to the Union, 1845; seceded, 1861; readmitted, 1870.

Tezcuco, near Mexico. 19N. 99W. Remains of Cortés removed to from Spain, 1562, and where they remained till removed to Mexico, 1629.

Thames, river, Ontario. 42N. 82W. Victory over British by Harrison and death of Indian chief Tecumseh, 1813.

Thompson's Island Boston Bay. 42N. 71W. Landing of Miles Standish and party on, 1621.

Ticonderoga, N.Y. 43N. 73W. Unsuccessful assault by Abercrombie, and death of Lord Howe, 1758; taken by Amherst, 1759; by Americans (Green Mountain Boys), 1775, who evacuated it, 1777; Americans failed in effort to recover, 1777; English in occupation again, 1780.

Tierra del Fuego, S.A. 52-56S. 65W. So called by Magalhaes, the discoverer, 1520; explored by Drake and Cook. (See Darwin, 'Voyage of the Beagle.')

Tippecanoe, river, Indiana. 40N. 86W. Defeat on of Indians under Tecumseh and the 'prophet' (Ellskwatana) by Harrison, 1811.

Titicaca, Lake, between Peru and Bolivia. 15S. 69W. Ruins of older date than the advent of the Incas on its shores.

Tlaxcala, Mexico. 19N. 97W. Cortés has fierce battles with natives of, 1519; received by the lord of after battle of Otumba, 1520.

Tobago, island (Windward Islands), W. Indies. 11N. 60W. Discovered by Columbus, 1498; in possession in turns of Dutch—the first colonists—Spaniards, English, and French; ceded to England by Congress of Vienna, 1814.

Tohopeka, Tallapoosa R. 32N. 85W. Creek Indians defeated and their power broken by Gen. Jackson, 1814.

Toronto, Canada. 43N. 79W. Its name changed from York, 1834; fort taken by Americans, 1813; the 'Sons of Liberty' defeated, 1837; seat of government, 1844-56.

Torrington, Conn. 41N. 73W. Bp. John Brown, abolitionist (1800, hanged, 1859).

Tortola, island, W. Indies. 18N. 64W. Discovered by Columbus, 1494; taken from buccaneers by the English, 1666.

Tortugas, The, islands, Florida. 24N. 84W. So named from the number of turtles found on; J. Hawkins off, 1564.

Trenton, N. Jersey. 40N. 74W. English and Hessians defeated by Washington, 1776 (W. of Ind.).

Trinidad, island, W. Indies. 10N. 60W. Discovered and named by Columbus, 1498; Ojeda and Vespucci on, 1499; colonised by Spaniards, 1588; taken by English under Abercrombie, 1796; ceded to them by Treaty of Amiens, 1802.

Trinity Bay, Newfoundland. 47N. 53W. First transatlantic cable from Valentia Bay, Ireland, to Trinity Bay, 1866.

Trinity River, Texas. 32N. 96W. La Salle assassinated near, 1687.

Truxillo, Peru. 8S. 79W. F. by Pizarro, and so named in honour of his birthplace, 1535.

Truxillo, Venezuela. 8N. 70W. F. 1570; taken by buccaneers, 1678; Walker the buccaneer executed, 1860.

Tucuman, Argentina. 25S. 65W. F. 1685; Spaniards defeated by Belgrano, 1812 (S. A. W. Ind.).

Tula, Mexico. 22N. 99W. F. in 7th century by the Toltecs.

Tumbez, Peru. 4S. 79W. Reached by Pizarro, 1527, who was also here in his last expedition to Peru, 1531-2.

Turner's Falls, Connecticut R., Mass. 42N. 72W. Named after Capt. Turner, who defeated King Philip's Indians here, he himself being killed, 1676.

Umachiri, near Lake Titicaca. 15S. 69W. Insurrectionary Indians under Pumacagna defeated, 1815.

United States. Name given to the 13 original states in the Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776; they now number 46. (See under separate States.)

Uruguay, S.A. 30-35S. 53-58W. Revolt against Spanish rule, under Artigas, 1811; declares itself a part of Brazil, 1821; declares its independence, 1825; independence ratified, 1828; revolution and civil war in for many years; nine years' war in with Rosas, 1843-52; Flores dictator, 1853-4; returns from exile and seizes government, 1863; alliance with Brazil and Argentina against Paraguay, 1865; Flores assassinated, 1868; further revolutions in; Latorre dictator, 1876-80.

Utah, U.S. 37N. 109W. Settled by Mormons under Brigham Young, 1847; ceded by Mexico to U.S. by Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848; Mormons form independent government under name of Deseret (land of the honey bee); created a territory, 1850; admitted to Union, 1896. (See Mountain Meadow and Salt Lake City.)

Valdivia, cap. of province, Chili. 40S. 75W. F. by P. de Valdivia, 1551; taken by Cochrane, 1820.

Valley Forge, Penn. 39N. 75W. Washington's winter quarters, 1777-8.

Valparaiso, Chili. 33S. 71W. Bombarded by Spaniards, 1866.

Vancouver Island, British Columbia. 48-50N. 122W. Named after the English explorer, who was on his voyage of discovery, 1791-5; secured to Great Britain by treaty with U.S., 1846.

Venezuela, S.A. 1N. 60W. Sighted and named Gracia by Columbus, 1498; partly explored by Ojeda, 1499; revolt against Spanish rule, headed by Bolivar, 1813-23, when Spaniards lost their last post in, at Puerto Cabello; continual civil war in since; revolution in 1901 under Matos; blockaded by England, Germany, and Italy, 1903; Castro in power from 1907; Venezuela question between England and U.S. settled, 1899.

Venezuela, Gulf of. 10N. 70W. Discovered and named Gulf of Venice by Ojeda, 1499.

Vera Cruz, state, Mexico. 17N. 95W. Coasted by Grijalva, 1518; Cortés landed in, 1519.

Vera Cruz, Mexico. 19N. 96W. Original town f. near by Cortés, as Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz; defeat of Drake and Hawkins off by Spaniards, 1568; fort of San Juan de Ulua taken from Spaniards by Mexicans, 1825; by French, 1838; by Americans, 1847; standard of revolt raised by Juarez at, and 'War of Reform' begun, 1858; occupied by Allies (England, France, Spain), 1862 (revolutions in Mexico); retaken by Juarez, 1867.

Vermont, U.S. 42-45N. First settlement in at Fort Dummer, 1724; ceded by French to English, 1763; declaration of independence, 1777; admitted to Union, 1791.

Vicksburg, Mississippi. 32N. 90W. Captured after nearly two months' siege by Federals, 1863 (Civil W.).

Villa de la Plate, see Chuquisaca.

Vinland. Name given by Scandinavian seamen to the land they discovered, end 9th to 10th century—Labrador and Newfoundland (q.v.), or some think the shores of New England.

Virginia, U.S. 36-39N. 76W. One of the 13 original states; expedition sent to by Raleigh, under Barlow and Amadas, 1584 (see Roanoke); colony settled by John Smith and others at Jamestown, 1607; Lord Delaware appointed first governor, 1609; massacre of settlers by Indians, 1622 and 1640; 'Bacon's rebellion,' 1676; attempt by John Brown to free the slaves, 1859; seceded, 1861; western portion, which had remained loyal, admitted to Union, 1863; readmitted to Union, 1870.

Virgin Islands, Atlantic. 17N. 64W. So named by the discoverer Columbus, 1494; St. Thomas and St. John twice taken by English, but finally restored to Danes, 1815.

Warwick, Penn. 40N. 76W. First cannon made in America at W. furnace, cast by P. F. Antes and Mr. Potts, 1776.

Warwick, Rhode Island. 41N. 71W. Bp. Gen. Nathaniel Greene (1742-86).

Washington, U.S. 45N. 116W. Admitted to Union, 1889.

Washington, U.S. 38N. 76W. First stone of capitol laid by Washington, 1793; seat of government transferred to from Philadelphia, 1800; captured and burnt by English under Ross, 1814; President Lincoln assassinated, 1865; treaty with Great Britain, 1871.

Waterford, Maine. 44N. 70W. Bp. Charles Farrar Browne (Artemus Ward) (1834-67).

Watling Island, Bahamas. 24N. 74W. Generally thought to be the first land sighted by Columbus, Oct. 12, 1492. (See San Salvador.)

Wauhatchie, Lookout Valley, Tennessee. 35N. 85W. Defeat of Confederates, 1863 (Civil W.).

West Hills, Long Island. 40N. 73W. Bp. Walt Whitman, poet (1819-92).

West Indies. So named by the discoverer Columbus, who first sighted them, 1492.

West Point, N.Y. 41N. 73W. Arnold and André plot to betray to the British, 1780.

White Oak Swamp. John Smith saved from the Indians by Pocahontas, daughter of the chief Powhattan, 1607; one of the battles fought on the Chickahominy (q.v.).

White Plains, N.Y. 41N. 73W. Americans defeated by Gen. Howe, 1776.

Wilderness, Virginia. Cap. of the state till 1779; battles, 1813 and 1864.

Williamsburg, Virginia. 37N. 76W. First settled, 1632; defeat of Confederates after fierce fighting, 1862 (Civil W.).

Wilmington, Conn. Bp. Jared Sparks, historian (1789-1866).

Wilmington (see Fort Christina), Delaware. 39N. 75W. First Swedish colony in America, 1638; captured by Federals in their second attack on, 1865.

Wilson's Creek, near Springfield. Fierce battle ending with defeat of Confederates, 1861 (Civil W.).

Winchester. 39N. 78W. Forced retreat of Federals, 1862; defeat of Confederates, 1864 (Civil W.).

Windsor, Nova Scotia. 44N. 63W. Bp. J. Chandler Haliburton, historian, and A. of 'Sam Slick,' etc. (1796-1865).

Windward Islands, W. Indies. Name given to a group of federated islands, hitherto separate, by Act of Parliament, 1871.

Winnipeg (formerly known as Fort Garry), cap. Manitoba. 49N. 97W. Old trading station of Hudson's Bay Company.

Wisconsin, U.S. 41N. 87W. First white known to reach its borders from Green Bay was Jean Nicolet, 1634; French in, 1660; ceded to England, 1760; organised as a territory, 1836; admitted to the Union, 1848.

Wisconsin, river. 45N. 89W. Joliet and Marquette on, 1673.

Withlacoochie River, Florida 29N. 82W. District round sc. fighting and massacre during war with the Seminole Indians, 1835-42.

Wolcott, Conn. Bp. Amos B. Alcott, educator and A. (1799-1888).

Worcester, Mass. 42N. 71W. Bp. Bancroft, historian of the U.S. (1800-91).

Wyoming, town and territory, U.S. 41N. 104W. Massacre by Indians, 1760; town destroyed by Americans, assisted by Indians, under Col. Butler, 1778 (see Campbell's poem); state admitted to Union, 1890.

Xalapa (Jalapa), Mexico. 19N. 97W. Church said to have been f. by Cortés; the plant known as jalap takes its name from this place.

Xaquixaguana, Valley of. 14S. 71W. Halting place of Pizarro on his march to Cuzco, 1533; rout of G. Pizarro's forces by Gasca, and execution of former and of Carbajal, 1548. (See Prescott, 'Peru.')

Xauxa. 12S. 75W. Pizarro at on his march to Cuzco, 1533; Indians defeated at by Almagro, 1534; Pizarro entertained at by Indian prince, 1534; headquarters of Gasca, 1547. (See Prescott, 'Peru.')

Yale College, New Haven. 41N. 72W. F. 1700; present name given when school permanently established at New Haven.

Yatay, Uruguay R. Defeat of Lopez and the Paraguayan forces by the Uruguayans under Flores, 1865.

Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. 40N. 110W. Region of hot springs; given to the people, 1872.

Yerba Buena, former name of San Francisco.

Yorktown, Virginia. 37N. 75W. Siege and surrender of Cornwallis to Washington, 1781 (close of W. of Ind.).

Yosemite Valley ('a full-grown grizzly bear'). 37N. 118W. Discovered, 1851; granted as a state park, 1864.

Yucatan, Mexico. 17N. 86W. Solís and Pinzon off southern coast, 1506; discovered by Hernandez de Cordova, 1517; coast explored by Juan de Grijalva, 1518; conquered by Spaniards under Diaz, 1522; became independent, 1841; rose against Maximilian, 1867.

Yucay, Peru. 14S. 70W. Favourite res. of the Incas; fierce encounter between Juan Pizarro and Peruvians, 1535.

Yukon Fort, U.S. 66N. 145W. F. by Hudson's Bay Company for collection of furs, 1847.

Yungay, Bolivia. Santa Cruz, with army of Bolivians and Peruvians, defeated, 1839.

Zaran. 5S. 77W. Pizarro at during his last expedition to Peru. (See Prescott, op. cit.).