Hertha and Herta, a goddess among the Germans, supposed to be the same as the earth. She had a temple and a chariot dedicated to her service in a remote island, and was supposed to visit the earth at stated times, when her coming was celebrated with the greatest rejoicings and festivity. Tacitus, Germania.

Herŭli, a savage nation in the northern parts of Europe, who attacked the Roman power in its decline.

Hesænus, a mountain near Pæonia.

Hēsiŏdus, a celebrated poet, born at Ascra in Bœotia. His father’s name was Dius, and his mother’s Pycimede. He lived in the age of Homer, and even obtained a poetical prize in competition with him, according to Varro and Plutarch. Quintilian, Philostratus, and others maintain that Hesiod lived before the age of Homer; but Velleius Paterculus and others support that he flourished about 100 years after him. Hesiod is the first who wrote a poem on agriculture. This composition is called The Works and the Days; and besides the instructions which are given to the cultivator of the field, the reader is pleased to find many moral reflections worthy of a refined Socrates or a Plato. His Theogony is a miscellaneous narration executed without art, precision, choice, judgment, or connection, yet it is the more valuable for the faithful account it gives of the gods of antiquity. His Shield of Hercules is but a fragment of a larger poem, in which it is supposed he gave an account of the most celebrated heroines among the ancients. Hesiod, without being master of the fire and sublimity of Homer, is admired for the elegance of his diction, and the sweetness of his poetry. Besides these poems he wrote others, now lost. Pausanias says that, in his age, Hesiod’s verses were still written on tablets in the temple of the Muses, of which the poet was a priest. If we believe Clement of Alexandria, bk. 6, Stromateis, the poet borrowed much from Musæus. One of Lucian’s dialogues bears the name of Hesiod, and in it the poet is introduced as speaking of himself. Virgil, in his Georgics, has imitated the compositions of Hesiod, and taken his opera and dies for model, as he acknowledges. Cicero strongly commends him, and the Greeks were so partial to his poetry and moral instructions, that they ordered their children to learn all by heart. Hesiod was murdered by the sons of Ganyctor of Naupactum, and his body was thrown into the sea. Some dolphins brought back the body to the shore, which was immediately known, and the murderers were discovered by the poet’s dogs, and thrown into the sea. If Hesiod flourished in the age of Homer, he lived 907 B.C. The best editions of this poet are that of Robinson, 4to, Oxford, 1737; that of Loesner, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1778; and that of Parma, 4to, 1785. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 6, ltr. 18.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 3, &c.—Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.—Paterculus.—Varro.—Plutarch, Septem Sapientium Convivium, & De Sollertia Animalium.

Hēsiŏne, a daughter of Laomedon king of Troy, by Strymo the daughter of Scamander. It fell to her lot to be exposed to a sea monster, to whom the Trojans yearly presented a marriageable virgin, to appease the resentment of Apollo and Neptune, whom ♦Laomedon had offended; but Hercules promised to deliver her, provided he received as a reward six beautiful horses. Laomedon consented, and Hercules attacked the monster just as he was going to devour Hesione, and he killed him with his club. Laomedon, however, refused to reward the hero’s services; and Hercules, incensed at his treachery, besieged Troy, and put the king and all his family to the sword, except Podarces, or Priam, who had advised his father to give the promised horses to his sister’s deliverer. The conqueror gave Hesione in marriage to his friend Telamon, who had assisted him during the war, and he established Priam upon his father’s throne. The removal of Hesione to Greece proved at last fatal to the Trojans; and Priam, remembering with indignation that his sister had been forcibly given to a foreigner, sent his son Paris to Greece to reclaim the possessions of Hesione, or more probably to revenge his injuries upon the Greeks by carrying away Helen, which gave rise, soon after, to the Trojan war. Lycophron mentions that Hercules threw himself, armed from head to foot, into the mouth of the monster to which Hesione was exposed, and that he tore his belly to pieces, and came out safe only with the loss of his hair, after a confinement of three days. Homer, Iliad, bk. 5, li. 638.—Diodorus, bk. 4.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5, &c.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, li. 212.——The wife of Nauplius.

♦ ‘Lamedon’ replaced with ‘Laomedon’

Hespĕria, a large island of Africa, once the residence of the Amazons. Diodorus, bk. 3.——A name common to both Italy and Spain. It is derived from Hesper or Vesper, the setting sun, or the evening, whence the Greeks called Italy Hesperia, because it was situate at the setting sun, or in the west. The same name, for similar reasons, was applied to Spain by the Latins. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 634, &c.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 34, li. 4; bk. 1, ode 27, li. 28.—Silius Italicus, bk. 7, li. 15.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, li. 258.——A daughter of the Cebrenus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, li. 759.

Hespĕrĭdes, three celebrated nymphs, daughters of Hesperus. Apollodorus mentions four, Ægle, Erythia, Vesta, and Arethusa; and Diodorus confounds them with the Atlantides, and supposes that they were the same number. They were appointed to guard the golden apples which Juno gave to Jupiter on the day of their nuptials; and the place of their residence, placed beyond the ocean by Hesiod, is more universally believed to be near mount Atlas in Africa, according to Apollodorus. This celebrated place or garden abounded with fruits of the most delicious kind, and was carefully guarded by a dreadful dragon, which never slept. It was one of the labours of Hercules to procure some of the golden apples of the Hesperides. The hero, ignorant of the situation of this celebrated garden, applied to the nymphs in the neighbourhood of the Po for information, and was told that Nereus the god of the sea, if properly managed [See: Nereus], would direct him in his pursuits. Hercules seized Nereus as he was asleep, and the sea god, unable to escape from his grasp, answered all the questions which he proposed. Some say that Nereus sent Hercules to Prometheus, and that from him he received all his information. When Hercules came into Africa, he repaired to Atlas, and demanded of him three of the golden apples. Atlas unloaded himself and placed the burden of the heavens on the shoulders of Hercules, while he went in quest of the apples. At his return Hercules expressed his wish to ease the burden by putting something on his head, and when Atlas assisted him to remove his inconvenience, Hercules artfully left the burden, and seized the apples, which Atlas had thrown on the ground. According to other accounts, Hercules gathered the apples himself, without the assistance of Atlas, and he previously killed the watchful dragon which kept the tree. These apples were brought to Eurystheus, and afterwards carried back by Minerva into the garden of the Hesperides, as they could be preserved in no other place. Hercules is sometimes represented gathering the apples, and the dragon which guarded the tree appears bowing down his head, as having received a mortal wound. This monster, as it is supposed, was the offspring of Typhon, and it had 100 heads and as many voices. This number, however, is reduced by some to only one head. Those that attempt to explain mythology, observe that the Hesperides were certain persons who had an immense number of flocks, and that the ambiguous word μηλον, which signifies an apple and a sheep, gave rise to the fable of the golden apples of the Hesperides. Diodorus, bk. 4.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 637, &c.; bk. 9, li. 90.—Hyginus, fable 30.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5.—Hesiod, Theogony, li. 215, &c.

Hespĕris. See: Hesperus.——A town of Cyrenaica, now Bernic or Bengazi, where most authors have placed the garden of the Hesperides.

Hesperītis, a country of Africa. Diodorus, bk. 4.

Hespĕrus, a son of Japetus, brother to Atlas. He came to Italy, and the country received the name of Hesperia from him, according to some accounts. He had a daughter called Hesperis, who married Atlas, and became mother of seven daughters, called Atlantides or Hesperides. Diodorus, bk. 4.——The name of Hesperus was also applied to the planet Venus, when it appeared after the setting of the sun. It was called Phosphorus or Lucifer when it preceded the sun. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 2, ch. 2.—Seneca, de Hippolytus, li. 749; Medea, li. 71.

Hestia, one of the Hesperides. Apollodorus.

Hestiæa, a town of Eubœa.

Hesus, a deity among the Gauls, the same as the Mars of the Romans. Lucan, bk. 1, li. 445.

Hesychia, a daughter of Thespius. Apollodorus.

Hesychius, the author of a Greek lexicon in the beginning of the third century, a valuable work which has been learnedly edited by Albert, 2 vols., folio, Leiden, 1746.

Hetricŭlum, now Latarico, a town in the country of the Brutii. Livy, bk. 30, ch. 19.

Hetrūria and Etruria, a celebrated country of Italy, at the west of the Tiber. It originally contained 12 different nations, which had each their respective monarch, called Lucumon. Their names were Veientes, Clusini, Perusini, Cortonenses, Arretini, Vetuloni, Volaterrani, Rusellani, Volscinii, Tarquinii, Falisci, and Cæretani. The inhabitants were particularly famous for their superstition, and great confidence in omens, dreams, auguries, &c. They all proved powerful and resolute enemies to the rising empire of the Romans, and were conquered only after much effusion of blood. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 5.—Strabo, bk. 5.—Plutarch, Romulus.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.

Heurippa, a surname of Diana.

Hexapy̆lum, a gate at Syracuse. The adjoining place of the city, or the wall, bore the same name. Diodorus, bks. 11 & 14.—Livy, bk. 24, ch. 21; bk. 25, ch. 24; bk. 32, ch. 39.

Hiarbas, or Iarbas, a king of Gætulia. See: Iarbas.

Hiber, a name applied to a Spaniard, as living near the river Hiberus or Iberus. See: Iberus.

Hibernia and Hybernia, a large island at the west of Britain, now called Ireland. Some of the ancients have called it Ibernia, Juverna, Iris, Hierna, Ogygia, Ivernia. Juvenal, satire 2, li. 160.—Strabo, bk. 4.—Orpheus.—Aristotle.

Hibrildes, an Athenian general. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 7.

Hicetāon, a son of Laomedon, brother to Priam and father of Menalippus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 3.——The father of Thymœtes, who came to Italy with Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 133.

Hicētas, a philosopher of Syracuse, who believed that the earth moved, and that all the heavenly bodies were stationary. Diogenes Laërtius, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers.——A tyrant of Syracuse. See: Icetas.

Hiempsal, a king of Numidia, &c. See: Hyempsal. Plutarch.

Hiera, a woman who married Telephus king of Mysia, and who was said to surpass Helen in beauty.——The mother of Pandarus and Bitias by Alcanor. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 673.——One of the Lipari islands, called also Theresia, now Vulcano. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 11.

Hierapŏlis, a town of Syria, near the Euphrates.——Another of Phrygia, famous for hot baths, now Bambukkalasi.——Another of Crete.

Hiĕrax, a youth who awoke Argus, to inform him that Mercury was stealing Io. Mercury killed him, and changed him into a bird of prey. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 2.——Antiochus, king of Syria and brother to Seleucus, received the surname of Hierax. Justin, bk. 37, ch. 3.——An Egyptian philosopher in the third century.

Hierĭchus (untis), the name of Jericho in the Holy Land, called the city of palm trees, from its abounding in dates. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 14.—Tacitus, Histories, bk. 5, ch. 6.

Hiĕro I., a king of Syracuse, after his brother Gelon, who rendered himself odious in the beginning of his reign by his cruelty and avarice. He made war against Theron the tyrant of Agrigentum, and took Himera. He obtained three different crowns at the Olympic games, two in horse-races, and one at a chariot-race. Pindar has celebrated him as being victorious at Olympia. In the latter part of his reign the conversation of Simonides, Epicharmus, Pindar, &c., softened in some measure the roughness of his morals and the severity of his government, and rendered him the patron of learning, genius, and merit. He died, after a reign of 18 years, B.C. 467, leaving the crown to his brother Thrasybulus, who disgraced himself by his vices and tyranny. Diodorus, bk. 11.——The second of that name, king of Syracuse, was descended from Gelon. He was unanimously elected king by all the states of the island of Sicily, and appointed to carry on the war against the Carthaginians. He joined his enemies in besieging Messana, which had surrendered to the Romans, but he was beaten by Appius Claudius the Roman consul, and obliged to retire to Syracuse, where he was soon blocked up. Seeing all hopes of victory lost, he made peace with the Romans, and proved so faithful to his engagements during the 59 years of his reign, that the Romans never had a more firm or more attached ally. He died in the 94th year of his age, about 225 years B.C. He was universally regretted, and all the Sicilians showed by their lamentations that they had lost a common father and a friend. He liberally patronized the learned, and employed the talents of Archimedes for the good of his country. He wrote a book on agriculture, now lost. He was succeeded by Hieronymus. Ælian, Varia Historia, bks. 4, 8.—Justin, bk. 23, ch. 4.—Florus, bk. 2, ch. 2.—Livy, bk. 16.——An Athenian, intimate with Nicias the general. Plutarch, Nicias.——A Parthian, &c. Tacitus.

Hierocæsarea, a town of Lydia. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 2, ch. 47; bk. 3, ch. 62.

Hierocepia, an island near Paphos in Cyprus.

Hierŏcles, a persecutor of the christians under Diocletian, who pretended to find inconsistencies in Scripture, and preferred the miracles of Thyaneus to those of Christ. His writings were refuted by Lactantius and Eusebius.——A Platonic philosopher, who taught at Alexandria, and wrote a book on providence and fate, fragments of which are preserved by Photius; a commentary on the golden verses of Pythagoras; and facetious moral verses. He flourished A.D. 485. The best edition is that of Asheton and Warren, 8vo, London, 1742.——A general in the interest of Demetrius. Polyænus, bk. 5.——A governor of Bithynia and Alexandria, under Diocletian.——An officer. See: Heliogabalus.

Hierodūlum, a town of Libya.

Hieronĭca lex, by Hiero tyrant of Sicily, to settle the quantity of corn, the price and time of receiving it, between the farmers of Sicily and the collector of the corn tax at Rome. This law, on account of its justice and candour, was continued by the Romans when they became masters of Sicily.

Hierony̆mus, a tyrant of Sicily, who succeeded his father or grandfather Hiero, when only 15 years old. He rendered himself odious by his cruelty, oppression, and debauchery. He abjured the alliance of Rome, which Hiero had observed with so much honour and advantage. He was assassinated, and all his family was overwhelmed in his fall, and totally extirpated, B.C. 214.——An historian of Rhodes, who wrote an account of the actions of Demetrius Poliorcetes, by whom he was appointed over Bœotia, B.C. 254. Plutarch, Demetrius.——An Athenian set over the fleet, while Conon went to the king of Persia.——A christian writer commonly called St. Jerome, born in Pannonia, and distinguished for his zeal against heretics. He wrote commentaries on the prophets, St. Matthew’s gospel, &c., a Latin version known by the name of Vulgate, polemical treatises, and an account of ecclesiastical writers before him. Of his works, which are replete with lively animation, sublimity, and erudition, the best edition is that of Vallersius, folio, Veronæ, 1734 to 1740, 10 vols. Jerome died A.D. 420, in his 91st year.

Hierophĭlus, a Greek physician. He instructed his daughter Agnodice in the art of midwifery, &c. See: Agnodice.

Hierosoly̆ma, a celebrated city of Palestine, the capital of Judæa, taken by Pompey, who, on that account, is surnamed Hierosolymarius. Titus also took it and destroyed it, the 8th of September, A.D. 70, according to Josephus, 2177 years after its foundation. In the siege by Titus, 110,000 persons are said to have perished, and 97,000 to have been made prisoners, and afterwards either sold for slaves, or wantonly exposed, for the sport of their insolent victors, to the fury of wild beasts. Josephus, War of the Jews, bk. 7, ch. 16, &c.—Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 2, ltr. 2.—Flaccus, bk. 28.

Hignatia via, a large road, which led from the Ionian sea to the Hellespont, across Macedonia, about 530 miles. Strabo, bk. 7.

Hilaria, a daughter of Leucippus and Philodice. As she and her sister Phœbe were going to marry their cousins Lynceus and Idas, they were carried away by Castor and Pollux, who married them. Hilaria had Anagon by Castor, and she, as well as her sister, obtained after death the honours which were generally paid to heroes. Apollodorus, bk. 3.—Propertius, bk. 1, poem 2, li. 16.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 22; bk. 3, ch. 19.——Festivals at Rome in honour of the mother of the gods.

Hilarius, a bishop of Poictiers in France, who wrote several treatises, the most famous of which is on the Trinity, in 12 books. The only edition is that of the Benedictine monks, folio, Paris, 1693. Hilary died A.D. 372, in his 80th year.

Hilleviōnes, a people of Scandinavia. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 13.

Himella, now Aia, a small river in the country of the Sabines. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 714.

Himĕra, a city of Sicily built by the people of Zancle, and destroyed by the Carthaginians 240 years after. Strabo, bk. 6.——There were two rivers of Sicily of the same name, the one, now Fiumi de Termini, falling at the east of Panormus into the Tuscan sea, with a town of the same name at its mouth, and also celebrated baths. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 4, ch. 33. The other, now Fiume Salso, running in a southern direction, and dividing the island in almost two parts. Livy, bk. 24, ch. 6; bk. 25, ch. 49.——The ancient name of the Eurotas. Strabo, bk. 6.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Polybius.

Himilco, a Carthaginian sent to explore the western parts of Europe. Festus Avienius.——A son of Amilcar, who succeeded his father in the command of the Carthaginian armies in Sicily. He died with his army by a plague, B.C. 398. Justin, bk. 19, ch. 2.

Hippagŏras, a man who wrote an account of the republic of Carthage. Athenæus, bk. 14.

Hippalcimus, a son of Pelops and Hippodamia, who was among the Argonauts.

Hippalus, the first who sailed in open sea from Arabia to India. Arrian, Periplus Ponti Euxini.

Hipparchia, a woman in Alexander’s age, who became enamoured of Crates the Cynic philosopher, because she heard him discourse. She married him, though he at first disdained her addresses, and represented his poverty and meanness. She was so attached to him that she was his constant companion, and was not ashamed publicly to gratify his impurest desires. She wrote some things, now lost. See: Crates. Diogenes Laërtius, bk. 6.—Suidas.

Hipparchus, a son of Pisistratus, who succeeded his father as tyrant of Athens, with his brother Hippias. He patronized some of the learned men of the age, and distinguished himself by his fondness for literature. The seduction of a sister of Harmodius raised him many enemies, and he was at last assassinated by a desperate band of conspirators, with Harmodius and Aristogiton at their head, 513 years before Christ. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 8, ch. 2.——One of Antony’s freedmen.——The first person who was banished by ostracism at Athens.——The father of Asclepiades.——A mathematician and astronomer of Nicæa. He first discovered that the interval between the vernal and the autumnal equinox is 186 days, seven days longer than between the autumnal and vernal, occasioned by the eccentricity of the earth’s orbit. He divided the heavens into 49 constellations, 12 in the ecliptic, 21 in the northern, and 16 in the southern hemisphere, and gave names to all the stars. He makes no mention of comets. From viewing a tree on a plain from different situations, which changed its apparent position, he was led to the discovery of the parallax of the planets, or the distance between their real or apparent position, viewed from the centre and from the surface of the earth. He determined the longitude and latitude, and fixed the first degree of longitude at the Canaries. He likewise laid the first foundations of trigonometry, so essential to facilitate astronomical studies. He was the first who, after Thales and Sulpicius Gallus, found out the exact time of eclipses, of which he made a calculation for 600 years. After a life of labour in the service of science and astronomy, and after publishing several treatises and valuable observations on the appearance of the heavens, he died 125 years before the christian era. Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 26, &c.——An Athenian who conspired against Heraclides, who kept Athens for Demetrius, &c. Polyænus, bk. 5.

Hipparīnus, a son of Dionysius, who ejected Calippus from Syracuse, and seized the sovereign power for 27 years. Polyænus, bk. 5.——The father of Dion.

Hippărion, one of Dion’s sons.

Hippăsus, a son of Ceyx, who assisted Hercules against Eurytus. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.——A pupil of Pythagoras, born at Metapontum. He supposed that everything was produced from fire. Diogenes Laërtius.——A centaur killed at the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 352.——An illegitimate son of Priam. Hyginus, fable 90.

Hippeus, a son of Hercules by Procis, eldest of the 50 daughters of Thestius. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.

Hippi, four small islands near Erythræ.

Hippia, a lascivious woman, &c. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 82.——A surname of Minerva, and also of Juno. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 15.

Hippias, a philosopher of Elis, who maintained that virtue consisted in not being in want of the assistance of men. At the Olympic games, he boasted that he was master of all the liberal and mechanical arts; and he said that the ring upon his finger, the tunic, cloak, and shoes, which he then wore, were all the work of his own hands. Cicero, On Oratory, bk. 3, ch. 32.——A son of Pisistratus, who became tyrant of Athens after the death of his father, with his brother Hipparchus. He was willing to revenge the death of his brother, who had been assassinated, and for this violent measure he was driven from his country. He fled to king Darius in Persia, and was killed at the battle of Marathon, fighting against the Athenians, B.C. 490. He had five children by Myrrhine the daughter of Callias. Herodotus, bk. 6.—Thucydides, bk. 7.

Hippis, an historian and poet of Rhegium, in the reign of Xerxes. Ælian, De Natura Animalium, bk. 8, ch. 33.

Hippius, a surname of Neptune, from his having raised a horse (ἱππος) from the earth in his contest with Minerva concerning the giving a name to Athens.

Hippo, a daughter of Scedasus, who, upon being ravished by the ambassadors of Sparta, killed herself, cursing the city that gave birth to such men. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 13.——A celebrated town of Africa, on the Mediterranean. Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 252.——Strabo, bk. 17, says that there are two of the same name in Africa, one of which, by way of distinction, is called Regius. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 3; bk. 9, ch. 8.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 7.—Livy, bk. 29, chs. 3 & 32.——Also a town of Spain. Livy, bk. 39, ch. 30.——Of the Brutii.

Hippobotes, a large meadow near the Caspian sea, where 50,000 horses could graze.

Hippobotus, a Greek historian, who composed a treatise on philosophers. Diogenes Laërtius, Pythagoras.

Hippocentauri, a race of monsters who dwelt in Thessaly. See: Centauri.

Hippocoon, a son of Œbalus, brother to Tyndarus. He was put to death by Hercules, because he had driven his brother from the kingdom of Lacedæmon. He was at the chase of the Calydonian boar. Diodorus, bk. 4.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, &c.; bk. 3, ch. 10.—Pausanias, Laconia.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 314.——A friend of Æneas, son of Hyrtacus, who distinguished himself in the funeral games of Sicily. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 492, &c.

Hippocorystes, a son of Ægyptus,——of Hippocoon. Apollodorus.

Hippocrăte, a daughter of Thespius. Apollodorus.

Hippŏcrătes, a celebrated physician of Cos, one of the Cyclades. He studied physic, in which his grandfather Nebrus was so eminently distinguished; and he improved himself by reading the tablets in the temples of the gods, where each individual had written down the diseases under which he had laboured, and the means by which he had recovered. He delivered Athens from a dreadful pestilence in the beginning of the Peloponnesian war, and he was publicly rewarded with a golden crown, the privileges of a citizen of Athens, and the initiation at the grand festivals. Skilful and diligent in his profession, he openly declared the measures which he had taken to cure a disease, and candidly confesses, that of 42 patients which were entrusted to his care, only 17 had recovered, and the rest had fallen a prey to the distemper in spite of his medical applications. He devoted all his time for the service of his country; and when Artaxerxes invited him, even by force of arms, to come to his court, Hippocrates firmly and modestly answered, that he was born to serve his countrymen, and not a foreigner. He enjoyed the rewards which his well-directed labours claimed, and while he lived in the greatest popularity, he was carefully employed in observing the symptoms and the growth of every disorder, and from his judicious remarks, succeeding physicians have received the most valuable advantages. The experiments which he had tried upon the human frame increased his knowledge, and from his consummate observations, he knew how to moderate his own life as well as to prescribe to others. He died in the 99th year of his age, B.C. 361, free from all disorders of the mind and body; and after death he received, with the name of Great, the same honours which were paid to Hercules. His writings, few of which remain, have procured him the epithet of divine, and show that he was the Homer of his profession. According to Galen, his opinion is as respectable as the voice of an oracle. He wrote in the Ionic dialect, at the advice of Democritus, though he was a Dorian. His memory is still venerated at Cos, and the present inhabitants of the island show a small house, which Hippocrates, as they mention, once inhabited. The best editions of his works are that of Fæsius, Geneva, folio, 1657; of Linden, 2 vols., 8vo, Amsterdam, 1665; and that of Mackius, 2 vols., folio, Viennæ, 1743. His treatises, especially the Aphorisms, have been published separately. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 37.—Cicero, On Oratory, bk. 3.——An Athenian general in the Peloponnesian war. Plutarch.——A mathematician.——An officer of Chalcedon, killed by Alcibiades. Plutarch, Alcibiades.——A Syracusan defeated by Marcellus.——The father of Pisistratus.——A tyrant of Gela.

Hippocratia, a festival in honour of Neptune, in Arcadia.

Hippocrēne, a fountain of Bœotia, near mount Helicon, sacred to the muses. It first rose from the ground, when struck by the feet of the horse Pegasus, whence the name ἱππου κρηνη, the horse’s fountain. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 256.

Hippŏdămas, a son of the Achelous,——of Priam. Apollodorus.

Hippŏdăme and Hippodamīa, a daughter of Œnomaus king of Pisa, in Elis, who married Pelops son of Tantalus. Her father, who was either enamoured of her himself, or afraid lest he should perish by one of his daughter’s children, according to an oracle, refused to marry her, except to him who could overcome him in a chariot-race. As the beauty of Hippodamia was greatly celebrated, many courted her, and accepted her father’s conditions, though death attended a defeat. Thirteen had already been conquered, and forfeited their lives, when Pelops came from Lydia and entered the lists. Pelops previously bribed Myrtilus the charioteer of Œnomaus, and ensured himself the victory. In the race, Œnomaus mounted on a broken chariot, which the corrupted Myrtilus had purposely provided for him, was easily overcome, and was killed in the course; and Pelops married Hippodamia, and avenged the death of Œnomaus, by throwing into the sea the perfidious Myrtilus, who claimed for the reward of his treachery the favour which Hippodamia could grant only to her husband. Hippodamia became mother of Atreus and Thyestes, and it is said that she died of grief for the death of her father, which her guilty correspondence with Pelops and Myrtilus had occasioned. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 7.—Hyginus, fables 84 & 253.—Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 14, &c.—Diodorus, bk. 4.—Ovid, Heroides, poems 8 & 17.——A daughter of Adrastus king of Argos, who married Pirithous king of the Lapithæ. The festivity which prevailed on the day of her marriage was interrupted by the attempts of Eurytus to offer her violence. See: Pirithous. She is called Ischomache by some, and Deidamia by others. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12.—Plutarch, Theseus.——A daughter of Danaus. Apollodorus.——A mistress of Achilles, daughter of Brises.——A daughter of Anchises, who married Alcathous. Homer, Iliad, bk. 13, li. 429.

Hippŏdămus, a man of Miletus, who settled a republic without any previous knowledge of government. Aristotle, bk. 2, Politics.——A Pythagorean philosopher.——An Athenian who gave his house to his country, when he knew such a concession would improve the port of the Piræus.——An Athenian archon.——A man famous for his voracious appetite.

Hippŏdĭce, one of the Danaides. Apollodorus.

Hippodrŏmus, a son of Hercules. Apollodorus.——A Thessalian, who succeeded in a school at Athens, in the age of Marcus Antony. Philostratus.——A place where horse-races were exhibited. Martial, bk. 12, ltr. 50.

Hippŏla, a town of Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 25.

Hippŏlŏchus, a son of Bellerophon, father to Glaucus, who commanded the Lycians during the Trojan war.——A son of Glaucus also bore the same name. Homer, Iliad, bk. 6, li. 119.——A son of Antimachus, slain in the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 11, li. 122.

Hippŏly̆te, a queen of the Amazons, given in marriage to Theseus by Hercules, who had conquered her, and taken away her girdle by order of Eurystheus. See: Hercules. She had a son by Theseus, called Hippolytus. Plutarch, Theseus.—Propertius, bk. 4, poem 3.——The wife of Acastus, who fell in love with Peleus, who was in exile at her husband’s court. She accused him of incontinence, and of attempts upon her virtue, before Acastus, only because he refused to gratify her desires. She is also called Astyochia. See: Acastus.——A daughter of Cretheus. Apollodorus.

Hippŏly̆tus, a son of Theseus and Hippolyte, famous for his virtues and his misfortunes. His stepmother Phædra fell in love with him, and when he refused to pollute his father’s bed, she accused him of offering violence to her person before Theseus. Her accusation was readily believed, and Theseus entreated Neptune severely to punish the incontinence of his son. Hippolytus fled from the resentment of his father, and as he pursued his way along the sea-shore, his horses were so frightened at the noise of sea-calves, which Neptune had purposely sent there, that they ran among the rocks till his chariot was broken and his body torn to pieces. Temples were raised to his memory, particularly at Trœzene, where he received divine honours. According to some accounts, Diana restored him to life. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 3, li. 268; Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 469.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 761, &c.——A son of Ropalus king of Sicyon, greatly beloved by Apollo. Plutarch, Numa.——A giant killed by Mercury.——A son of Ægyptus. Apollodorus, bks. 1 & 2.——A christian writer in the third century, whose works have been edited by Fabricius, Hamburg, folio, 1716.

Hippŏmăchus, a musician, who severely rebuked one of his pupils because he was praised by the multitude, and observed that it was the greatest proof of his ignorance. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 2, ch. 6.

Hippŏmĕdon, a son of Nisimachus and Mythidice, who was one of the seven chiefs who went against Thebes. He was killed by Ismarus son of Acastus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 6.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 36.

Hippomedūsa, a daughter of Danaus. Apollodorus.

Hippŏmĕnes, an Athenian archon, who exposed his daughter Limone to be devoured by horses, because guilty of adultery. Ovid, Ibis, li. 459.——A son of Macareus and Merope, who married Atalanta [See: Atalanta], with the assistance of Venus. These two fond lovers were changed into lions by Cybele, whose temple they had profaned in their impatience to consummate their nuptials. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 10, li. 585, &c.——The father of Megareus.

Hippomolgi, a people of Scythia, who, as the name implies, lived upon the milk of horses. Hippocrates has given an account of their manner of living, De Aere Aquis et Locis, ♦ch. 18.—Dionysius Periegetes.

♦ ‘44’ replaced with ‘18’

Hĭppon and Hippo, a town of Africa.

Hippōna, a goddess who presided over horses. Her statues were placed in horses’ stables. Juvenal, satire 8, li. 157.

Hippōnax, a Greek poet born at Ephesus, 540 years before the christian era. He cultivated the same satirical poetry as Archilochus, and was not inferior to him in the beauty or vigour of his lines. His satirical raillery obliged him to fly from Ephesus. As he was naturally deformed, two brothers, Buphalus and Anthermus, made a statue of him, which, by the deformity of its features, exposed the poet to universal ridicule. Hipponax resolved to avenge the injury, and he wrote such bitter invectives and satirical lampoons against them, that they hanged themselves in despair. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 7, ltr. 24.

Hipponiates, a bay in the country of the Brutii.

Hipponīum, a city in the country of the Brutii, where Agathocles built a dock. Strabo.

Hipponous, the father of Peribœa and Capaneus. He was killed by the thunderbolts of Jupiter before the walls of Thebes. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 8; bk. 3, ch. 1.——The first name of Bellerophon.——A son of Priam.

Hippopŏdes, a people of Scythia, who have horses’ feet. Dionysius Periegetes.

Hippostrătus, a favourite of Lais.

Hippŏtădes, the patronymic of Æolus, grandson to Hippotas by Segesta, as also of Amastrus his son, who was killed in the Rutulian war. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 674.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, li. 431.

Hippŏtas, or Hippŏtes, a Trojan prince, changed into a river. See: Crinisus.——The father of Æolus, who from thence is called Hippotades. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 10, li. 2.—Ovid, Heroides, poem 18, li. 46; Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 224.

Hippothoe, a daughter of Mestor and Lysidice, carried away to the islands called Echinades by Neptune, by whom she had a son named Taphius. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4.——One of the Nereides. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 2.——A daughter of Pelias. Apollodorus.

Hippŏthoon, a son of Neptune and Alope daughter of Cercyon, exposed in the woods by his mother, that her amours with the god might be concealed from her father. Her shame was discovered, and her father ordered her to be put to death. Neptune changed her into a fountain, and the child was preserved by mares, whence his name, and when grown up, placed on his grandfather’s throne by the friendship of Theseus. Hyginus, fable 187.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 38.

Hippothoontis, one of the 12 Athenian tribes, which received its name from Hippothoon.

Hippŏthous, a son of Lethus, killed by Ajax in the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bks. 2 & 17.——A son of Priam. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.——A son of Ægyptus. Apollodorus.——One of the hunters of the Calydonian boar. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 307.

Hippŏtion, a prince who assisted the Trojans, and was killed by Merion. Homer, Iliad, bks. 13 & 14.

Hippūris, one of the Cyclades. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.

Hippus, a river falling into the Phasis.

Hipsides, a Macedonian, &c. Curtius, bk. 7, ch. 7.

Hira, a maritime town of Peloponnesus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 12.

Hirpīni, a people of the Samnites. Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 560.

Quinctius Hirpīnus, a Roman, to whom Horace dedicated his bk. 2, ode 11, and also bk. 1, ltr. 16.

Hirtus, a debauched fellow, &c. Juvenal, satire 10, li. 222.

Hirtia lex, de magistratibus, by Aulus Hirtius. It required that none of Pompey’s adherents should be raised to any office or dignity in the state.

Hirtius Aulus, a consul with Pansa, who assisted Brutus when besieged at Mutina by Antony. They defeated Antony, but were both killed in battle B.C. 43. Suetonius, Augustus, ch. 10.——An historian to whom the eighth book of Cæsar’s history of the Gallic wars, as also that of the Alexandrian and Spanish wars, is attributed. The style is inferior to that of Cæsar’s Commentaries. The author, who was Cæsar’s friend, and Cicero’s pupil, is supposed to be no other than the consul of that name.

Hisbon, a Rutulian, killed by Pallas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 384.

Hispălis, an ancient town of Spain, now called Seville. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 3.—Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 10, ltr. 32.

Hispānia, or Hispāniæ, called by the poets Iberia, Hesperia, and Hesperia Ultima, a large country of Europe, separated from Gaul by the Pyrenean mountains, and bounded on every other side by the sea. Spain was first known to the merchants of Phœnicia, and from them passed to the Carthaginians, to whose power it long continued in subjection. The Romans became sole masters of it at the end of the second Punic war, and divided it at first into citerior and ulterior, which last was afterwards separated into Bætica and Lusitania by Augustus. The Hispania citerior was also called Tarraconensis. The inhabitants were naturally warlike, and they often destroyed a life which was become useless, and even burdensome, by its infirmities. Spain was famous for its rich mines of silver, which employed 40,000 workmen, and daily yielded to the Romans no less than 20,000 drachms. These have long since failed, though, in the flourishing times of Rome, Spain was said to contain more gold, silver, brass, and iron than the rest of the world. It gave birth to Quintilian, Lucan, Martial, Mela, Silius, Seneca, &c. Justin, bk. 44.—Strabo, bk. 3.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 6.—Pliny, bk. 3, chs. 1 & 20.

Hispānus, a native of Spain. The word Hispaniensis was also used, but generally applied to a person living in Spain and not born there. Martial, bk. 12, preface.

Hispellum, a town of Umbria.

Hispo, a noted debauchee, &c. Juvenal, satire 2, li. 50.

Hispulla, a lascivious woman. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 74.

Histaspes, a relation of Darius III., killed in a battle, &c. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 4.

Hister, a river. See: Ister.

Hister Pacuvius, a man distinguished as much by his vices as his immense riches. Juvenal, satire 2, li. 58.

Histiæa, a city of Eubœa, anciently called Talantia. It was near the promontory called Ceneum. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.

Histiæōtis, a country of Thessaly, situate below mount Olympus and mount Ossa, anciently called Doris, from Dorus the son of Deucalion, and inhabited by the Pelasgi. The Pelasgi were driven from the country by the Cadmeans, and these last were also dispossessed by the Perrhæbeans, who gave to their newly acquired possessions the name of Histiæotis, or Estiæotis, from Estiæa, or Histiæa, a town of Eubœa, which they had then lately destroyed, and whose inhabitants they had carried to Thessaly with them. Strabo.—Herodotus, bk. 4.——A small country of Eubœa, of which Histiæa, or Estiæa, was the capital.

Histiæus, a tyrant of Miletus, who excited the Greeks to take up arms against Persia. Herodotus, bk. 5, &c.——An historian of Miletus.

Histria. See: Istria.

Hodius, a herald in the Trojan war.

Holŏcron, a mountain of Macedon.

Homeromastix, a surname given to Zoilus the critic.

Hŏmērus, a celebrated Greek poet, the most ancient of all the profane writers. The age in which he lived is not known, though some suppose it to be about 168 years after the Trojan war, or, according to others, 160 years before the foundation of Rome. According to Paterculus, he flourished 968 years before the christian era, or 884, according to Herodotus, who supposes him to be contemporary with Hesiod. The Arundelian Marbles fix his era 907 years before Christ, and make him also contemporary with Hesiod. This diversity of opinions proves the antiquity of Homer; and the uncertainty prevails also concerning the place of his nativity. No less than seven illustrious cities disputed the right of having given birth to the greatest of poets, as it is well expressed in these lines: