Fuchs, Leonhard, 1501-1566, Professor of medicine in the University of Tübingen from 1535 to 1566, author of De historia stirpium commentarii insignes.... Basileæ, 1542, fol., a work equally remarkable for the excellent woodcuts and the careful descriptions.
See pages 170. 429. 453. 456. 469. 652.
Galenos, Claudius Galenus Pergamenus, a.d. 131-200, a most distinguished medical writer, imperial physician at Rome. Many drugs and officinal plants are mentioned in his numerous works, which were held in the highest reputation during the middle ages.
See pages 35. 222. 268. 503. 519. 559. 609.
Garcia—See Orta.
Gerarde, John, 1545-1607, London, surgeon.—The Herball, or generall historie of plantes, 1597.
See pages 31. 71. 170. 218. 254. 268. 453. 459. 480. 486. 487. 537. 552. 568. 589. 611. 655. 661. 694. 700. 729.
Gesner, Conrad, 1516-1565, Zürich, the most learned naturalist of his time (See also Cordus).
See pages 299. 384. 390. 439. 456.
Helvetius, Jean-Claude-Adrien, 1661-1727, physician at Paris.
Hernandez, Francisco, physician to King Philip II. of Spain; he lived about the years 1561-1577 in Mexico.—Quatro libros de la naturaleza y virtutes de las plantas y animales que estan recevidos en el uso de medicina en la Nueva España.... Mexico, 1615.—We have only referred to Antonio Reccho’s translation: Nova plantarum, animalium et mineralium Mexicanorum Historia, rerum medicarum Novæ Hispaniæ Thesaurus. Romæ, 1651, fol. (first edition, 1628). Hernandez must not be confounded with G. Fernandez de Oviedo (See Fernandez).
Hildegardis, 1099-1179, the abbess of the Benedictine monastery St. Ruprechtsberg, near Bingen (“Pinguia”) on the Rhine. Her “Physica” one of the most interesting mediæval works of its kind, is contained in tom. cxcvii. (1855) 1117-1352 of J. P. Migne’s Patrologiæ cursus completus, under the name “Subtilitatum diversarum naturarum creaturarum.... Liber i. De Plantis.
See pages 305. 378. 476. 512. 551. 584.
Ibn Baitar—See Baitar.
Ibn Batuta—See Batuta.
Ibn Khordadbah—See Khurdadbah.
Idrisi—See Edrisi.
Isaac Judæus, or Abu Jaqûb Ishaq ..., an Egyptian Jew, living at Kâirowan, in Northern Africa, as a physician to the prince of the Aglabites; died about a.d. 932-941. See Choulant, Bücherkunde für die ältere Medicin, 1841, 347; also Meyer, Geschichte der Botanik, iii. 170.
Isidorus, Hispalensis, Bishop of Sevilla, about a.d. 595-636, author of a great cyclopœdia, Etymologiarum libri xx. We have referred to it in “Sancti Isidori Opera omnia,” in the vol. lxxxii. (1859) of J. P. Migne’s Patrologiæ cursus completus.
See pages 305. 380. 493. 529. 664.
Istachri, Abu Ishaq Alfarsi Alistachri (i.e. of Istachr, the ancient Persepolis, in the Persian province Fars). His geographical work has been translated (in the Transactions of the Academy of Ham) by Mordtmann: Das Buch der Länder von Schech Ebn Ishak el Farsi el Isztachri. Hamburg, 1845.
Kamel (or Camellus), George Joseph, born at Brünn, Moravia, a.d. 1661, a member of the company of Jesus a.d. 1682. By permission of his superiors, he left in 1688 for the Marianne islands and the Philippines. After having acquired a certain knowledge of botany and pharmacy, he established, at Manila, a pharmaceutical shop with the view of supplying medicaments gratis to the poor; he died there in 1706. Kamel communicated his botanical investigations to Ray and Petiver (see R.); consult also A. de Backer, Bibliothèque des Ecrivains de la compagnie de Jésus, iv. (Liége, 1858) 89.
Kämpfer, Engelbert. Born in 1651 at Lemgo, Westphalia; travelled as a physician in Persia (1683-1685), India, Java, Siam (1690), Japan (1690-1692); graduated in 1694 at Leiden, and died in 1716 at Lemgo. His work, Amœnitatum exoticarum fasciculi v., Lemgo, 1712, was intended as a specimen of more elaborate accounts of the various observations of the well-informed and zealous author. But only a History and description of Japan was published in German in 1777, by Dohm at Lemgo. Kämpfer’s unpublished manuscripts and collections were purchased, in 1753, by Sir Hans Sloane, for the British Museum.
See pages 20. 44. 167. 263. 272. 315. 512. 513. 527.
Kazwini, an Arabic geographer of the 13th century.—Ethé, Kazwini’s Kosmographie. Leipzig, 1869.
Khurdadbah or Ibn-Chordadbeh, engaged, towards the end of the 9th century, in the police and postal administration of Mesopotamia, and collecting informations about the products and tributes of the empire of the Khalifes. They are translated by Barbier du Meynard: Le livre des routes et des provinces, par Ibn Khordadbeh. Journal asiatique, v. (1865) 227-296 and 446-527.
See pages 282. 512. 518. 573. 577. 642.
Kosmas Alexandrinos Indikopleustes, a Greek merchant, a friend of Alexander Trallianus (p. 752), living in Egypt, travelling in India, and lastly, towards the middle of the 6th century, a monk. His monstrous work, Christiana topographia, contains, nevertheless, a small amount of valuable information. We referred to it as contained in Migne’s Patrologiæ cursus completus, series græca, t. lxxxviii. (1850) 374.
Lefebvre or Le Fèbre, Nicolas, 16..-1674, Paris (partly also London), “Apoticaire ordinaire du Roy, distillateur chymique de sa Majesté”—Traité de la Chymie, Paris, i. (1660) 375-377.
Liber pontificalis seu de gestis Romanorum pontificum. Romæ, 1724 (edition of Vignolius). A new edition will be brought out in the Monumenta Germaniæ.
Macer Floridus, wrote, a.d. 1140, the book De viribus herbarum. The editio princeps was printed a.d. 1487 in Naples; the best edition is that of Choulant, Leipzig, 1832 (140 pages). Nothing exact is known about that author himself.
Marcellus Empiricus, a high functionary of the two emperors Theodosius, towards the end of the 4th and in the beginning of the 5th centuries.—De medicamentis empiricis, physicis ac rationalibus liber. Basileæ, 1536.
Marcgraf, Georg, 1610-1644, astronomer and geographer to Count Johann Moriz von Nassau. See Piso.
Masudi, or Almasudi, Maçoudi a.d. 900-958. Born at Bagdad, travelled in Arabia, India, and in the East of Africa. One of the distinguished geographic writers of the Arabs. His works are being published by the Société asiatique of Paris: Les Prairies d’Or, texte et traduction par Barbier de Meynard et Pavet de Courteille, 8 vols., 1869-1873 (in continuation).
See pages 503. 573. 584. 600. 680.
Mattioli, Pierandrea. Born in 1501 at Siena; living as a physician at Trento, Görz, Prag; died a.d. 1577. There are many editions of his chief work, Commentarii in sex libros Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazarbei de medica materia. The first, in Italian, was published in 1544 at Venice.
See pages 32. 147. 183. 390. 439. 456. 609. 650.
Meddygon Myddvai—See Physicians.
Mesuë, the younger. Jahjâ ben Mâsaweih ben Ahmed.... Born at Maredin, Kurdistan, physician to the Khalif Alhakem at Cairo; died a.d. 1015.
Monardes, Nicolás, 1493-1588, physician at Sevilla.—Historia medicinal de las cosas que se traen de nuestras Indias occidentales, que sirven en medicina. Sevilla, 1569. Latin edition by Clusius, De simplicibus medicamentis ex occidentali India delatis, quorum in medicina usus est. Antwerp. 1574. See Hanbury’s appreciation of the book: Pharm. Journ. i. (1870) 298.
See pages 148. 202. 206. 443. 466. 534. 537. 697. 705.
Mutis, José Celestino, 1732-1808; 1760, physician to the viceroy of New Granada; 1782, in charge of an “expedicion real botanica” of that country. See Triana’s work, quoted at page 369. Triana much reduces, apparently with good reason, the merits of Mutis, which would appear to have been overrated by Humboldt.
Nikandros Kolophonios, of Klaros, near Kolophon in Ionia, in the 2nd century b.c. Physician and poet.
See page 6.
Nostredame, Michel de. Born 1503 at Saint-Remi, Provence. Physician and astrologer at Aix and Lyons; died a.d. 1566 at Salon, Provence.
See page 405.
Oribasios Pergamenos, a friend and physician to the emperor Julianus Apostata, 4th century. We referred chiefly to Bussemaker et Daremberg, Oeuvres complètes d’Oribasius, 6 vols., 1851-1876.
Orta, Garcia de, or Garcia ab Horto. (Years of birth and death unknown.) He was a student of medicine and natural sciences in the Universities of Salamanca and Alcalá, and a teacher and physician in the University of Coimbra (or Lissabon?). In 1534 Garcia accompanied Martim Affonso de Souza, grand admiral of the Indian fleet, to Goa, and lived there as a royal physician (Physico d’El Rey) to the hospital. Garcia appears to have been still living there in 1562, when he obtained the vice-regal privilege for his book “Coloquios dos simples e drogas he cousas mediçinais da India, e assi dalguãs frutas achadas nella ande se tratam.... Impresso em Goa, por Joannes de endem as x de Abril de 1563,” 436 pp., 4°. (British Museum).—F. A. von Varnhagen has caused the Coloquios to be reprinted in 1872 at Lisbon. Garcia de Orta’s Coloquios are, notwithstanding the utterly diffused style of the work, a precious source of information on eastern drugs. They had the good chance to be translated, as early as the year 1567, by Clusius, who omitted the insignificant parts of the book, re-arranged it conveniently, and added valuable notes. See Flückiger in Buchner’s Repertorium für Pharmacie, xxv. (1876) 63-69.
See pages 43. 86. 130. 154. 200. 225. 241. 272. 405. 415. 429. 462. 512. 521. 527. 547. 585. 638. 644. 712.
Oviedo, Capitan Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo y Valdés—See Fernandez.
Palladius, Rutilius Taurus Aemilianus, an agricultural author of the 4th or 5th century of our era, living probably in northern Italy. We have chiefly referred to Nisard’s edition of the fourteen books of Palladius “De re rustica,” which is contained in Firmin Didot’s “Les Agronomes latins,” Paris, 1877.
See page 328.
Parkinson, John, 1567-1629 (?), an apothecary of London, and director of the Royal Gardens at Hampton Court. Theatrum botanicum, or an herball of large extent.... London, 1640. fol.
See pages 84. 189. 287. 429. 469. 470. 500. 556. 589. 616. 623. 648. 698. 731.
Paulus Ægineta (Paulos Aiginetes), a physician of the first half of the 7th century of our era, who appears to have lived for some time at Alexandria. Author of “seven books” on medicine, which have been first published, in Greek, in 1528 at Venice, and, in Latin, in 1532 at Paris, translated by Winter (Guinterus) of Andernach: Compendii medici libri septem. We have also referred to the translation of Adams.
See pages 3. 35. 175. 183. 271. 281. 559. 563.
Pavon, José, a Spanish botanist, who explored in common with Ruiz the flora of Peru. Biographic particulars about Pavon are wanting even in Colmeiro’s La botánica y los botánicos de la peninsula Hispano-Lusitana, Madrid, 1858. 181.
Paxi or Pasi, Bartolomeo di; the author of a curious book giving practical information about the weights and measures in use in various countries. There are many editions, the first of which, as examined in 1876 by one of us (F. A. F..) in the library of San Marco, Venice, is found to bear the following title:—“Qui comincia la utilissima opera chiamata Taripha, la qvol tracta de ogni sorte de pexi e misure conrispondenti per tuto il mondo fata e composta per lo excelente e eximio Miser Bartholomeo di Paxi da Venezia. Stampado in uenezia per Albertin da lisona uercellese regnante l inclyto principe miser Leonardo Loredano. Anno domini 1503. A di 26 del mese de luio.”
Peres—See Pires.
Periplus Maris Erythræi, a survey of the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean as far as the coast of Malabar. In his interesting account, written about between a.d. 54 and 68, the author, commonly called Arrian of Alexandria, gives a list of imports and exports of the various places which he had visited or of which he had good informations. See Vincent, Commerce and Navigation of the Ancients, etc. London, vol. i. (1800), ii. (1805); also C. Müller, Geographi græci minores, i. (Paris, 1855) 257-305. Anonymi (Arriani ut fertur) Periplus maris erythræi.
See pages 35. 142. 272. 493. 520. 529. 577. 599. 664. 675. 680. 715.
Physicians of Myddvai (Meddygon Myddfai). Rhys Gryg (i.e. the Hoarse), prince of South Wales (died in 1233 at Llandeilo Vawr), had his domestic physician, namely Rhiwallon, who was assisted by his three sons Cadwgan, Gruffydd, Einion, from a place called Myddvai, in the present county of Caermarthen. They made a collection of recipes, the original manuscript of which is in the British Museum. Another collection has been compiled, from the original sources, by Howel the Physician, son of Rhys, son of Llewelyn, son of Philip the Physician, a lineal descendant of Einion, the son of Rhiwallon. Both these compilations have been published at Llandovery in 1861, together with a translation, by John Pughe, under the above title (470 pp.)
See pages 6. 40. 65. 71. 141. 157. 161. 170. 180. 299. 305. 310. 316. 334. 380. 383. 393. 401. 450. 464. 469. 476. 488. 556. 625. 635. 642. 652.
Pires, Tomé (or Pyres, Pirez, as he also writes his name himself), a Portuguese apothecary. He was the first ambassador sent, probably in 1511, from Europe, or at least from Portugal, to China. Pires addressed, in 1512-1516, several letters from Cochin and Malacca to the Admiral Affonso d’Albuquerque and to King Manuel of Portugal. One of them, written January 27, 1516, from Cochin to the King, enumerates many drugs which were to be met with in that place—“dando l-lhe noticias das drogas da India,” says the writer. This letter, still existing in the Real y Nacional Archivo da Torre do Tombo (corpo chronologico, part i. fasc. 19, No. 102), was communicated in 1838 by Bishop Condo Don Francisco de San Luiz to the Portuguese Pharmaceutical Society, and published in their “Jornal de Socied. Pharm. Lusit. ii. (1838) 36.” It will also be found in the pamphlet[2785] “Elogio historico e noticia completa de Thomé Pires, pharmaceutico e primeiro naturalista da India; e o primeiro embaixador europeo a China. Memoria publicada na Gazeta de Pharmacia por Pedro José da Silva.” ... Lisboa, 1866. 47 pp. (“y 22 fac simile de sua signatura”). We had, moreover, before us an authentic copy of the letter under notice, obligingly written 1st December, 1869, for one of us by Senhor Joaquim Urbano de Veiga, the Secretary of the Sociedad Pharmaceutica Lusitana. According to Colmeiro, La Botánica y los Botánicos de la Peninsula Hispano-Lusitana, Madrid, 1858. 148, Peres was attached to the factory of Malacca as a “scribano” (secretary?) and “por tener conocimientos farmacéuticos,” and was sent to China, with the character of an ambassador, in order to examine more freely the plants. He was imprisoned, says Colmeiro, at Pekin, and there died soon after 1521 in prison. Yet Abel Rémusat, in the 34th volume of the “Biographie universelle” (1823), p. 498, and also in his “Nouveaux mélanges asiatiques” ii. (1828) 203, states that Pires proceeded first to Canton, and reached Pekin in 1521. From this place he was sent to Canton and imprisoned for many years from political causes. He was still living in 1543.
Piso, Willem. The Dutch, having conquered in 1630 from the Spanish the north-eastern part of the Brazilian coast, between Natal and Porto Calvo, Count Johann Moriz von Nassau-Siegen was appointed, in 1636, Governor-General of these possessions. He left them in 1644; the history of his reign is contained in the work of Barlæus, Rerum per Octoennium ... gestarum ... historia, Amstelodami, 1647. The Count had also instituted a scientific exploration of the environs of Pernambuco (or Recife), his residence, by his physician Piso and Marcgraf, the friend of the latter (see M.), who lived also at the Count’s court. They devoted several years (from 1638 to 1641) zealously to their task. The results of their investigations are found in—(1) Historia naturalis Brasiliæ, published by Joh. de Laet, Lugd. Bat., 1643. (2) Pisonis de medicina brasiliensi libri iv., et G. Marcgravii historiæ rerum naturalium Brasiliæ libri viii. Lugd. Bat., 1648. (3) Pisonis de utriusque Indiæ historia naturali et medica libri xiv. Amstelodami, 1658.
See pages 27. 113. 114. 130. 152. 211. 228. 371. 591.
Platearius, Matthæus, one of the most distinguished writers of the famous medical school of Salerno, about the middle of the 12th century. He compiled the remarkable dictionary of drugs, “Liber de simplici medicina,” which was extremely appreciated during the next centuries, and even reprinted as late as the beginning of the 17th century. The work begins with a definition of the signification of the term Simplex medicina; it is in these words: Circa instans negotium de simplicibus medicinis nostrum versatur propositum. Simplex autem medicina est, quæ talis est, qualis a natura producitur: ut gariofilus, nux muscata et similia.... The work of Platearius is therefore usually quoted under the name Circa instans. The list of the 273 drugs enumerated in “Circa instans” will be found in Choulant (l.c. at p. 751), p. 298. We have referred to “Circa instans” as contained in the volumes—Dispensarium magistri Nicolai præpositi ad aromatarios, Lugduni, 1517, or Practica Jo. Serapionis, Lugd. 1525.
Plinius (Cajus Plinius Secundus), a.d. 23-79, the well-known author of the “Naturalis historiæ libri xxxvii.” We have particularly used Littré’s translation, “Histoire naturelle de Pline,” published in 2 vols. by Firmin Didot, Paris, 1877.
See pages 6. 35. 43. 97. 147. 161. 179. 234. 276. 281. 291. 305. 310. 325. 329. 333. 377. 434. 439. 474. 486. 488. 493. 503. 519. 529. 543. 556. 558. 576. 595. 609. 627. 644. 661. 664. 672. 677. 680. 729. 733.
Plukenet, Leonard, 1642-1706, physician, director of the Royal gardens, London; collector of a large herbarium still existing in the British Museum.
See page 16.
Polo, Marco, a noble Venetian, the most famous among mediæval travellers. He spent 25 years, from 1271 to 1295, in Asia, chiefly in China. The account of his travels was written, in French, in 1298, by Rusticiano of Pisa, and published since in numerous translations and abstracts. We have chiefly referred to the two following excellent works: (1) Pauthier. Le livre de Marco Polo, publié pour la première fois d’après trois manuscrits inédits de la Bibliothèque impériale de Paris, 1865. (2) Yule. The book of Ser Marco Polo the Venetian, concerning the kingdom and marvels of the East, with notes and illustrations. 2 vols. London, 1871, second edition 1874.
See pages 200. 282. 494. 510. 512. 520. 584. 636. 717.
Pomet, Pierre, “marchand épicier et droguiste à Paris, rue des Lombards, à la Barbe d’Or.”—Histoire générale des drogues, 1694, fol. 528 pages, 400 engravings. There are later editions in 2 vols., 4°; that of 1735 by the author’s son, an “apotiquaire” at St. Denis. See Hanbury’s appreciation of the book, Pharm. Journ. i. (1870) 298.
See pages 21. 26. 73. 118. 126. 148. 260. 263. 479. 617. 623. 648. 657.