1 Jade and other stone mirrors are referred to in ancient texts. No doubt these were religious symbols. None survives. Jade shoes are mentioned too, but there are [212]no surviving specimens. In Ireland bronze shoes were worn in ancient times—perhaps in connection with religious ceremonies. Obsidian mirrors were used in Mexico for purposes of divination, and there were stone mirrors in Peru. 

2 Jade: A Study in Chinese Archæology and Religion, Berthold Laufer (Field Museum of Natural History, Publication 154, Anthropological Series, Vol. X, Chicago, 1912, p. 23). 

3 Laufer notes that yu included nephrite, jadeite, bowenite, and sometimes “beautiful kinds of serpentine, agalmatolite, and marble”.—Jade, p. 22. 

4 Ibid., p. 29. 

5 De Groot, The Religious System of China, Book I, pp. 275 et seq. 

6 Jade, p. 299. 

7 The Religious System of China, Book I, pp. 274 et seq. 

8 Pronounced muk’ăra

9 See illustrations in Professor Elliot Smith’s The Evolution of the Dragon, pp. 88, 89. 

10 Like the ginseng (mandrake) in the Kang-ge mountains in northern Korea. (See Chapter XVII.) 

11 De Groot, The Religious System of China, Book I, Vol. I, pp. 272–3. 

12 The Diamond, pp. 55, 56, n. 

13 She is thus the divine spinner as the god Ptah of Egypt is the divine potter. 

14 The Syrian Goddess, Strong and Garstang (London, 1913), pp. 71, 72. 

15 Chicago, 1915, p. 58. 

16 The Diamond, p. 7. Lesser Fu-lin was Syria, and Greater Fu-lin the Byzantine Empire. 

17 Ibid., pp. 55, n. 2, 56. 

18 The Religious System of China, Book I, Vol. I, pp. 277–8. 

19 Laufer, The Diamond, p. 22 and n. 3, and p. 69 and n. 7. 

20 Ibid., pp. 68–9. 

21 Laufer, Chinese Clay Figures, pp. 138, 151. 

22 The Diamond, p. 71. 

23 Elliot Smith, The Evolution of the Dragon, p. 157, n. 1. Laufer, Sino-Iranica, pp. 520 and 525. 

24 The Religious System of China, Book II, Vol. IV, p. 331. 

25 The Religious System of China, Book I, pp. 278–9. 

26 Legend in Japanese Art, pp. 354, 355. 

27 Legend in Japanese Art, pp. 355–6. 

28 Ibid., p. 355. 

29 Jade, p. 21, n. 4. 

30 Breasted, A History of Egypt, p. 357. 

31 Laufer, Jade, p. 299, n. 1. 

32 Budge, The Gods of the Egyptians, Vol. I, pp. 357–8. 

33 Jade, p. 301 and n. 1. 

34 Ibid., p. 310. 

35 Jade, pp. 306–7. 

36 The Religious System of China, Book I, p. 284. 

37 The Religious System of China, Book I, p. 284. 

38 Myths of Babylonia and Assyria, p. 332. 

39 Legge, The Shih King, p. 395. 

40 Ibid., p. 338. 

41 Joly, Legend in Japanese Art, p. 297. 

42 Breasted, Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt, p. 100. 

43 The Religious System of China, Book I, Vol. III, p. 962. 

44 De Groot, op. cit., Book I, Vol. III, p. 983. 

45 Legge, The Yi King, pp. 43–44. 

46 The Religious System of China, Book I, p. 327. 

47 Op. cit., p. 327. 

48 De Groot, op. cit., p. 317. 

49 Legge, Texts of Taoism, Vol. II, p. 265. 

50 Legge, The Shu King, pp. 38, 39. 

51 Teutonic Myth and Legend, p. 5. 

52 Myths of Babylonia and Assyria, pp. 330, 331. 

53 Religion in China (London, 1878), p. 109. 

54 Religion in China, p. 107. 

55 Quoted by De Groot, The Religious System of China, Book I, Vol. III, p. 983. 

56 Green and blue are interchangeable in China. 

57 Biot, Vol. I, pp. 434, 435, quoted by Laufer in Jade, p. 120. 

58 The Religious System of China, Book I, Part III, p. 935. 

59 Ibid., Book I, Vol. III, p. 949. 

60 In Scotland south-flowing water is specially good and influential. 

61 The Religious System of China, Book I, Vol. III, pp. 949, 950. 

62 Jade, pp. 182–3. 

63 Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. XXI, pp. 128–9. 

64 See Egyptian Myth and Legend, Myths of Babylonia and Assyria, Myths of Crete and Pre-Hellenic Europe, and Indian Myth and Legend

65 Breasted, Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt, p. 130. 

66 See terra-cotta image of pig marked with stars in Schliemann’s Troy and its Remains (translation by Smith, London, 1875), p. 232. 

67 Elliot Smith, The Evolution of the Dragon, p. 96. 

68 Laufer, Jade (for illustrations of tigers with thunder pattern), pp. 180–4. 

69 De Groot, Religious System of China, Vol. I, Book I, pp. 94 and 110; Book II, pp. 5 et seq. 

70 The Religious System of China, Book I, Vol. I, p. 226, n. 2. ↑ a b

71 De Groot, op. cit., Book I, p. 72. 

72 The Religious System of China, Book I, Vol. I, pp. 241 et seq. 

73 See references in Myths of Babylonia and Assyria, pp. 69, 70, and 70 n. 

74 Mrs. Bishop, Korea and Her Neighbours, Vol. II, pp. 84–5. 

75 The Evolution of the Dragon, p. 50. 

76 The Evolution of the Dragon, pp. 51–2. 

77 De Groot, op. cit., p. 396, and Elliot Smith, op. cit., p. 48, and n. 1. 

78 Breasted, Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt, p. 19. 

79 Biot, Vol. I, p. 125. 

80 Laufer, Jade, pp. 296 et seq. 

81 Ibid., p. 1. 

82 Ibid., p. 296. 

83 Breasted, Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt, p. 23. 

84 Laufer, Jade, p. 1. 

85 Legends of Babylonia and Egypt in relation to Hebrew Tradition (The Schweich Lectures), London, 1918, pp. 56 et seq. and pp. 88 et seq. 

86 The Babylonian Noah, who became an immortal and lived on an “Island of the Blest” and near the island on which were the Plant of Life and the Well of Life. 

87 Elliot Smith, The Evolution of the Dragon, p. 205. 

88 The Ascent of Olympus, pp. 120–1. 

89 History of the Rhinoceros in Chinese clay figures (Field Museum of Natural History, Publication 177), Chicago, 1914, pp. 73 et seq. 

90 Legge, The Chinese Classics, Vol. II, p. 281. 

91 Laufer, op. cit., pp. 160–1. 

92 Op. cit., p. 161. 

93 Legge, Sacred Books of the East, Vol. XXVII, p. 158, and Laufer, Chinese Clay Images, p. 172. 

94 Rhys David, Buddhism (London, 1903), p. 183. 

95 Laufer, op. cit., p. 138. 

96 Chinese Clay Images, pp. 150 et seq. 

97 Like the “golden sun”. 

98 Chinese Clay Images, pp. 152–3 and p. 153 n. 2. 

99 The Chinese Commercial Guide, p. 95 (Hong-Kong, 1863). 

100 Chinese Clay Images, p. 139. 

101 Ibid., p. 108. 

102 Referred to by the philosopher Wang Chʼung in his work Lun heng (A.D. 82 or 83), quoted by Laufer, op. cit., p. 171 n. 3. 

103 Schliemann’s Ilios, p. 242. 

104 Letter to the Times, 18th December, 1879. 

105 Laufer’s Jade, p. 2. 

106 Jade, pp. 4–5. 

107 Laufer’s Jade, p. 196. 

108 Ibid., pp. 186–9. 

109 Athenæus Deipnos, Book III, chap. xlvi; and Jackson, Shells as Evidence of the Migrations of Early Culture, p. 77. 

110 Like rhinoceros horn. 

111 Heber R. Bishop, Investigations and Studies in Jade (New York, 1906), Vol. I, p. 47; and A. Wylie, Notes on Chinese Literature (Shanghai, 1901), p. 194.