[165] Maria R. Audubon, Audubon and his Journals (Bibl. No. 86), vol. i, p. 71.

[166] See Rhoads (Bibl. No. 231), loc. cit.

[167] Ruthven Deane (Bibl. No. 225), The Auk, vol. xxv, p. 401 (1908).

[168] Eight in number, the aggregate cost of which was then $1,624: The Birds of America, with its letterpress, was offered at $1,000; library, or octavo edition, with reduced plates, in 100 Parts, at $100; The Quadrupeds of North America, 2 vols., folio, with 3 vols. text, in 8vo., $300; text of the same, according to binding, from $31 (paper) to $40 (full Turkey mor.); Birds and Quadrupeds, library ed., 10 vols., 650 plates, $150 to $160, according to style; Synopsis of Birds of America, $4; The Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America, 3 vols., text only, $9. See Mrs. Horace St. John, Life of Audubon (Bibl. No. 71), in advertisement inserted in volume. These prices were similar to those that prevailed during the lifetime of the naturalist.

According to Mr. Ruthven Deane, Audubon's account books show that on January 8, 1840, a box was sent to Dr. George Parkman, of Boston, containing a set of The Birds of America, in full binding, at $1,075; a set of the same, half bound, at $950; and the "Biographies" at $27.

The highest recorded price of The Birds of America is believed to be $4,350, which the Kemble set brought at auction at Philadelphia, in 1906 (See Prices Current for 1906); the highest price paid for a single plate, that of the Turkey Cock (Plate No. 1) upwards of $140; and the highest price asked for the octavo edition of the Birds (in original parts), $750. The Quadrupeds in 2 vols., original folio, now brings about $500.

[169] Ruthven Deane (Bibl. No. 225), loc. cit.

[170] For a copy of this minute, the substance of which was published in 1877 (See Bibliography, No. 179), I am indebted to the present librarian, Mr. Kelby.

[171] Jonathan Prescott Hall (1796-1862), eminent lawyer and jurist, was at one time district attorney for the southern district of New York, and author of Reports of Cases in the Supreme Court of City of New York— 1828-29 (2 vols., New York, 1831-33). Mr. Hall was a subscriber to the octavo editions of Audubon's Birds and Quadrupeds.

[172] According to Lucy B. Audubon, ed., The Life of John James Audubon (Bibl. No. 73), from which we have drawn numerous extracts from his journals; see p. 381, under date of May 12, 1834.

[173] See Thomas M. Brewer (Bibl. No. 79), Harper's New Monthly Magazine, vol. lxi, p. 666 (1880).

[174] From last page of paper covers, in which parts of the work were originally issued.

Below are the following notices:

"Persons desirous of subscribing to the above work are respectfully requested to apply to J. J. Audubon, 86 White street, Henderson Greene, 377 Broadway, or W. A. Colman, Broadway, New York; to J. B. Chevalier, 70 Dock street, or Orrin Rogers, 67 South Second street, Philadelphia; C. C. Little or James Brown, Boston; J. P. Beile, or Geo. Oates, Charleston, S. C.; Gideon B. Smith, Baltimore; David Ridgely, Annapolis, Md.; J. S. Kellogg & Co., Mobile, Ala."

"S. H. Stevenson, Travelling Agent for Kentucky and Virginia; and William A. Pierce for Pennsylvania."

This first octavo edition of Audubon's Birds was issued by J. J. Audubon, and J. B. Chevalier, Philadelphia, in 100 parts, of five plates each, to be bound in 7 volumes, 1840-44. Complete sets in parts are now very rare; previous to 1907 a set is said to have been sold for $500; in 1914 one was offered in Philadelphia for $750. The introduction to No 1, is dated "New York, Nov. 1839," and the fifteenth number, beginning volume ii, "N. Y., Aug., 1840." The first five volumes (1840-42) were issued with the coöperation of J. B. Chevalier, lithographer, 70 Dock Street, Philadelphia, but, according to Mr. Ruthven Deane, he was an agent who received a commission on sales, and, for a time, a share in the profits, but not a co-publisher with Audubon; it is also stated that when misfortune visited Chevalier in later life, he was cared for by Audubon or his sons, up to the time of his death. For fuller details, see Bibliography, No. 4.

[175] Of these, according to Mr. Witmer Stone (see Bibliography, No. 221), 474 are sanctioned in the present "Check List" of the American Ornithologists' Union; seventeen have proved to be identical with others; ten are extra-limital; two are hybrids; and five have never been found since; of Audubon's suppressed species, two have been resuscitated. Audubon is thought to have been personally acquainted with 385 American species, others being known to him only through specimens sent by collectors, or discovered in museums.

[176] First published by Ruthven Deane (Bibl. No. 48b), The Auk, vol. xxv (1908).

[177] See "Original Account Book of J. J. Audubon" (Bibl. No. 223), The Nation, vol. lxxxiv, from which the following data regarding issues and sales of this work are drawn. The total edition of the plates for No. 2 was 1,345, and of No. 3, 1,339. No. 11 of the plates was the first to run to 1,000 copies in the first printing, and this issue was continued to No. 50, inclusive, excepting Nos. 3, 28, 29, and 30, of which 1,500 seem to have been printed; the plates of these numbers were done at the lithographic establishment of Endicotts, New York, all others being the work of J. T. Bowen, Philadelphia. When subscriptions began to fall off with No. 51, the edition was reduced to 1,150, and again with No. 57, to 1,050, which remained constant to No. 84, or as far as this record goes. Of the text, printed by E. G. Dorsey, 1,200 copies formed the first edition of No. 1, 1,000 copies that of No. 2, and of successive numbers to No. 23. With No. 24, the edition was increased to 2,000, and in February, 1841, the earlier numbers were reprinted, thus forming a second edition of these parts, and affording a chance for correction of errors. (See Audubon's letter quoted above.)

[178] See Ruthven Deane (Bibl. Nos. 47 and 49-51), The Auk, vols. xxi, xxiii, and xxiv (1904-7), Passim; and William H. Dall, Spencer Fullerton Baird, a Biography (Bibl. No. 52) (1915); to these admirable accounts I am indebted for such abstracts of this correspondence as are here reproduced.

[179] See Vol. II, p. 169.

[180] See Note, Vol. II, p. 211.

[181] William Yarrell (1784-1856) was the author of A History of British Fishes (1835-36), and A History of British Birds (1839-43) in three volumes; the latter has passed through several editions, the fourth and best being by Alfred Newton in four volumes (1871-85). For the favor of reproducing this letter, and another by Yarrell given in Chapter XXXIV, I am indebted to Mr. Ruthven Deane.

[182] See John E. Thayer (Bibl. No. 53), The Auk, vol. xxxiii (1916). Mr. Thayer's Ornithological Museum now contains the original specimen of Parkman's Wren, to which Audubon refers; it is "mounted on a twig, in a paper box with a glass front," and is "in excellent condition."

[183] Baird wrote to Audubon, November 4, 1846: "Please tell me the address of your friend Ayres. I have been collecting fishes for some weeks, and wish to correspond & exchange with him on this subject." A woodpecker, Colaptes ayresii, was named after this friend by Audubon, in The Birds of America, vol. vii, in 1843.

[184] Addressed to Messrs. Little & Brown, booksellers, acknowledging the receipt of a check for $214.20.

[185] See Vol. I, p. 103.

[186] See Bibliography, No. 60.

[187] See Chapter XXXVI.

[188] Parke Godwin, The Homes of American Authors (Bibl. No. 68) (1853).

[189] See Ruthven Deane (Bibl. No. 224), The Auk, vol. xxv (1908).

[190] See C. L. Bachman, John Bachman, D.D., LL.D., Ph.D. (Bibl. No. 191), p. 199.

[191] See Vol. II, p. 144.

[192] See William H. Dall, Spencer Fullerton Baird, a Biography (Bibl. No. 52), pp. 88-91, for the complete letters from which the preceding extracts have been taken.

[193] See Maria R. Audubon, Audubon and his Journals (Bibl. No. 86), vol. i, pp. 453-532, and vol. ii, pp. 1-196.

[194] Charles Winterfield (Bibl. No. 149), The American Review, vol. i (1845); see also Charles W. Webber, Romance of Natural History (Bibl. No. 173) (1852).

[195] See Vol. II, p. 294.

[196] See Maria R. Audubon, op. cit., vol. ii, Note on pp. 175-6.

[197] At the close of the Civil War, Bachman wrote to a friend: "I had been a snuff-taker for forty years and I had tried three times to wean myself from the vice. I have done it effectually now...."

[198] Bibliographical Appendix to Birds of the Colorado Valley (Bibl. No. 181).

[199] See Bibliography, Nos. 5-7.

[200] See C. L. Bachman, John Bachman, D.D., LL.D., Ph.D. (Bibl. No. 191).

[201] See Ruthven Deane (Bibl. No. 51), The Auk, vol. xxiv (1907). To Mr. Deane I am indebted for Audubon's copy of a letter to John Bachman, soon to follow; this was written on several blank sheets at the end of his "Copy of my Journal from Fort Union homeward. Commencing (Sunday) Aug. 16th (1843) at 12 o'clock, the moment of our departure."

[202] The Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America (Bibl. No. 6), vol. i, p. 312 (London, 1847).

[203] William H. Dall, Spencer Fullerton Baird, a Biography (Bibl. No. 52), p. 121.

[204] Charles Winterfield (Bibl. No. 150), The American Review, vol. ii (1845).

[205] William H. Dall, op. cit., p. 124.

[206] Jeanes MSS. See Note, Vol. I, p. 180.

[207] For "C," meaning Alexander Culbertson, a young Englishman, famous rider and shot, then in charge of Fort Union at the mouth of the Yellowstone. Audubon, with the assistance of Sprague, painted his portrait and that of his wife, a Blackfoot Indian princess, who also was noted for her skill in horsemanship. "I lost the head of my first [buffalo] bull head," said Audubon, "because I forgot to tell Mrs. Culbertson that I wished to save it, and the princess had its skull broken open to enjoy its brains. Handsome, and really courteous and refined in many ways, I cannot reconcile myself to the fact that she partakes of raw animal food, with such evident relish." (Maria R. Audubon, Audubon and his Journals, vol. ii, p. 111).

For previous and following extracts, see C. L. Bachman, op. cit., p. 208.

[208] See William H. Dall, op. cit., pp. 130-2.

[209] Ibid., p. 126.

[210] Ibid., p. 129.

[211] Mrs. Harriet Bachman died in July, 1846, and almost immediately a daughter was stricken with a fatal disease; "It seizes," said the father, "with a deadly hold, weakens the cords of life; and only relinquishes its fatal grasp, when life is extinct." (See C. L. Bachman, op. cit.)

[212] New York City furnished (for vol. i) 82 subscribers, who took 86 copies; Philadelphia, 33; Boston, 27 (28 copies); and Baltimore, 15. In 1854 Victor Audubon obtained 129 subscribers for the second edition (published with reduced plates) in three days.

[213] For this and the following extract, see Ruthven Deane (Bibl. No. 51), loc. cit., p. 65.

[214] In the summer of 1846 Baird's nominal position in Dickinson College had been changed to an active one by his election to a professorship of chemistry and natural history, and his marriage had followed in August. The college had about one hundred students enrolled at that time, and the grammar, or preparatory, school attached to it, about half as many more. See Ruthven Deane (Bibl. No. 51), The Auk, vol. xxiv, p. 65 (1907).

[215] For this and the two following letters, see ibid., pp. 66-69.

[216] William H. Dall, op. cit., which see also for preceding extract.

[217] See Vol. II, p. 275; and Bibliography, No. 6.

[218] This hastily written note, possibly a duplicate of the one actually sent, was inserted in a copy of The Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America (vol. i, London, 1847) which I purchased in London, August, 1913, and which bore this inscription, in autograph, on the title:

[219] Her assistance to Audubon was recognized in his dedication to her of "Maria's Woodpecker," Picus martinæ (see Ornithological Biography vol. v, p. 181).

[220] See C. L. Bachman, op. cit., p. 270.

[221] Miss Eliza Mallory, who in 1874 was living in the Victor Audubon house.

[222] See C. L. Bachman, op. cit., p. 391. John Bachman died at Charleston, February 24, 1874.

[223] See Vol. II, p. 150.

[224] See Bibliography, No. 79.

[225] See Vol. II, p. 279.

[226] See Ruthven Deane, loc. cit., p. 70.

[227] See William H. Dall, op. cit., p. 155.

[228] For this and the following letter, see C. L. Bachman, op. cit., p. 274.

[229] See C. L. Bachman, John Bachman, D.D., LL.D., Ph.D. (Bibl. No. 191), p. 276. The suggestion made to Mr. Harris was adopted, which accounts for the six colored plates inserted in the third volume of the text; the "Large Work" referred to the folio plates with accompanying text, the "Small," to the first composite edition of both text and plates; see Bibliography, Nos. 5-7.

[230] See C. L. Bachman, op. cit., p. 278.

[231] John W. Audubon's children by Maria Bachman were: (1) Lucy Audubon (Mrs. De Lancey Barclay Williams), 1838-1909; (2) Harriet Bachman Audubon, 1839- ; by Caroline Hall, who died in 1899: (3) John James Audubon, 1842 (lived one day); (4) Maria Rebecca Audubon, 1843- ; (5) John James Audubon, 1845-1893; (6) William Bakewell Audubon, 1847- , who emigrated to Australia, where he engaged in sheep-raising, and has two children, Leonard Benjamin and Eleanor Caroline Audubon; Leonard Audubon, who is twenty-nine, is now fighting for France in the 55th Battalion of the Australian contingent; as I have been recently informed by his aunt, he has been almost constantly on the fighting front since August, 1916, and in the spring of 1917 he was promoted from the ranks "on account of great bravery under unusual conditions;" if still living, William Audubon and his son are the sole male representatives of the American branch of the Audubon family; (7) Jane Audubon, 1849-1853; (8) Florence Audubon, 1853- ; (9) Benjamin Phillips Audubon, 1855-1886.

Victor G. Audubon had six children by his second wife, Georgiana R. Mallory, who died in 1882; (1) Mary Eliza Audubon, 1845- ; (2) Rose Audubon, 1846-1879; (3) Victor Gifford Audubon, 1847-1915; (4) Delia Talman (Mrs. Morris Frank Tyler), 1849- ; (5) Lucy Bakewell Audubon, 1851-1898; and (6) Anne Gordon Audubon, 1854-1907.

[232] See Vol. II, p. 267.

[233] Due, it was believed, to a fall into the "well" (now guarded by an iron rail), which led to a basement window of his house, though one who knew John W. Audubon well, said that Victor's illness resulted from a fall from a railroad train; see Jacob Pentz (Bibl. No. 81), Shooting and Fishing, May 11, 1893.

[234] Maria R. Audubon, in biographical memoir of her father in Audubon's Western Journal, 1849-1850 (Bibl. No. 219).

[235] For fuller details, see Bibliography, No. 9, and for Prospectus of this work, Appendix III, No. 3.

[236] For conflicting accounts of this text, see Bibliography, No. 10, and for a definitive statement, Appendix III, No. 3. Miss Maria R. Audubon has told me that during the War, the Bien firm issued a patriotic poster, showing an eagle, taken from one of her grandfather's original drawings, and the American flag; it was thought that a large number of copies were sold.

[237] Maria R. Audubon, op. cit.

[238] Maria R. Audubon, Audubon and his Journals (Bibl. No. 86), vol. i, p. 380.

[239] See William MacGillivray, A Memorial Tribute to William MacGillivray (Bibl. No. 211), p. 40.

[240] See Bibliography, Nos. 174 and 219.

[241] See Bibliography, No. 54.

[242] Jacob Pentz (Bibl. No. 81), loc. cit.

[243] See Bibliography, No. 219.

[244] See Chapter I.

[245] Charles Augustus Stoddard; for his memorial sermon, see Bibliography, No. 178. In the absence of the rector of the Church of the Intercession, the pastor of the Washington Heights Presbyterian Church was called to officiate at the funeral of Mrs. J. J. Audubon, June 22, 1874.

[246] For the privilege of examining this unique collection I am indebted to the courtesy of the Society, and of its librarian, Mr. Kelby.

[247] Ruthven Deane (Bibl. No. 225), The Auk, vol. xxv (1908).

[248] At that time the American Museum of Natural History, New York, possessed nine; the Smithsonian Institution, six; Princeton University, four; Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut, one, while the remainder were in private hands.

[249] For the substance of this paragraph, I am indebted to the Report of the American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society, New York, 1913.

[250] See Mrs. Horace St. John, Audubon, the Naturalist of the New World (Bibl. No. 71), New York, 1856.

[251] See Valentine's Manual of the City of New York, New York, 1865.

[252] On October 30, 1847, Bachman wrote John and Victor Audubon that he proposed to visit them in the following May, when he would leave his two daughters with them awhile, "to hear you and Victor grumble about that eye-sore of a railroad, and to enjoy your good company, and your fish and shrimps."

[253] To Mr. Jesse Benedict.

[254] Mr. Charles F. Stone, whose sister was an artist.

[255] For probable meaning of this term, see Note, Vol. I, p. 54.

[256] Or acariasis, an affection of the skin caused by the mange-mite, Demodex folliculorum, a microscopic arachnid parasite found in the sebaceous glands of dog and man.

[257] A skin disease to which negroes in Central America are specially prone.

[258] See Vol. I, p. 54.