ONTARIO.

1. Toronto, York County.—Through the kindness of Professor B. A. Bensley, of the University of Toronto, the writer has had the opportunity to examine a malar bone of a bison found in the Don interglacial beds at Toronto. It is slightly water-worn and the edges are somewhat injured. The bone has been compared with the corresponding one of a large specimen of Bison bison, No. 22374 of the U. S. National Museum, and with a complete skull of Bison alleni from Alaska. The Toronto bone is about one-third larger than that of the Bison bison and about one-tenth larger than that of B. alleni. The projecting outer plate, immediately below the orbit, narrows little if any from behind forward, while in both the other species referred to it becomes much narrower toward the front. The bone quite certainly belonged to an extinct species, but without the horn-cores it is impossible to determine to which one.

In 1901 (Jour. Geol., vol. IX, p. 301), Coleman stated that a large atlas vertebra of a bison which he thought might belong to B. americanus had been found in interglacial beds in Toronto. It is more probable, however, that it belonged to one of the extinct species. It is uncertain whether the deposits belonged to the Don series or the Scarboro.

The geology of this region is treated on pages 281 to 283.

PENNSYLVANIA.

1. Pittston, Luzerne County.—In 1873 (Contrib. Ext. Fauna West. Terrs., p. 255, plate XXVIII, fig. 8), Leidy described and figured a tooth as that of Bison latifrons. This has been referred here to an undetermined species of Symbos. In a paper on the distribution of the American bison in Pennsylvania, Mr. S. N. Rhoads (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1895, p. 245) concluded that this tooth belonged to the existing bison. He stated also that the Academy had two other teeth, lower molars, from the same place, which Leidy had labeled as “Bison americanus” and regarded as more recent than the figured tooth. Rhoads thought the identification correct, but that they belonged to the same individual as did the tooth figured by Leidy. The writer has not seen these lower teeth and admits them here only provisionally. They were found along Susquehanna River, in association with remains of Mammut americanum and Equus complicatus? (“E. major”). If any of the bovine teeth belong to Bison the species belonged to early or middle Pleistocene and is now extinct.

2. Port Kennedy, Montgomery County.—The presence of Bison in the famous cave at this place was announced by Wheatley in 1871 (Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 3, vol. I, p. 384). Cope, in his account of 1899 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. XI), does not mention the genus; but Mercer, on page 280 of the same volume, credits Wheatley with having found remains of three individuals of one undetermined species. He used the generic name Bos.

A description of the Port Kennedy Cave and its contents and remarks on the geological age of the fossils will be given on pages 311 to 320.

OHIO.

1. Fincastle, Brown County.—In 1887 (Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. X, p. 20), Horace P. Smith, curator of the society, described a fine pair of horn-cores of Bison latifrons found in Brown County and which had come into the possession of the society. They were discovered at a depth of 18 feet, in making excavations for the piers of a bridge across Brush Creek. Inasmuch as nearly the whole of the course of this stream is in Adams County, the locality must have been in the northeastern corner of Brown County, near Fincastle, where the creek has its source, and within the area of the Illinoian drift. Smith thought that the horn-cores were in the drift; but, if so, the overlying materials must have been washed down over them after their burial. It is improbable that they were ever beneath or in the glacier. The animal probably lived during the Sangamon interglacial stage; quite certainly before the Wisconsin.

2. North Fairfield, Huron County.—In the Norwalk Museum, at Norwalk, are some skull-bones of a bison found at some point not known to the writer, about 7 miles from North Fairfield, while search was being made for bones of the megalonyx which belongs partly to the museum at Norwalk, partly to the Niver family at North Fairfield. These bison bones served as the type of Bison sylvestris, described by the writer in 1915 (Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, vol. XLVIII, p. 515, plate XXX). This is the only species of extinct bison known that lived after the close of the Wisconsin stage.

INDIANA.

1. Evansville, Vanderburg County.—Many years ago Dr. Leidy (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, pp. 199–200) described a collection of mammalian remains made on the banks of Ohio River at the mouth of Pigeon Creek, a short distance below Evansville. Among these materials was a fragment of a cervical vertebra of a species of Bison, which Leidy identified with doubt as Bison americanus, the existing bison, now known as Bison bison. It would be impossible to determine to which of our several species of the genus Bison this bone belonged; but it probably did not belong to B. bison. This species is not known from times preceding the Wisconsin drift and the bone-bed at Pigeon Creek is undoubtedly older. On page 32 is a discussion of the probable age of the bone-bed. It may be as old as the Aftonian stage, but more probably it belonged to the Sangamon.

The other species found at the locality named are Megalonyx jeffersonii, the Virginia deer, the extinct horse known as Equus complicatus, Tapirus haysii, and the extinct wolf Ænocyon dirus. At Bigbone Lick, midway between Louisville and Cincinnati, on the Kentucky side, have been found two extinct species of Bison, B. antiquus and B. latifrons. At the same place has been found Equus complicatus. The beds there overlie the Illinoian drift and belong, in part at least, to the Sangamon.

Under this number may be included mention of a bone of a species of Bison which Cope reported in 1878 (Amer. Naturalist, vol. XII, p. 189) from Vanderburg County. Cope stated that John Collett, then State geologist of Indiana, had discovered in a late Pleistocene deposit a number of fossils. One of these was the ulno-radius of a Bos (now to be referred to Bison); another was a part of the mandible of the deer Odocoileus dolichopsis. In 1884 (Geol. Surv. Indiana, vol XIV, p. 22), Cope and Workman, inaccurately quoting Cope’s original description of the deer Odocoileus dolichopsis, state that this deer and the bison bones were found in Harrison County.

By consulting the Patoka Folio, No. 105, of the U. S. Geological Survey, it will be seen that the northern part of Vanderburg County, four townships, Nos. 4 and 5 south, ranges 10 and 11 west, are included. The two northern townships are largely occupied by lacustrine deposits which the geologists Fuller and Clapp regarded as having been laid down in lakes produced by the damming of the drainage by the Illinoian ice-sheet. Farther south, along the streams emptying into Pigeon Creek, are wide areas which are covered by “fine silts, mainly of pre-Wisconsin age, but including some of more recent age.” Whether or not the bison bone and the jaw of Odocoileus dolichopsis were found in any of these deposits we are unfortunately left in the dark. It is most probable that the bison and the deer lived there after the Illinoian stage and before the Wisconsin.

2. Vincennes, Knox County.—In the geological collection of Earlham College, Richmond, Indiana, is preserved the greater part of the skull of a bison which belonged to the species known as Bison antiquus. This skull was first described and figured by Mr. W. G. Middleton and Professor Joseph Moore (Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. for 1899, pp. 178–181, with a plate); afterwards by the writer (Geol. Surv. Indiana, vol. XXXVI, p. 651, figs. 50, 51).

This fine skull is said to have been found in 1896 by a Mr. Brower, a few miles from Vincennes, in a ditch, at a depth of 6 feet. Beyond this the writer has not been able to learn. It would be of value to know exactly where this place was, for then some conclusion might be reached as to the geological age of the animal. The greater part of the county is occupied by drift of Illinoian age, which appears in some places to have on it some loess, and doubtless its surface has been much modified since the materials were laid down. Even in this area there may be some deposits of later times, interglacial and glacial.

According to Leverett’s glacial map of the region, there are along Wabash River sand and gravel terraces of Wisconsin age; while along White River there are said to be alluvial terraces older than Wisconsin.

At present one can arrive at a conclusion only from general knowledge. The writer knows of no extinct bison (except one rather peculiar species) which lived after the Wisconsin glacial stage. It appears most probable that the skull at Earlham College came from some interglacial deposits laid down about the middle of the Pleistocene, most likely during the Sangamon stage.

The writer has been informed that another skull of a buffalo was for years on exhibition in a business house conducted by Mr. T. L. Cheney, but it seems to have disappeared. Mr. J. Gimble, of Vincennes, informs the writer that it was found in the bed of Wabash River, near St. Francisville, Illinois, about 10 miles below Vincennes.

ILLINOIS.

1. Alton, Madison County.—In the U. S. National Museum are four teeth of an undetermined species of Bison found somewhere in the vicinity of Alton. They are part of a collection made many years ago by Mr. William McAdams, and afterwards passed into the hands of Professor O. C. Marsh, then vertebrate palæontologist of the U. S. Geological Survey. It now belongs to the U. S. National Museum. Nearly all of these fossils were originally inclosed, wholly or partially, in nodules of fine sand, cemented together with carbonate of calcium. Where the teeth are exposed to view they are shown in a beautifully white condition; but the remaining matrix is so hard and adheres so strongly that it is practically impossible to remove it without greatly damaging the teeth. A list of the species found at Alton will be given on page 339; also a discussion of their geologic age.

The bison teeth consist of four upper molars and the hinder half or more of the left hindermost molar. They were described by the writer (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. LVIII, p. 115). They are somewhat larger than any belonging to the existing buffalo measured. They are larger, too, than those of the commonest extinct species, B. occidentalis. It is impossible to say at present to which extinct species they belonged. One naturally thinks of Bison latifrons, the bearer of the immense horns, but teeth have not yet been found associated with the horn-cores of that species.

WISCONSIN.

1. Coon Valley, Vernon County.—In the U. S. National Museum is a well-fossilized tooth of a species of bison which was sent, in 1899, by Rev. P. Moe, of Coon Valley. This tooth has been regarded as belonging to Bison bison, but its fossilization seems to indicate that it antedates the time of this species. It was found in section 26, township 14 north, range 6 west. This would be between the towns of Coon Valley and Chaseburg. This locality lies within the “driftless area,” and it would probably be difficult for the geologist, even on the ground, to determine the age of the deposit, especially as no details were furnished regarding the depth at which the tooth was found or the nature of the inclosing materials.

MARYLAND.

1. Chesapeake Beach, Calvert County.—Mr. William Palmer, of the U. S. National Museum, collected at this place, in 1912, a fragment of a lower last molar which apparently belonged to some species of Bison. A few other remains have later been secured.

VIRGINIA.

1. Saltville, Smyth County.—In the U. S. National Museum is an upper second molar of a species of Bison, found at Saltville. It was sent in 1904 by Mr. H. D. Mount, of Saltville, with remains of Elephas primigenius and Mammut americanum. It is understood that all were found in excavating for the water reservoir of the town. The bison tooth is little worn, the height being still 46 mm. At the summit the crown is 34 mm. long, at the base 23 mm. long and 29 mm. wide. It resembles closely that of Bison bison, but is slightly larger than the same tooth in a large specimen of the existing species. The base of the skull is present, with the occipital condyles. The latter are slightly larger than in the specimen of B. bison just mentioned. The species can not be determined, but it probably was not B. bison. A list of the associated species found at this locality is presented on page 352.

2. Ivanhoe, Wythe County.—In 1869 (Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. XI, p. 176), Professor Cope stated that he had found molar teeth of a bison which he identified with doubt as Bison antiquus. The animal may quite as well have belonged to any one of four or five other extinct species.

SOUTH CAROLINA.

1. Charleston, Charleston County.—In 1860, Leidy (Holmes’s Post-Pl. Foss. South Carolina, p. 110, plate XVII, figs. 15, 16) described briefly and figured a tooth of a bovine animal found in the Pleistocene of Ashley River. This he suspected belonged to Bison latifrons, but he added that it presented nothing to distinguish it from that of the existing bison. Numerous teeth resembling those of the domestic ox and the bison have been found on Ashley River and have been regarded as those of the domestic animal. (See letter of Agassiz to Professor F. S. Holmes in the Introduction to Holmes’s work cited above.) While the teeth of our cattle may have been picked up along the shores of Ashley River, it is highly probable that the great majority of similar teeth belonged to some extinct species of Bison. Probably only the discovery of horn-cores will lead to the determination of the species. Leidy probably used the name Bison latifrons in a very wide sense. In the collection at Amherst College the writer has seen an upper molar of a bison, apparently the second molar, which is 38 mm. long on the outer face. This length is too great for B. bison and the tooth probably belongs to B. latifrons. It was probably found in the region about Charleston.

In the Charleston Museum the writer has seen an anterior cannon-bone of Bison which had quite certainly been found somewhere about Charleston. The following measurements were secured, and corresponding measurements of B. bison are added for comparison:

Other measurements may be found in J. A. Allen’s work, “The American Bisons,” page 45. Apparently the bison which possessed the bone described above had a height about one-eighth greater than the large individual of the existing bison compared with it. Fossil remains found elsewhere show that at least one large species of Bison formerly inhabited this country. B. latifrons was a species with very large horns, and its body may also have been larger than that of the existing bison. To this species may have belonged the large cannon-bone described above.

GEORGIA.

1. Brunswick, Glynn County.—Remains of an undetermined species of Bison were found at the time of excavating the Brunswick Canal, south of Darien, in 1838–39. In a communication to the Academy of Natural Sciences (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. I, pp. 216–217), Mr. J. Hamilton Couper gave an account of the geology of the locality and mentioned the fact that remains of Megatherium, Elephas primigenius, Mastodon giganteus, Hippopotamus, horse, Bos, and Sus americana had been secured. As was later determined by Owen (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1848, p. 93), the supposed hippopotamus incisor was a lower tusk of a mastodon. Sus americana was referred by Owen to his genus Harlanus; but was afterwards found to belong to Bison. Owen (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ser. 2, vol. I, p. 20, plate VI) described and furnished an excellent figure of the jaw. The jaw is now in the collection of the Academy of Sciences at Philadelphia. Measurements show that it is larger than the jaw of Bison bison, corresponding well with the other bones of Bison found at the same place. Leidy regarded it as belonging to B. latifrons; but he used this name in a very wide sense. In the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia is a part of the right ramus of the lower jaw labeled “Bison latifrons, Darien canal, Ga.” The teeth are badly worn. The jaw itself is larger than that of Bison bison. The following measurements were taken:

The jaw has the appearance of being much more massive than that of B. bison.

In his work on the “Extinct Species of American Ox” (Smiths. Contrib. Knowl., vol. V, p. 11), Leidy stated that Couper had presented to the Academy in Philadelphia a tibia and a part of a humerus of Bison, which bones he reported were larger than those of the existing American bison, and he referred them to the species Bison latifrons. The tibia was 456 mm. long and 87 mm. wide at the lower end; in a large Bison bison in the U. S. National Museum the tibia is 412 mm. long and 78 mm. wide below.

Couper presented to the Boston Society of Natural History an atlas and a metatarsus from the same locality. The atlas had a width of 247 mm.; that of the existing bison just referred to is 220 mm. wide. The metatarsal is said to have been 272 mm. long; that of the living bison mentioned is 255 mm. A front cannon-bone at Harvard is 256 mm. long. In a collection determined by J. W. Gidley (Bull. No. 26, Geol. Surv. Georgia, p. 436) some bison remains, probably a tooth or teeth, were referred with doubt to Bison bison. It is far more probable that they belonged to an extinct species, and that B. latifrons.

2. Skidaway Island, near Savannah, Chatham County.—On page 29 of Joseph Habersham’s Memorandum, forming a part of William B. Hodgson’s “Memoir on the Megatherium,” published in 1846, a portion of the humerus of a Bos is listed among the fossils found at Skidaway Island. This bone is to be assigned to an undetermined species of Bison. The width across the condyles is given as 4.5 inches, which is not greater than in B. bison; but it is not probable that it was this species. Lyell (Second Visit, etc., ed. 3, vol. I, p. 348) includes “a species of the ox-tribe” among the fossils found at this locality.

For further remarks on the species of vertebrates found at Brunswick, the reader may consult page 371, where also the geology of the locality is discussed.

FLORIDA.

1. Wade, Alachua County.—In the collection of the Florida Geological Survey is an upper left last molar of Bison, found in the Buttgenbach river mine, in Santa Fe River, 6 miles north from Wade. Although this tooth was found in a phosphate mine, it certainly belongs to Pleistocene time. The tooth is but little worn and is well fossilized. Its height is 45 mm., the length on the outer face 30 mm., the length at the middle of the width 27 mm., the width at the base of the first lobe 24 mm.

There is another tooth in the collection, apparently the second upper molar of the left side, from the same place and fossilized in the same way. For a list of the species found at this locality and the writer’s view regarding their geological age, the reader is referred to page 376.

2. Pablo Beach, Duval County.—In the collection just mentioned there are, from near Pablo Beach, three bones which apparently belonged to some extinct species of Bison. No. 4444 is the left fibular bone; No. 4443 the left third cuneiform of the hinder foot; and No. 4442, a first phalange of a hinder foot. These were found along the Inland Waterway Canal, about 20 miles north of St. Augustine. The locality appears to be about 5 miles south of Pablo Beach. At the same place have been found Mammut americanum, Elephas columbi, and remains of a species of Odocoileus.

3. Ocala, Marion County.—Sellards (op. cit., p. 103) reported remains of an undetermined species of Bison found in a fissure in limestone rock near Ocala.

4. Dunnellon?, Marion County.—Sellards (op. cit., p. 104) presented a list of Pleistocene vertebrates, found in or along Withlacoochee River, but the exact localities are not given. Among these is an undetermined species of Bison. Lucas (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. XXI, 1898, p. 767) stated that there is in the U. S. National Museum an imperfect skull of Bison latifrons, obtained from Withlacoochee River. The writer has not seen this skull. On page 376 the other species found here are listed and their geological age discussed.

5. Tampa, Manatee County.—In the Jarman collection, now in Vanderbilt University, and made in the region about Tampa, is a right lower third molar of Bison. It is well fossilized, but structurally does not appear to differ from a tooth of the existing American bison. It belonged, however, quite certainly to an extinct species. In the American Museum of Natural History, New York, is a well-worn lower left last molar of a bison, dredged up in Alafia River. With it were a mastodon tooth, teeth of two or three extinct horses, and various extinct tortoises. The reader is referred to page 379.

6. Palmetto, Manatee County.—Mr. Ernest Leitzel, of Palmetto, sent from that place to the U. S. National Museum some teeth for determination. Teeth of the horses are described on page 379. With these was a part of a lower right molar, possibly the last molar, of Bison.

From Palma Sola, on the south side of Manatee River and about 10 miles below Palmetto, there has been sent to the U. S. National Museum, by Mr. Charles T. Earle, the distal end of a metacarpal bone. This has a width of 93 mm. It may have belonged to Bison latifrons. With it came teeth of Equus complicatus, E. littoralis, and E. leidyi, a part of an antler of a deer (Odocoileus), a part of a beak of a platanistid porpoise, and a tooth of Elephas columbi. Probably the porpoise and teeth of sharks came from Miocene deposits somewhere in the neighborhood.

7. Grove City, Charlotte County.—Leidy, in 1889 (Trans. Wagner Free Inst., vol. II, p. 12), stated that Mr. Joseph Willcox had found, on Rocky Creek, 30 miles north of Sarasota Bay, some remains of the great extinct Bison latifrons. Sellards (8th Rep., pp. 103, 112) learned that the locality was really Stump Pass, near Grove City. The horn-core was lost by accident, but Leidy speaks of it as being huge. With it was the proximal part of a radius whose upper end measured transversely 1.4 times that of an existing bison.

In a letter to the author, Mr. Willcox writes that, as nearly as he can recollect, the diameter of the horn-core was about 5 or 6 inches.

8. Vero, St. Lucie County.—Sellards (8th Rep., Florida Geol. Surv., p. 150) stated that an extinct bison is represented in the collection of the Florida Geological Survey by a number of teeth, the distal end of a humerus, and some foot-bones. They were supposed to have been derived from stratum No. 2.

When in Vero in 1916, the writer secured a much-worn upper left premolar 3 of Bison from the base of the muck layer No. 3. It is in some respects different from the corresponding tooth of the existing bison. For lists of the species found at Vero and for a discussion of the geological age the reader may consult pages 381 to 383.

9. Arcadia, De Soto County.—In the U. S. National Museum are some teeth of Bison, obtained at or near Arcadia, on Peace Creek. In general, these resemble closely the corresponding teeth of B. bison. Leidy (Trans. Wagner Free Inst., vol. II, p. 22) mentioned a tooth and a first phalanx of Bison from Peace Creek. These are probably in the collection of the Wagner Free Institute.

In the U. S. National Museum (No. 1989) is a hinder cannon-bone from Arcadia. It resembles the corresponding bone in B. bison, but doubtless belonged to a species now extinct. Lucas (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. XXI, p. 767) referred the teeth and the metacarpal to B. latifrons.

In the same museum is a calcaneum labeled as collected on Peace Creek by J. F. Le Barron. The reader may consult page 381 for further information.

10. Labelle, Lee County.—Remains of Bison apparently have been found at Labelle, or near there. Leidy, in Dall’s report (Bull. No. 84, U. S. Geol. Surv., p. 129) referred this to B. latifrons. The bison, Elephas columbi, Equus fraternus, and a mylodon were supposed to have been buried in Pliocene deposits, but this opinion appears to be erroneous. Sellards (8th Rep., p. 102) has shown that the elephant and probably the horse were in Pleistocene marls. As shown on page 384, the elephant is Elephas imperator.

11. Palm Beach, Palm Beach County.—In his eighth report, Sellards (p. 105) stated that a femur of an undetermined species of Bison was found near this place, in the Palm Beach Drainage Canal. In the collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, at Harvard University, are a front cannon-bone, lacking the epiphyses, and the proximal end of a humerus. The size of these indicates that they belong to B. latifrons. The glenoid cavity measures 80 mm. by 60 mm. The neck of the humerus is 100 mm. wide.

ALABAMA.

1. Newbern, Hale County.—In August 1914, there was received at the U. S. National Museum, from Mr. J. W. White, of Newbern, a lower right last molar of a species of bison reported found in a creek, and an incisor tooth of a horse, which appear to be fossilized. The bison tooth had just begun to wear. The fore-and-aft length of the crown is 37 mm. The locality is somewhat outside of the range of Bison bison as given by Allen on his map (“American Bisons, Living and Extinct”). The fossil may well belong to some extinct species and have lived in that region in middle Pleistocene times.

MISSISSIPPI.

1. Natchez, Adams County.—In Dr. M. W. Dickeson’s account of a collection of bones and teeth made near Natchez (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1846, p. 106) he included remains of the genus Bos. To-day these would be referred to the genus Bison.

In 1854 (Smithson. Contrib. Knowl., vol. V, art. III, p. 9, plate II, figs. 2–7), Leidy described and figured bovine teeth from Natchez, which he referred to Bison latifrons. Two of these teeth had been found, as Leidy stated, by M. W. Dickeson, in association with remains of Mastodon (Mammut), Equus, Ursus, Cervus (Odocoileus), Megalonyx, and Mylodon. Three others had been presented by W. H. Huntington, who discovered them in association with remains of Mammut americanum, Equus complicatus, and Felix atrox. Three of the teeth were upper molars, the others, lower molars. Leidy gave the measurements of most of these. The following measurements are those of an upper second and an upper third molar:

These teeth are considerably larger than those of Bison bison and B. occidentalis (Geol. Surv. Iowa, vol. XXIII, p. 320).

KENTUCKY.

1. Woolper Creek?, Boone County.—The type of Bison latifrons is usually regarded as having been found at Bigbone Lick, but Leidy (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. VII, p. 372) stated it had been found a dozen miles or more north of Bigbone Lick, in the bed of a creek that enters into the Ohio River. It seems probable that this creek is the one named above.

2. Bigbone Lick, Boone County.—It was at this place that was found the horn-core and attached part of skull which forms the type of Bison antiquus. It was a part of the Jefferson collection and was described by Leidy (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., vol. VI, 1852, p. 117). Richard Lydekker (Cat. Foss. Mamm. Brit. Mus., pt. 2, p. 27) wrote that there is in that museum a fragment of a right mandible, probably belonging to Bison latifrons. However, the identification is hardly to be relied on. Shaler (Geol. Surv. Kentucky, n. s., vol. III, p. 197) reported the finding of bones of Bison latifrons, but it is doubtful in what sense he used this name; and he did not indicate how these bones differed from those of other bisons. He probably had in mind B. antiquus. Hence the presence of the species with the widely spread horns at Bigbone Lick is doubtful.

A list of the species of mammals collected at this place will be found on page 403.