Cosconius, a Latin writer. Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 5.——A wretched epigram writer. Martial, bk. 2, ltr. 77.

Cosingas, a Thracian priest of Juno, &c. Polyænus, bk. 7, ch. 22.

Cosis, a brother to the king of Albania, killed by Pompey. Plutarch, Pompey.

Cosmus, an effeminate Roman. Juvenal, satire 8.

Cossea, a part of Persia. Diodorus, bk. 17.

Cossus, a surname given to the family of the Cornelii.——A Roman who killed Volumnius king of Veii, and obtained the Spolia Opima, A.U.C. 317. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 841.

Cossutii, a family of Rome, of which Cossutia, Cæsar’s wife, was descended. Suetonius, Cæsar, ch. 1. One of the family was distinguished as an architect about 200 B.C. He first introduced into Italy the more perfect models of Greece.

Costobœi, robbers in Galatia. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 34.

Cosȳra, a barren island in the African sea near Melita. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 3, li. 567.

Cotes and Cottes, a promontory of Mauritania.

Cothon, a small island near the citadel of Carthage, with a convenient bay which served for a dock-yard. Servius on Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 431.—Diodorus, bk. 3.

Cothonea, the mother of Triptolemus. Hyginus, fable 147.

Cŏtĭso, a king of the Daci, whose army invaded Pannonia, and was defeated by Cornelius Lentulus the lieutenant of Augustus. It is said that Augustus solicited his daughter in marriage. Suetonius, Augustus, ch. 63.—Horace, bk. 3, ode 8, li. 18.

Cotōnis, an island near the Echinades. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.

Cotta Marcus Aurelius, a Roman who opposed Marius. He was consul with Lucullus; and when in Asia, he was defeated by sea and land by Mithridates. He was surnamed Ponticus, because he took Heraclea of Pontus by treachery. Plutarch, Lucullus.——An orator, greatly commended by Cicero, On Oratory.——A governor of Paphlagonia, very faithful to Sardanapalus. Diodorus, bk. 2.——A spendthrift in the age of Nero, &c. Tacitus.——An officer of Cæsar in Gaul.——A poet mentioned by ♦Ovid, Epistulæ ex Ponto.

♦ added author’s name ‘Ovid’

Cottiæ Alpes, a certain part of the Alps, by which Italy is separated from Gaul. Suetonius, Tiberius, ch. 37; Nero, ch. 18.

Cottus, a giant, son of Cœlus and Terra, who had 100 hands and 50 heads. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 147.——A man among the Ædui. Cæsar, Gallic War.

Cotyæum, a town of Galatia. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 32.——Of Phrygia.

Cotyæus, a surname of Æsculapius, worshipped on the borders of the Eurotas. His temple was raised by Hercules. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 19.

Cotylius, a mountain of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 41.

Cotyora, a city of Asia Minor, founded by a colony from Sinope. Diodorus, bk. 14.

Cotys, the father of Asia. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 45.——A son of Manes by Callirhoe, who succeeded his father on the throne of Mæonia.——A king of Thrace. Cornelius Nepos, Iphicrates.——Another, who favoured the interest of Pompey. He was of an irascible temper. Lucan, bk. 5, li. 54.——Another, king of Thrace, who divided the kingdom with his uncle, by whom he was killed. It is the same to whom Ovid writes from his banishment. Tacitus, bk. 2, Annals, ch. 64.—Ovid, bk. 2, Epistulæ ex Ponto, ltr. 9.——A king of the Odrysæ. Livy, bk. 42, ch. 29.——A king of Armenia Minor, who fought against Mithridates, in the age of Claudius. Tacitus, Annals, bks. 11 & 13.——Another, who imagined he should marry Minerva, and who murdered some of his servants who wished to dissuade him from expectations so frivolous and inconsistent. Athenæus, bk. 12.

Cotytto, the goddess of all debauchery, whose festivals, called Cotyttia, were celebrated by the Athenians, Corinthians, Thracians, &c., during the night. Her priests were called Baptæ, and nothing but debauchery and wantonness prevailed at the celebration. A festival of the same name was observed in Sicily, where the votaries of the goddess carried about boughs hung with cakes and fruit, which it was lawful for any person to pluck off. It was a capital punishment to reveal whatever was seen or done at these sacred festivals; and it cost Eupolis his life for an unseasonable reflection upon them. The goddess ♦Cotytto is supposed to be the same as Proserpine or Ceres. Horace, epode 17, li. 58.—Juvenal, satire 2, li. 91.

♦ ‘Corytto’ replaced with ‘Cotytto’

Cragus, a woody mountain of Cilicia, part of mount Taurus, sacred to Apollo. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 645.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 21.

Crambūsa, a town of Lycia.

Cranai, a surname of the Athenians, from their king Cranaus. Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 44.

Cranapes, a Persian, &c. Herodotus.

Cranaus, the second king of Athens, who succeeded Cecrops, and reigned nine years, B.C. 1497. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 2.——A city of Caria. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 29.

Crane, a nymph. See: ♦Cara.——A town of Arcadia.

♦ no reference found for ‘Cara’

Craneum, a gymnastic school at Corinth. Diogenes Laërtius.

Cranii, a town of Cephallenia. Thucydides, bk. 2, ch. 30.

Cranon and Crannon, a town of Thessaly on the borders of Macedonia, where Antipater and Craterus defeated the Athenians after Alexander’s death. Livy, bk. 26, ch. 10; bk. 42, ch. 64.

Crantor, a philosopher of Soli, among the pupils of Plato, B.C. 310. Diogenes Laërtius.——An armour-bearer of Peleus, killed by Demoleon. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 361.

Crassĭpes, a surname of the family of the Furii, one of whom married Tullia, Cicero’s daughter, whom he soon after divorced. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 4, ltr. 5.—Livy, bk. 38, ch. 42.

Lucius Crassitius, a man who opened a school at Rome. Suetonius, Lives of the Grammarians, ch. 18.

Crassus, the grandfather of Crassus the Rich, who never laughed. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 19.——Publius Licinius, a Roman high priest about 131 years B.C., who went into Asia with an army against Aristonicus, where he was killed and buried at Smyrna.——Marcus Licinius, a celebrated Roman, surnamed Rich, on account of his opulence. At first he was very circumscribed in his circumstances; but, by educating slaves, and selling them at a high price, he soon enriched himself. The cruelties of Cinna obliged him to leave Rome; and he retired to Spain, where he remained concealed for eight months. After Cinna’s death he passed into Africa, and thence to Italy, where he served Sylla, and ingratiated himself in his favour. When the gladiators, with Spartacus at their head, had spread a universal alarm in Italy, and defeated some of the Roman generals, Crassus was sent against them. A battle was fought, in which Crassus slaughtered 12,000 of the slaves, and by this decisive blow he soon put an end to the war, and was honoured with an ovatio at his return. He was soon after made consul with Pompey; and in this high office he displayed his opulence, by entertaining the populace at 10,000 tables. He was afterwards censor, and formed the first triumvirate with Pompey and Cæsar. As his love of riches was more predominant than that of glory, Crassus never imitated the ambitious conduct of his colleagues, but was satisfied with the province of Syria, which seemed to promise an inexhaustible source of wealth. With hopes of enlarging his possessions, he set off from Rome, though the omens proved unfavourable, and everything seemed to threaten his ruin. He crossed the Euphrates, and, forgetful of the rich cities of Babylon and Seleucia, he hastened to make himself master of Parthia. He was betrayed in his march by the delay of Artavasdes king of Armenia, and the perfidy of Ariamnes. He was met in a large plain by Surena, the general of the forces of Orodes the king of Parthia; and a battle was fought in which 20,000 Romans were killed, and 10,000 taken prisoners. The darkness of the night favoured the escape of the rest, and Crassus, forced by the mutiny and turbulence of his soldiers, and the treachery of his guides, trusted himself to the general of the enemy, on pretence of proposing terms of accommodation, and he was put to death, B.C. 53. His head was cut off and sent to Orodes, who poured melted lead down his throat, and insulted his misfortunes. The firmness with which Crassus received the news of his son’s death, who perished in that expedition, has been deservedly commended; and the words that he uttered when he surrendered himself into the hands of Surena, equally claim our admiration. He was wont often to say, that no man ought to be accounted rich if he could not maintain an army. Though he has been called avaricious, yet he showed himself always ready to lend money to his friends without interest. He was fond of philosophy, and his knowledge of history was great and extensive. Plutarch has written his life. Florus, bk. 3, ch. 11.——Publius, the son of the rich Crassus, went into Parthia with his father. When he saw himself surrounded by the enemy, and without any hope of escape, he ordered one of his men to run him through. His head was cut off, and shown with insolence to his father by the Parthians. Plutarch, Crassus.——Lucius Licinius, a celebrated Roman orator, commended by Cicero, and introduced in his book On Oratory as the principal speaker.——A son of Crassus the Rich, killed in the civil wars, after Cæsar’s death.

Crastīnus, a man in Cæsar’s army, killed at the battle of Pharsalia. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 3, ch. 29.

Cratais, the mother of Scylla, supposed to be the same as Hecate. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 12, li. 124.

Cratæus, conspired against Archelaus, &c. Aristotle.

Crater, a bay of Campania near Misenus.

Cratĕrus, one of Alexander’s generals. He rendered himself conspicuous by his literary fame, as well as by his valour in the field, and wrote the history of Alexander’s life. He was greatly respected and loved by the Macedonian soldiers, and Alexander always trusted him with unusual confidence. After Alexander’s death he subdued Greece with Antipater, and passed with his colleague into Asia, where he was killed in a battle against Eumenes, B.C. 321. He had received for his share of Alexander’s kingdoms, Greece and Epirus. Cornelius Nepos, Eumenes, ch. 2.—Justin, bks. 12 & 13.—Curtius, bk. 3.—Arrian.—Plutarch, Alexander.——A physician of Atticus, mentioned by Cicero, bk. 12, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 13.—Horace, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 161.——A painter whose pieces adorned the public buildings of Athens. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 11.——An Athenian, who collected into one body all the decrees which had passed in the public assemblies at Athens.——A famous sculptor.

Crates, a philosopher of Bœotia, son of Ascondus, and disciple of Diogenes the Cynic, B.C. 324. He sold his estates, and gave the money to his fellow-citizens. He was naturally deformed, and he rendered himself more hideous by sewing sheepskins to his mantle, and by the singularity of his manners. He clothed himself as warm as possible in the summer; but in the winter, his garments were uncommonly thin, and incapable to resist the inclemency of the season. Hipparchia, the sister of a philosopher, became enamoured of him; and as he could not check her passion by representing himself as poor and deformed, he married her. He had by her two daughters, whom he gave in marriage to his disciples, after he had permitted them their company for 30 days, by way of trial. Some of his letters are extant. Diogenes Laërtius, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers.——A stoic, son of Timocrates, who opened a school at Rome, where he taught grammar. Suetonius.——A native of Pergamus, who wrote an account of the most striking events of every age, B.C. 165. Ælian, de Natura Animalium, bk. 17, ch. 9.——A philosopher of Athens, who succeeded in the school of his master Polemon.——An Athenian comic poet.

Cratesiclēa, the mother of Cleomenes, who went to Egypt in hopes of serving her country, &c. Plutarch, Cleomenes.

Cratesipŏlis, a queen of Sicyon, who severely punished some of her subjects, who had revolted at the death of Alexander her husband, &c. Polyænus, bk. 8, ch. 58.

Cratesippĭdas, a commander of the Lacedæmonian fleet against the Athenians, &c. Diodorus, bk. 13.

Cratēvas, a general of Cassander. Diodorus, bk. 19.

Crateus, a son of Minos.

Crathis, a river of Achaia, falling into the bay of Corinth. Strabo, bk. 8.——Another in Magna Græcia, whose waters were supposed to give a yellow colour to the hair and beard of those that drank them. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 315.—Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 25.—Pliny, bk. 31, ch. 2.

Cratīnus, a native of Athens, celebrated for his comic writings, and his fondness for drinking. He died at the age of ♦97 years, B.C. 431. Quintilian greatly commends his comedies, which the little remains of his poetry do not seem fully to justify. Horace, bk. 1, satire 4.—Quintilian.——A wrestler of an uncommon beauty. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 25.——A river of Asia. Pliny, bk. 37, ch. 2.

♦ ‘97, B.C. 431 years.’ replaced with ‘97 years, B.C. 431.’

Cratippus, a philosopher of Mitylene, who, among others, taught Cicero’s son at Athens. After the battle of Pharsalia, Pompey visited the house of Cratippus, where their discourse was chiefly turned upon Providence, which the warrior blamed, and the philosopher defended. Plutarch, Pompey.—Cicero, De Officiis, bk. 1.——An historian contemporary with Thucydides. Dionysius of Halicarnassus.

Craty̆les, a philosopher, preceptor to Plato after Socrates.

Crausiæ, two islands on the coast of Peloponnesus.

Crausis, the father of Philopœmen.

Crauxĭdas, a man who obtained an Olympic crown at a horse-race. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 8.

Crĕmĕra, a small river of Tuscany, falling into the Tiber, famous for the death of the 300 Fabii, who were killed there in a battle against the Veientes, A.U.C. 277. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 2, li. 205.—Juvenal, satire 2, li. 155.

Cremides, a place of Bithynia. Diodorus, bk. 14.

Cremma, a town of Lycia.

Cremmyon and Crommyon, a town near Corinth, where Theseus killed a sow of uncommon bigness. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 435.

Cremni and Cremnos, a commercial place on the Palus Mæotis. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 2.

Cremōna, a town of Cisalpine Gaul, on the Po, near Mantua. It was a Roman colony, and suffered much when Annibal first passed into Italy. Livy, bk. 21, ch. 56.—Tacitus, Histories, bk. 3, chs. 4 & 19.

Cremōnis Jugum, a part of the Alps, over which, as some suppose, Annibal passed to enter Italy. Livy, bk. 21, ch. 38.

Cremutius Cordus, an historian who wrote an account of Augustus, and of the civil wars, and starved himself for fear of the resentment of Tiberius, whom he had offended by calling Cassius the last of the Romans. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 55, chs. 34, 35.—Suetonius, Augustus, ch. 35; Tiberius, ch. 60, Caligula, ch. 16.

Crenis, a nymph mentioned by Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 313.

Creon, king of Corinth, was son of Sisyphus. He promised his daughter Glauce to Jason, who repudiated Medea. To revenge the success of her rival, Medea sent her for a present a gown covered with poison. Glauce put it on and was seized with sudden pains. Her body took fire, and she expired in the greatest torments. The house was also consumed by the fire, and Creon and his family shared Glauce’s fate. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 7.—Euripides, Medea.—Hyginus, fable 25.—Diodorus, bk. 4.——A son of Menœtius father of Jocasta, the wife and mother of Œdipus. At the death of Laius, who married Jocasta, Creon ascended the vacant throne of Thebes. As the ravages of the Sphinx [See: Sphinx] were intolerable, Creon offered his crown and daughter in marriage to him who could explain the enigmas which the monster proposed. Œdipus was happy in his explanations, and he ascended the throne of Thebes, and married Jocasta without knowing that she was his mother, and by her he had two sons, Polynices and Eteocles. These two sons mutually agreed, after their father’s death, to reign in the kingdom each alternately. Eteocles first ascended the throne by right of seniority; but when he was once in power, he refused to resign at the appointed time, and his brother led against him an army of Argives to support his right. The war was decided by single combat between the two brothers. They both killed one another and Creon ascended the throne, till Leodamas the son of Eteocles should be of sufficient age to assume the reins of government. In his regal capacity, Creon commanded that the Argives, and more particularly Polynices, who was the cause of all the bloodshed, should remain unburied. If this was in any manner disobeyed, the offenders were to be buried alive. Antigone the sister of Polynices transgressed, and was accordingly punished. Hæmon the son of Creon, who was passionately fond of Antigone, killed himself on her grave, when his father refused to grant her pardon. Creon was afterwards killed by Theseus, who had made war against him at the request of Adrastus, because he refused burial to the Argives. See: Eteocles, Polynices, Adrastus, Œdipus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 56, &c.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 39; bk. 9, ch. 5, &c.—Statius, Thebiad.—Sophocles, Antigone.—Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes.—Hyginus, fables 67 & 76.—Diodorus, bks. 1 & 4.——The first annual archon at Athens. 684 B.C. Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 8.

Creontiădes, a son of Hercules by Megara daughter of Creon, killed by his father because he had slain Lycus.

Creŏphĭlus, a Samian who hospitably entertained Homer, from whom he received a poem in return. Some say that he was that poet’s master, &c. Strabo, bk. 14.——An historian. Athenæus, bk. 8.

Creperius Pollio, a Roman, who spent his all in the most extravagant debauchery. Juvenal, satire 9, li. 6.

Cres, an inhabitant of Crete.——The first king of Crete. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 53.

Cresa and Cressa, a town of Caria.

Cresius, a hill of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 44.

Cresphontes, a son of Aristomachus, who, with his brothers Temenus and Aristodemus, attempted to recover the Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 3, &c.

Cressius, belonging to Crete. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 70; bk. 8, li. 294.

Creston, a town of Thrace, capital of a part of the country called Crestonia. The inhabitants had each many wives; and when the husband died, she who had received the greatest share of his affection was cheerfully slain on his grave. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 5.

Cresus and Ephesus, two men who built the temple of Diana at Ephesus. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 2.

Crēta, now Candia, one of the largest islands of the Mediterranean sea, at the south of all the Cyclades. It was once famous for its 100 cities, and for the laws which the wisdom of Minos established there. The inhabitants have been detested for their unnatural loves, their falsehood, their piracies, and robberies. Jupiter, as some authors report, was educated in that island by the Corybantes, and the Cretans boasted that they could show his tomb. There were different colonies from Phrygia, Doris, Achaia, &c., that established themselves there. The island, after groaning under the tyranny of democratical usurpation, and feeling the scourge of frequent sedition, was made a Roman province, B.C. 66, after a war of three years, in which the inhabitants were so distressed that they were even compelled to drink the water of their cattle. Chalk was produced there and thence called Creta, and with it the Romans marked their lucky days in their calendar. Horace, bk. 1, ode 36, li. 10; epode 9.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 3, li. 444; Epistles, bk. 10, li. 106.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 7, ch. 6.—Strabo, bk. 10.—Lucan, bk. 3, li. 184.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 104.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.

Cretæus, a poet mentioned by Propertius, bk. 2, poem 34, li. 29.

Crete, the wife of Minos. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 1.——A daughter of Deucalion. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 3.

Cretea, a country of Arcadia, where Jupiter was educated, according to some traditions. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 38.

Cretes, inhabitants of Crete. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 146.

Creteus, a Trojan, distinguished as a poet and musician. He followed Æneas, and was killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 774.——Another, killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 538.

Cretheis, the wife of Acastus king of Iolchos, who fell in love with Peleus son of Æacus, and accused him of attempts upon her virtue, because he refused to comply with her wishes, &c. She is called by some Hippolyte or Astyadamia. Pindar, Nemean, ch. 4.

Cretheus, a son of ♦Æolus father of ♥Æson, by Tyro his brother’s daughter. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 7, &c.

Crethon, a son of Diocles, engaged in the Trojan war on the side of Greece. He was slain, with his brother Orsilochus, by ♦Æneas. Homer, Iliad, bk. 5, li. 540.

♦ ‘Œneas’ replaced with ‘Æneas’

Cretĭcus, a certain orator. Juvenal, satire 2, li. 67.——A surname of Marcus Antony’s father.

Cressas, a famous boxer. Pausanias, bk. 2.

Creūsa, a daughter of Creon king of Corinth. As she was going to marry Jason, who had divorced Medea, she put on a poisoned garment, which immediately set her body on fire, and she expired in the most excruciating torments. She had received this gown as a gift from Medea, who wished to take that revenge upon the infidelity of Jason. Some call her Glauce. Ovid, de Ars Amatoria, bk. 1, li. 335.——A daughter of Priam king of Troy by Hecuba. She married Æneas, by whom she had some children, among which was Ascanius. When Troy was taken, she fled in the night, with her husband; but they were separated in the midst of the confusion, and Æneas could not recover her, nor hear where she was. Cybele saved her, and carried her to her temple, of which she became priestess; according to the relation of Vigil, who makes Creusa appear to her husband in a vision, while he was seeking her in the tumult of war. She predicted to Æneas the calamities that attended him, the fame he should acquire when he came to Italy, and his consequent marriage with a princess of the country. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 16.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 562, &c.——A daughter of Erechtheus king of Athens. She was mother of Janus by Apollo.——A town of Bœotia. Strabo, bk. 9.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 32.

Creusis, a naval station of the Thespians. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 32.

Criăsus, a son of Argos king of Peloponnesus. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Crinippus, a general of Dionysius the elder.

Crinis, a stoic philosopher. Diogenes Laërtius.——A priest of Apollo.

Crinīsus and Crimīsus, now Caltabellota, a river on the western parts of ♦Sicily near Segesta, where Timoleon defeated the Carthaginian forces. Cornelius Nepos, Timoleon.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 38. The word in the various editions of Virgil, is spelt Cremissus, Crimissus, Crimisus, Crimesus, Crinisus, Crimnisus. The Crinisus was a Trojan prince, who exposed his daughter on the sea, rather than suffer her to be devoured by the sea monster which Neptune sent to punish the infidelity of Laomedon. See: Laomedon. The daughter came safe to the shores of Sicily. Crinisus some time after went in quest of his daughter, and was so disconsolate for her loss, that the gods changed him into a river in Sicily, and granted him the power of metamorphosing himself into whatever shape he pleased. He made use of this privilege to seduce the neighbouring nymphs.

♦ ‘Cicily’ replaced with ‘Sicily’

Crino, a daughter of Antenor. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 27.——One of the Danaides. Apollodorus.

Crison, a man of Himera, who obtained a prize at Olympia, &c. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 23.

Crispīna, a Roman matron, &c. Tacitus, bk. 1, Histories, ch. 47.

Crispīnus, a pretorian, who, though originally a slave in Egypt, was, after the acquisition of riches, raised to the honours of Roman knighthood by Domitian. Juvenal, satire 1, li. 26.——A stoic philosopher, as remarkable for his loquacity as for the foolish and tedious poem which he wrote, to explain the tenets of his own sect, to which Horace alludes in the last verses of bk. 1, satire 1.

Crispus Sallustius. See: Sallustius.——Virio, a famous orator. Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.——The second husband of Agrippina.——Flavius Julius, a son of the Great Constantine, made Cæsar by his father, and distinguished for valour and extensive knowledge. Fausta, his stepmother, wished to seduce him; and when he refused, she accused him before Constantine, who believed the crime, and caused his son to be poisoned, A.D. 326.

Crissæus sinus, a bay on the coast of Peloponnesus, near Corinth, now the bay of Salona. It received its name from Crissa, a town of Phocis, situate on the bay and near Delphi.

Critāla, a town of Cappadocia. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 26.

Crithēis, a daughter of Melanippus, who became pregnant by an unknown person, and afterwards married Phemicis of Smyrna, and brought forth the poet Homer, according to Herodotus, Life of Homer.

Crithōte, a town of the Thracian Chersonesus. Cornelius Nepos.

Critias, one of the 30 tyrants set over Athens by the Spartans. He was eloquent and well-bred, but of dangerous principles, and he cruelly persecuted his enemies, and put them to death. He was killed in a battle against those citizens whom his oppression had banished. He had been among the disciples of Socrates, and had written elegies and other compositions, of which some fragments remain. Cicero, bk. 2, On Oratory.——A philosopher.——A man who wrote on republics.——Another who addressed an elegy to Alcibiades.

Crito, one of the disciples of Socrates, who attended his learned preceptor in his last moments, and composed some dialogues, now lost. Diogenes Laërtius.——A physician in the age of Artaxerxes Longimanus.——An historian of Naxus, who wrote an account of all that had happened during eight particular years of his life.——A Macedonian historian, who wrote an account of Pallene, of Persia, of the foundation of Syracuse, of the Getæ, &c.

Critobūlus, a general of Phocis, at the battle of Thermopylæ, between Antiochus and the Romans. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 20.——A physician in the age of Philip king of Macedonia. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 37.——A son of Crito, disciple to Socrates. Diogenes Laërtius, Crito.

Critodēmus, an ancient historian. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 76.

Critognātus, a celebrated warrior of Alesia, when Cæsar was in Gaul. Cæsar, Gallic War.

Critolāus, a citizen of Tegea in Arcadia, who, with two brothers, fought against the three sons of Demostratus of Pheneus, to put an end to the long war between their respective nations. The brothers of Critolaus were both killed, and he alone remained to withstand his three bold antagonists. He conquered them; and when, at his return, his sister deplored the death of one of his antagonists to whom she was betrothed, he killed her in a fit of resentment. The offence deserved capital punishment; but he was pardoned, on account of the services he had rendered his country. He was afterwards general of the Achæans, and it is said that he poisoned himself, because he had been conquered at Thermopylæ by the Romans. Cicero, de Natura Deorum.——A peripatetic philosopher of Athens, sent ambassador to Rome, &c., 140 B.C. Cicero, bk. 2, On Oratory.——An historian who wrote about Epirus.

Crius, a soothsayer, son of Theocles. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 13.——A man of Ægina, &c. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 50.——A river of Achaia, called after a giant of the same name. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 27.

Crobialus, a town of Paphlagonia.

Crobyzi, a people of Thrace.

Crŏcăle, one of Diana’s attendants. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3.

Croceæ, a town of Laconia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 21.

Crocodilopŏ1is, a town of Egypt, near the Nile, above Memphis. The crocodiles were held there in the greatest veneration; and they were so tame, that they came to feed from the hand of their feeders. It was afterwards called Arsinoe. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 69.—Strabo, bk. 17.

Crocus, a beautiful youth enamoured of the nymph Smilax. He was changed into a flower of the same name, on account of the impatience of his love, and Smilax was metamorphosed into a yew tree. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 283.

Crœsus, the fifth and last of the Mermnadæ, who reigned in Lydia, was son of Alyattes, and passed for the richest of mankind. He was the first who made the Greeks of Asia tributary to the Lydians. His court was the asylum of learning; and Æsop the famous fable-writer, among others, lived under his patronage. In a conversation with Solon, Crœsus wished to be thought the happiest of mankind; but the philosopher apprised him of his mistake, and gave the preference to poverty and domestic virtue. Crœsus undertook a war against Cyrus the king of Persia, and marched to meet him with an army of 420,000 men and 60,000 horse. After a reign of 14 years, he was defeated, B.C. 548; his capital was besieged, and he fell into the conqueror’s hands, who ordered him to be burnt alive. The pile was already on fire, when Cyrus heard the conquered monarch three times exclaim, “Solon!” with lamentable energy. He asked him the reason of his exclamation, and Crœsus repeated the conversation which he had once with Solon on human happiness. Cyrus was moved at the recital, and at the recollection of the inconstancy of human affairs, he ordered Crœsus to be taken from the burning pile, and he became one of his most intimate friends. The kingdom of Lydia became extinct in his person, and the power was transferred to Persia. Crœsus survived Cyrus. The manner of his death is unknown. He is celebrated for the immensely rich presents which he made to the temple of Delphi, from which he received an obscure and ambiguous oracle, which he interpreted in his favour, and which was fulfilled in the destruction of his empire. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 26, &c.—Plutarch, Solon, bk. 8, ch. 24.—Justin, bk. 1, ch. 7.

Cromi, a people of Arcadia.

Cromītis, a country of Arcadia.

Crommyon and Cromyon, a place of Attica, where Perseus killed a large sow that laid waste the neighbouring country. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7.—Xenophon.——A town near Corinth. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Cromna, a town of Bithyna.

Cromus, a son of Neptune. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 1.——A son of Lycaon. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 3.

Cronia, a festival at Athens in honour of Saturn. The Rhodians observed the same festival, and generally sacrificed to the god a condemned malefactor.

Cronium, a town of Elis,——of Sicily.

Crophi, a mountain of Egypt, near which were the sources of the Nile, according to some traditions, in the city of Sais. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 28.

Crossæa, a country situate partly in Thrace, and partly in Macedonia. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 123.

Crotălus, a navigable river of Italy. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 10.

Croton, a man killed by Hercules, by whom he was afterwards greatly honoured. Diodorus, bk. 4.

Crŏtōna, a town of Italy, still known by the same name, in the bay of Tarentum, founded 759 years before the Augustan age, by a colony from Achaia. The inhabitants were excellent warriors, and great wrestlers. Democedes, Alcmæon, Milo, &c., were natives of this place. It was surrounded with a wall 12 miles in circumference, before the arrival of Pyrrhus in Italy. Crotona struggled in vain against the attacks of Dionysius of Sicily, who took it. It suffered likewise in the wars of Pyrrhus and Annibal, but it received ample glory, in being the place where Pythagoras established his school. Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 47.—Strabo, bk. 6.—Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 96.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 18; bk. 24, ch. 3.—Justin, bk. 20, ch. 2.

Crotoniatæ, the inhabitants of Crotona. Cicero, de Inventione, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Crotoniatis, a part of Italy, of which Crotona is the capital. Thucydides, bk. 7, ch. 35.

Crotopiădes, a patronymic of Linus, as grandson of Crotopus.

Crotōpias, the patronymic of Linus grandson of Crotopus. Ovid, Ibis, li. 480.

Crotōpus, a king of Argos, son of Agenor, and father to Psamathe the mother of Linus by Apollo. Ovid, Ibis, li. 480.

Crotus, a son of Eumene the nurse of the Muses. He devoted his life to the labours of the chase, and after death Jupiter placed him among the constellations, under the name of Sagittarius. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 29.

Crunos, a town of Peloponnesus. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2.

Crusis, a place near Olynthos.

Crustŭmĕrium and Crustumeria, a town of the Sabines. Livy, bk. 4, ch. 9; bk. 42, ch. 34.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 631.

Crustūmīnum, a town of Etruria, near Veii, famous for pears; whence the adjective Crustumia. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 88.

Crustŭmium, Crustunus, and Crusturnenius, now Conca, a river flowing from the Apennines by Ariminum. Lucan, bk. 2, li. 406.

Crynis, a river of Bithynia.

Crypta, a passage through mount Pausilypus. See: Pausilypus.

Cteătus, one of the Grecian chiefs before Troy. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 4.

Ctemene, a town of Thessaly.

Ctenos, a harbour of Chersonesus Taurica.

Ctesias, a Greek historian and physician of Cnidos, taken prisoner by Artaxerxes Mnemon at the battle of Cunaxa. He cured the king’s wounds, and was his physician for 17 years. He wrote a history of the Assyrians and Persians, which Justin and Diodorus have partially preferred to that of Herodotus. Some fragments of his compositions have been preserved by Photius, and are to be found in Wesseling’s edition of Herodotus. Strabo, bk. 1.—Athenæus, bk. 12.—Plutarch, Artaxerxes.——A sycophant of Athens.——An historian of Ephesus.

Ctesibius, a mathematician of Alexandria, who flourished 135 years B.C. He was the inventor of the pump and other hydraulic instruments. He also invented a clepsydra, or water clock. This invention of measuring time by water was wonderful and ingenious. Water was made to drop upon wheels, which it turned. The wheels communicated their regular motion to a small wooden image, which, by a gradual rise, pointed with a stick to the proper hours and months, which were engraved on a column near the machine. This artful invention gave rise to many improvements; and the modern manner of measuring time with an hour-glass is an imitation of the clepsydra of Ctesibius. Vitruvius, On Architecture, bk. 9, ch. 9.——A cynic philosopher.——An historian, who flourished 254 years B.C., and died in his 104th year. Plutarch, Demosthenes.

Ctesĭcle, a general of Zacynthos.

Ctesidēmus, a painter who had Antiphilus for pupil. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 10.

Ctesilŏchus, a noble painter, who represented Jupiter as bringing forth Bacchus. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 11.

Ctesĭphon, an Athenian, son of Leosthenes, who advised his fellow-citizens publicly to present Demosthenes with a golden crown for his probity and virtue. This was opposed by the orator Æschines, the rival of Demosthenes, who accused Ctesiphon of seditious views. Demosthenes undertook the defence of his friend, in a celebrated oration still extant, and Æschines was banished. Demosthenes & Æschines, On the Crown.——A Greek architect, who made the plan of Diana’s temple at Ephesus.——An elegiac poet, whom king Attalus sat over his possessions in Æolia. Athenæus, bk. 13.——A Greek historian, who wrote a history of Bœotia, besides a treatise on trees and plants. ♦Plutarch, Theseus.——A large village of Assyria, now Elmodain, on the banks of the Tigris, where the kings of Parthia generally resided on account of the mildness of the climate. Strabo, bk. 15.—Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 26.

♦ ‘Put.’ replaced with ‘Plutarch’

Ctesippus, a son of Chabrias. After his father’s death he was received into the house of Phocion, the friend of Chabrias. Phocion attempted in vain to correct his natural foibles and extravagancies. Plutarch, Phocion.——A man who wrote a history of Scythia.——One of the descendants of Hercules.

Ctimĕne, the youngest daughter of Laertes by Anticlea. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 15, li. 334.

Cularo, a town of the Allobroges in Gaul, called afterwards Gratianopolis, and now Grenoble. Cicero, Letters to his Friends.

Cuma and Cumæ, a town of Æolia, in Asia Minor. The inhabitants have been accused of stupidity for not laying a tax upon all the goods which entered their harbour during 300 years. They were called Cumani. Strabo, bk. 13.—Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 4.——A city of Campania, near Puteoli, founded by a colony from Chalcis and Cumæ, of Æolia, before the Trojan war. The inhabitants were called Cumæi and Cumani. There was one of the Sibyls that fixed her residence in a cave in the neighbourhood, and was called the Cumæan Sibyl. See: Sibyllæ.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 712; Fasti, bk. 4, li. 158; Ex Ponto, bk. 2, poem 8, li. 41.—Cicero, De Lege Agraria contra Rullum, bk. 2, ch. 26.—Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 4.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 441.—Livy, bk. 4.—Ptolemy, bk. 3.—Strabo, bk. 5.

Cumānum, a country house of Pompey, near Cumæ. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 4, ltr. 10.——Another of Varro. Cicero, Academica, bk. 1, ch. 1.

Cunaxa, a place of Assyria, 500 stadia from Babylon, famous for a battle fought there between Artaxerxes and his brother Cyrus the younger, B.C. 401. The latter entered the field of battle with 113,000 men, and the former’s forces amounted to 900,000 men. The valour and the retreat of the 10,000 Greeks, who were among the troops of Cyrus, are well known, and have been celebrated by the pen of Xenophon, who was present at the battle, and who had the principal care of the retreat. Plutarch, Artaxerxes.—Ctesias.

Cuneus, a cape of Spain, now Algarve, extending into the sea in the form of a wedge. Mela, bk. 3, ch. 1.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 22.

Capāvo, a son of Cycnus, who assisted Æneas against Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 186.

Cupentus, a friend of Turnus, killed by Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 539.

Cupīdo, a celebrated deity among the ancients, god of love, and love itself. There are different traditions concerning his parents. Cicero mentions three Cupids: one, son of Mercury and Diana; another, son of Mercury and Venus; and the third, of Mars and Venus. Plato mentions two; Hesiod, the most ancient theogonist, speaks only of one, who as he says, was produced at the same time as Chaos and the earth. There are, according to the more received opinions, two Cupids, one of whom is a lively, ingenious youth, son of Jupiter and Venus; whilst the other, son of Nox and Erebus, is distinguished by his debauchery and riotous disposition. Cupid is represented as a winged infant, naked, armed with a bow and a quiver full of arrows. On gems, and all other pieces of antiquity, he is represented as amusing himself with some childish diversion. Sometimes he appears driving a hoop, throwing a quoit, playing with a nymph, catching a butterfly, or trying to burn with a torch; at other times he plays upon a horn before his mother, or closely embraces a swan, or with one foot raised in the air, he, in a musing posture, seems to meditate some trick. Sometimes, like a conqueror, he marches triumphantly, with a helmet on his head, a spear on his shoulder, and a buckler on his arm, intimating that even Mars himself owns the superiority of love. His power was generally known by his riding on the back of a lion, or on a dolphin, or breaking to pieces the thunderbolts of Jupiter. Among the ancients he was worshipped with the same solemnity as his mother Venus, and as his influence was extended over the heavens, the sea, and the earth, and even the empire of the dead, his divinity was universally acknowledged, and vows, prayers, and sacrifices were daily offered to him. According to some accounts, the union of Cupid with Chaos gave birth to men, and all the animals which inhabit the earth, and even the gods themselves, were the offspring of love, before the foundation of the world. Cupid, like the rest of the gods, assumed different shapes; and we find him in the Æneid putting on, at the request of his mother, the form of Ascanius, and going to Dido’s court, where he inspired the queen with love. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 693, &c.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, fable 10.—Hesiod, Theogony, li. 121, &c.—Oppian, Halieutica, bk. 4.—Cynegetica, bk. 2.—Bion, Idylls, bk. 3.—Moschus.—Euripides, Hippolytus.—Theocritus, Idylls, poems 3, 11, &c.

Cupiennius, a friend of Augustus, who made himself ridiculous for the nicety and effeminacy of his dress. Horace, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 36.

Cures, a town of the Sabines, of which Tatius was king. The inhabitants, called Quirites, were carried to Rome, of which they became citizens. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 292; bk. 8, li. 638.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 13.—Macrobius, bk. 1, ch. 9.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 2, lis. 477 & 480; bk. 3, li. 94.

Curētes, a people of Crete, called also Corybantes, who, according to Ovid, were produced from rain. Their knowledge of all the arts was extensive, and they communicated it to many parts of ancient Greece. They were entrusted with the education of Jupiter, and to prevent his being discovered by his father, they invented a kind of dance, and drowned his cries in the harsh sounds of their shields and cymbals. As a reward for their attention, they were made priests and favourite ministers of Rhea, called also Cybele, who had entrusted them with the care of Jupiter. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 2.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 151.—Strabo, bk. 10.—Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 33.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 282; Fasti, bk. 4, li. 210.

Curētis, a name given to Crete, as being the residence of the Curetes. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 136.

Curia, a division of the Roman tribes. Romulus originally divided the people into three tribes, and each tribe into 10 Curiæ. Over each Curia was appointed a priest, who officiated at the sacrifices of his respective assembly. The sacrifices were called Curionia and the priest Curio. He was to be above the age of 50. His morals were to be pure and unexceptionable, and his body free from all defects. The Curiones were elected by their respective Curiæ, and above them was a superior priest called Curio maximus, chosen by all the Curiæ in a public assembly.——The word Curia was also applied to public edifices among the Romans. These were generally of two sorts, divine and civil. In the former were held the assemblies of the priests, and of every religious order, for the regulation of religious sacrifices and ceremonies. The other was appointed for the senate, where they assembled for the despatch of public business. The Curia was solemnly consecrated by the Augurs, before a lawful assembly could be convened there. There were three at Rome, which more particularly claim our attention: Curia Hostilia, built by king Tullus Hostilius: Curia Pompeii, where Julius Cæsar was murdered; and Curia Augusti, the palace and court of the emperor Augustus.——A town of the Rhœti, now Coire, the capital of the Grisons.

Curia lex, de Comitiis, was enacted by Marcus Curius Dentatus the tribune. It forbade the convening of the Comitia, for the election of magistrates, without a previous permission from the senate.

Curias. See: Curium.

Curiatii, a family of Alba, which was carried to Rome by Tullus Hostilius, and entered among the patricians. The three Curiatii, who engaged the Horatii, and lost the victory, were of this family. Florus, bk. 1, ch. 3.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 5.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 24.

♦Caius Curio, an excellent orator, who called Cæsar in full senate, Omnium mulierum virum et omnium virorum mulierem. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 21, ch. 7.—Suetonius, Cæsar, ch. 49.—Cicero, Brutus.——His son Caius Scribonius, was tribune of the people, and an intimate friend of Cæsar. He saved Cæsar’s life as he returned from the senate house, after the debates concerning the punishments which ought to be inflicted on the adherents of Catiline. He killed himself in Africa. Florus, bk. 4, ch. 2.—Plutarch, Pompey & Cæsar, ch. 49.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 9, ch. 1.—Lucan, bk. 4, li. 268.

♦ ‘Q.’ replaced with ‘Caius’

Curiosolitæ, a people among the Celtæ, who inhabited the country which now forms Lower Brittany. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 2, ch. 34; bk. 3, ch. 11.

Curium, a town of Cyprus, at a small distance from which, in the south of the island, there is a Cape, which bears the name of Curias. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 113.

Curius Dentātus Marcus Annius, a Roman celebrated for his fortitude and frugality. He was three times consul, and was twice honoured with a triumph. He obtained decisive victories over the Samnites, the Sabines, and the Lucanians, and defeated Pyrrhus near Tarentum. The ambassadors of the Samnites visited his cottage, while he was boiling some vegetables in an earthen pot, and they attempted to bribe him by the offer of large presents. He refused their offers with contempt, and said. “I prefer my earthen pots to all your vessels of gold and silver, and it is my wish to command those who are in possession of money, while I am deprived of it, and live in poverty.” Plutarch, Marcus Cato.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 12, li. 41.—Florus, bk. 1, ch. 15.——A lieutenant of Cæsar’s cavalry, to whom six cohorts of Pompey revolted, &c. Cæsar, Civil War, ♦bk. 1, ch. 24.

♦ Book number omitted in text.

Curtia, a patrician family, which migrated with Tatius to Rome.

Curtīllus, a celebrated epicure, &c. Horace, bk. 2, satire 8, li. 52.

Marcus Curtius, a Roman youth who devoted himself to the gods’ manes for the safety of his country about 360 years B.C. A wide gap, called afterwards Curtius lacus, had suddenly opened in the forum, and the oracle had said that it never would close before Rome threw into it whatever it had most precious. Curtius immediately perceived that no less than a human sacrifice was required. He armed himself, mounted his horse, and solemnly threw himself into the gulf, which immediately closed over his head. Livy, bk. 7, ch. 6.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 5, ch. 6.——Quintus Rufus. See: Quintus.——Nicias, a grammarian, intimate with Pompey, &c. Suetonius, Lives of the Grammarians.——Montanus, an orator and poet under Vespasian. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 4.——Atticus, a Roman knight, who accompanied Tiberius in his retreat into Campania. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 4.——Lacus, the gulf into which Curtius leaped. See: Marcus Curtius.——Fons, a stream which conveyed water to Rome from the distance of 40 miles, by an aqueduct so elevated as to be distributed through all the hills of the city. Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 15.

Curūlis magistratus, a state officer at Rome, who had the privilege of sitting in an ivory chair in public assemblies. The dictator, the consuls, the censors, the pretors, and ediles, claimed that privilege, and therefore were called curules magistratus. The senators who had passed through the above-mentioned offices, were generally carried to the senate-house in ivory chairs, as also all generals in their triumphant procession to the Capitol. When names of distinction began to be known among the Romans, the descendants of curule magistrates were called nobiles, the first of a family who discharged that office were known by the name of notii, and those that had never been in office were called ignobiles.

Cussæi, a nation of Asia, destroyed by Alexander to appease the manes of Hephæstion. Plutarch, Alexander.

Cusus, a river of Hungary falling into the Danube, now the Vag.

Cutilium, a town of the Sabines, near a lake which contained a floating island, and of which the water was of an unusually cold quality. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 12; bk. 31, ch. 2.—Seneca, Naturales quaestiones, bk. 3, ch. 25.—Livy, bk. 26, ch. 11.

Cyamosōrus, a river of Sicily.

Cyăne, a nymph of Syracuse, to whom her father offered violence in a fit of drunkenness. She dragged her ravisher to the altar, where she sacrificed him, and killed herself to stop a pestilence, which, from that circumstance, had already begun to afflict the country. Plutarch, Parallela minora——A nymph of Sicily, who endeavoured to assist Proserpine when she was carried away by Pluto. The god changed her into a fountain now called Pisme, a few miles from Syracuse. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 112.——A town of Lycia. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 27.——An inn-keeper, &c. Juvenal, satire 8, li. 162.

Cyăneæ, now the Pavorane, two rugged islands at the entrance of the Euxine sea, about 20 stadia from the mouth of the Thracian Bosphorus. One of them is on the side of Asia, and the other on the European coast, and, according to Strabo, there is only a space of 20 furlongs between them. The waves of the sea, which continually break against them with a violent noise, fill the air with a darkening foam, and render the passage extremely dangerous. The ancients supposed that these islands floated, and even sometimes united to crush vessels into pieces when they passed through the straits. This tradition arose from their appearing, like all other objects, to draw nearer when navigators approached them. They were sometimes called Symplegades and Planetæ. Their true situation and form was first explored and ascertained by the Argonauts. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 12.—Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 85.—Apollonius, bk. 2, lis. 317 & 600.—Lycophron, li. 1285.—Strabo, bks. 1 & 3.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Ovid, Tristia, bk. 1, poem 9, li. 34.