2113 The dress of the Greek philosophers, more particularly.
2114 Born in the island of Cythnos, one of the Cyclades. He is supposed to be the artist mentioned by Theophrastus, De Lapid. c. 95.
2115 It is supposed by Sillig, from Dio Cassius, B. liii. c. 27, that this painting was transferred by M. Vipsanius Agrippa, to the Portico of Neptune.
2116 See Chapter 20 of this Book, where he is mentioned as having been the first artist who used “usta” or burnt ceruse. From Pausanias we learn that his remains were interred at Athens, in the road leading to the Academia.
2117 Chiaroscuro.
2119 Bacchus.
2120 In the Eighth Region of the City.
2121 Spoken of by Pausanias, B. iii. c. 19.
2122 In the Forum at Rome.
2124 “Place of the prophecies of the dead;” in reference to the description of the Infernal Regions in the Fourth Book of the Odyssey.
2126 See B. iv. c. 18.
2127 Supposed by Hardouin to be the writer mentioned at the end of B. vii. and B. x.: or perhaps, “a chief” of an Athenian tribe.
2128 A “group of kindred.”
2130 B.C. 168.
2131 Represented in a sitting posture, as mentioned by Ovid, Trist. II. 525, and by Philostratus, Vit. Apol. B. II. c. 10. The Medea is described in an Epigram in B. iv. of the Greek Anthology, imitated by Ausonius, Epigr. 22.
2133 Medusa, slain by Perseus.
2134 In the former editions, “Mecophanes.”
2136 Health, Brightness, and All-heal.
2137 Greek for “sluggard.”
2138 Probably, from the context, a pupil, also, of Pausias.
2139 In pencil painting, and in encaustic.
2141 An effect for which Schalken is famous.
2142 “Shading his eyes.”
2143 Son and pupil of Aglaopho, and brother of Polygnotus. He was probably a native of Thasos.
2145 “Dolus.” An emblematical picture evidently, probably representing the events just prior to the capture of Troy.
2146 A famous diver, mentioned by Herodotus, B. viii. c. 8, Pausanias, B. x. c. 19, and Strabo, B. ix.
2147 Probably the wife of Seleucus, given by him to his son Antiochus. See B. vii. c. 37, Note 1165.
2148 That they should rebuild the walls of Troy.
2149 His contest with Corragus the Macedonian, whom he defeated, is mentioned also by Ælian, Diodorus Siculus, Athenæus, and Quintus Curtius.
2150 Gained “without raising the dust,” i.e. without any difficulty.
2151 This is perhaps the meaning of “stemmata;” “heraldic pictures,” probably. See Juvenal, Sat. viii. l. 2.
2152 Suidas seems to mention him, under the name of “Ctesiochus,” as the brother of Apelles.
2153 Who was said to have been born from the thigh of Jove.
2155 By Hercules, when he demanded Iole of her father Eurytus, king of Œchalia.
2157 Several Cratini were distinguished as Comic writers, but we do not read in any other author of any one of them being a painter. The reading is doubtful.
2158 A building at the entrance into Athens, whence the “pompæ,” or solemn processions, set out.
2159 Hardouin thinks that this was the victory gained by Aratus of Sicyon over Aristippus, the Tyrant of Argos. If so, Leontiscus must have flourished about Olymp. 136.
2160 Caused by the anger of Juno. In this fit of insanity he slew his wife Megara and her children.
2161 See also Chapter 36. From Plutarch we learn that he was greatly in favour with Aratus of Sicyon.
2162 According to Brotero, a representation of the Ass and Crocodile was found in the pictorial embellishments at Herculaneum.
2163 See B. xvii. c. 36, B. xviii. c. 56, and B. xix. c. 24.
2164 “Theodoras” in most of the editions.
2166 See the Æneid, B. II. c. 403, et seq.
2167 Poliorcetes.
2168 A native of Samos, mentioned by Quintilian, B. xii. c. 10, as one of the painters between the time of Philip and that of the successors of Alexander.
2169 After the murder of his mother.
2170 See B. vii. c. 57.
2171 Or player with the discus.
2172 Against his brother Eteocles.
2173 Who assisted Polynices in his siege of Thebes.
2174 Helen, Castor, and Pollux.
2175 See B. vii. c. 37.
2177 See B. xxxiv. cc. 19, 39. Sillig is of opinion that the picture mentioned by Pausanias, B. I. c. 1, in honour of Leosthenes, killed in the Lamina War, B.C. 323, was by this artist.
2178 Poliorcetes, who began to reign B.C. 306.
2179 Already mentioned in this Chapter, at greater length.
2181 See Chapter 36 of this Book, and the present Chapter. Of the greater part of these artists nothing further is known.
2183 Previously mentioned in this Chapter.
2184 Or stylus—“cestrum.”
2187 Wornum is of opinion that this must have been a species of drawing with a heated point, upon ivory, without the use of wax. Smith’s Dict. Antiq. Art. Painting.
2188 This method, as Wornum remarks, though first employed on ships, was not necessarily confined to ship-painting; and it must have been a very different style of painting from the ship-colouring of Homer, since it was of a later date even than the preceding methods.
2189 Though he says nothing here of the use of the “cauterium,” or process of burning in, its employment may certainly be inferred from what he has said in Chapter 39. Wornum is of opinion that the definition at the beginning of this Chapter, of two methods apparently, “in wax and on ivory,” is in reality an explanation of one method only, and that the ancient modes of painting in encaustic were not only three, but several.
2190 Or Temple of the Nymphs. The daughter of Butades is called “Core” by Athenagoras.
2192 Son of Philæus. He is mentioned by Pausanias, B. viii. c. 14, and by Herodotus, B. iii. c. 60, as the architect of a fine temple at Samos, and, with Smilis and Theodorus, of the Labyrinth at Lemnos.
2193 Mentioned also in B. xxxiv. c. 19. Pliny is in error here in using the word “plastice;” for it was the art of casting brass, and not that of making plaster casts, that these artists invented.
2194 See Chapter 5 of this Book. He is said by Dionysius of Halicarnassus, B. iii., to have been a member of the family of the Bacchiadæ.
2195 A different person, probably, from the one of the same name mentioned in B. vii. c. 56.
2196 Terra cotta figures.
2199 In the Eleventh Region of the City. This Temple of Ceres, Bacchus, and Proserpine, in the Circus Maximus, was vowed by A. Posthumius, the Dictator, A.U.C. 258, and dedicated by the consul Cassius, A.U.C. 261, or B.C. 493.
2201 Sillig (Dict. Anc. Art.) is of opinion that this Chalcosthenes is not identical with the artist of that name mentioned in B. xxxiv. c. 19; the name “Ceramicus” probably being of far earlier origin than the formation of the statues of Comedians.
2202 “Et.” The insertion of this word seems to militate against Sillig’s position.
2203 The “Pottery.”
2206 “Crater.” A vase in which wine and water were mixed for drinking.
2209 In B. viii. c. 4, for instance.
2210 The “Hercules fictilis.” It is mentioned by Martial, B. xiv. Ep. 178.
2212 “Simpuvia.”
2213 See B. xxxi. c. 31.
2214 “Mammatis.” The exact meaning of this word is unknown. The passage is evidently in a corrupt state.
2216 “Solia.”—The same name is given also to a kind of sitting or reclining-bath, often mentioned by Pliny.
2217 Asia Minor.
2218 See B. iii. c. 18.
2219 A service of three dishes.
2220 See B. ix. c. 39.
2221 See B. ix. cc. 24, 28, 74, 79.
2222 In B. x. c. 72.
2225 Martial speaks of this practice, B. iii. Epigr. 81.
2226 Nothing further seems to be known of this personage, or of the grounds of his invective. Pliny may possibly allude to some abominable practices, with which Vitellius is charged by Suetonius also.
2227 The “Opus Signinum” was a plaster or cement much used for making pavements. It took its name from Signia, in Italy, celebrated for its tiles. See B. iii. c. 9.
2228 The floors of the Roman houses were seldom boarded.
2229 “Pulvis.” See B. iii. c. 9, B. xvi. c. 76, and B. xxxvi. c. 14. He alludes to the cement made of volcanic ashes, now known as “Pozzuolane.”
2230 See B. iv. c. 17.
2231 It being the practice to rub the bodies of the athletes with sand.
2232 This circumstance is mentioned also by Suetonius, in his life of Nero. Patrobius was slain by order of the Emperor Galba.
2233 Ajasson says that they are called tapias at the present day in Spain.
2234 See B. ii. c. 73.
2235 “Rubrica.”
2236 See B. xxxi. c. 28.
2237 Which was, as a measure, nearly three inches in breadth. See Introduction to Vol. III.
2238 See B. v. c. 32.
2239 Ajasson says that these bricks have been imitated by Fabroni, with a light argillaceous earth, found in the territory of Sienna. Delafosse thinks that a place called “Cala,” in the Sierra Morena, probably marks the site of the cities above mentioned.
2241 “Gerusia.”
2242 See B. iii. c. 19.
2243 In B. iii. c. 6.
2244 See B. xviii. c. 29.
2245 “Untouched by fire.” Native sulphur.
2246 “Gleba.”
2247 Sulphur has been always considered highly useful for the cure of cutaneous affections.
2248 From ἅρπαζω, “to carry away.”
2249 Ovid, in his “Art of Love,” speaks of purifying houses with eggs and sulphur.
2250 See B. xxxi. c. 32.
2251 There are three distinct kinds of bitumen. 1. Naphtha, also known as petroleum, or rock-oil, inflammable, volatile, soluble in alcohol, and found in France and Italy. 2. Asphalt, or bitumen of Judæa, solid, insoluble in alcohol, and found in Lake Asphaltites in Syria, more particularly. 3. Pissasphalt, of a medium consistency between the other substances, of which it appears to be composed. See B. xxiv. c. 25.
2252 In B. v. c. 15.