[163] Athenæum, Nov. 8, 1884.

[164] Memoir, p. 144.

[165] Memoir, p. 156, note.

[166] Rawlinson, in J. R. A. S. xii. 408.

[167] Fergusson (James), The Palaces of Nineveh and Persepolis, p. vii.

[168] Texier, ii. 151.

[169] Fergusson, p. 160, note.

[170] Flandin (Eugène), Voyage en Perse (2 vols., 1851), i. 5. Cf. p. 497.

[171] Flandin, Voyage, i. 451.

[172] I. 423, 443, 448.

[173] I. 450-1.

[174] II. 79, 362.

[175] II. 83-4. Cf. Pl. 194-203.

[176] II. 125.

[177] Fergusson, p. 107, note; p. 165, note; p. 176; Flandin counted only three windows on the north side of the Hall of the Hundred Columns. Their number is not yet ascertained. See Curzon, ii. 177. This is a point, says Fergusson, ‘which nothing but the most inexcusable carelessness could have left at all doubtful.’

[178] Cf. the account already given of the principal palace at Murgab (Flandin, 8vo, ii. 83) with the Pl. 197. See also the account of the Palace of Darius, p. 176, and the Palace of Ochus, p. 184, and compare with the plates. Of the Palace of Darius he says: ‘C’est à peine si l’on en retrouve assez de traces pour reconnaître la distribution intérieure de l’édifice,’ p. 176.

[179] II. 125.

[180] Flandin, ii. 98, 106-10.

[181] Ib. i. 493.

[182] II. 186.

[183] Ib. p. 160.

[184] Ib. p. 177; Fergusson, p. 117.

[185] Flandin, ii. 179.

[186] Ib. p. 187; Fergusson, p. 132.

[187] Flandin, p. 196; Fergusson, p. 176; Ouseley, ii. 239; Niebuhr, ii. 121.

[188] Notwithstanding an escort of irregular horse, Baron de Bode, however, narrowly escaped receiving a volley into his party from the Bakhtiyari, whose impetuosity was only restrained by Mr. Layard, who happened to be among them at the time. Layard, Early Adventures (1894), p. 210.

[189] Flandin, ii, 380-81.

[190] Ib. p. 433.

[191] Flandin, ii. 481.

[192] Ib. i. 489, note.

[193] Some of the plates seem to have appeared in 1848 (J. R. A. S. 1848, ix. 393, note), but the earliest received in the British Museum was in August 1850; others not till September 1851. The plan of the S.E. edifice and the general plan of the ruins were not available for Fergusson up to December 1850. See Fergusson, p. 96, note; p. 132, note.

[194] Flandin, i. 492.

[195] Ib. i. 10.

[196] For a few of these scenes see ii. 28, 93, 103, 174, 397. He cared little whether the punishment fell on the right man. After one of these encounters he writes: ‘Au bout d’une heure le Ket-Khodâh arriva avec quelques hommes qui en conduisaient un autre les mains liées, qu’ils me présentèrent comme celui qui avait été instigateur des offenses dont je me plaignais. Je ne le reconnaissais pas; mais peu importait. Ce que je voulais, ce que je devais à mon habit de frengui, c’était de ne pas laisser impunie une aggression comme celle dont j’avais eu à souffrir ... je me contentai donc du prétendu coupable qui m’était amené: le Ket-Khodâh le fit coucher sur le dos; on lui attacha le bas des jambes à un bâton dont les extrémités étaient tenues en l’air par deux hommes qui lui administrèrent des coups de verges sur la plante des pieds. Lorsque je crus avoir assez fait pour l’exemple j’arrêtai les coups’ (ii. 398).

[197] Noeldeke (Theod.), Persepolis: Die Achaemenidischen Denkmäler, Berlin, 1882, 2 vols. fol.

[198] Noeldeke, ib. ‘Vorwort,’ vol. i.; Pl. 148-50.

[199] Note to No. 46. Cf. No. 76.

[200] Note to No. 95.

[201] The following may be referred to as complete failures: Plates 9, 10, 14, 33, 35, 36, 37 and 58.

[202] La Perse, par Mme Jane Dieulafoy, Paris, 1887.

[203] Fergusson, Palaces of Nineveh and Persepolis, p. 162.

[204] Kinneir, Geographical Memoir, p. 100; Porter, ii. 411; Curzon, ii. 309.

[205] Kinneir, p. 92.

[206] Ib. p. 100.

[207] W. K. Loftus, Chaldæa and Susiana (1857), pp. 417-19. A sketch of the stone may be seen in Walpole’s Travels in Turkey, ii. 426, and is reproduced in Loftus, p. 419.

[208] Ouseley, i. 420.

[209] Rawlinson, Memoir, p. 63; Bonomi, Nineveh and its Palaces (1889), p. 479; Loftus, p. 344; J. R. A. S. xii. 482. This inscription was long known as the Susra Inscription, from the name of the king as deciphered by Rawlinson.

[210] Layard, Early Adventures, pp. 352-6.

[211] Layard, ib. p. 167. For drawings see Perrot and Chipiez, History of Art in Persia, p. 378.

[212] Loftus (W. Kennett), Chaldæa and Susiana (1857), p. 343.

[213] Ib. p. 352.

[214] Loftus, pp. 366-7.

[215] Ib. pp. 368, 375.

[216] ‘A Suse: Journal des Fouilles, par Madame Jane Dieulafoy, Officier de la Légion d’Honneur’ (Paris, 1888), p. 115.

[217] Ib. p. 132.

[218] Ib. p. 158.

[219] Ib. p. 160.

[220] Ib. p. 167; for illustration see L’Acropole de Suse, par Marcel Dieulafoy (Paris, 1893), p. 298.

[221] A Suse, pp. 194-5.

[222] A Suse, pp. 196-8.

[223] Ib. p. 263.

[224] De Morgan, Recherches Archéologiques, p. 69, note 5.

[225] A Suse, p. 309.

[226] Ib. p. 319.

[227] ‘Nous avons acquis, au prix d’un travail opiniâtre et d’efforts dont nul ne soupçonnera jamais l’âpreté, des richesses archéologiques inestimables. Les reliques des Palais achéménides ne furent pas arrachées à un monument superbe, mais ressuscitées des entrailles avares de la terre et conquises au péril de notre vie. En ma qualité d’historiographe des fouilles, il m’appartient de parler hautement et sans fausse modestie. La mission de Susiane a livré une bataille désespérée et la Providence aidant, elle revient victorieuse.’ A Suse, p. 353.

[228] Recherches Archéologiques, par J. de Morgan, G. Jéquier et G. Lampre (Paris, 1900), vol. i. p. ix.

[229] Recherches, p. 79; Loftus, Chaldæa, p. 367.

[230] Recherches, p. 72.

[231] Tranchée 12.

[232] See Chronological Tablet in Radau, Early Babylonian History, p. 30.

[233] Recherches, pp. 145 and 165.

[234] Ib. p. 183. Gallery B.

[235] Recherches, pp. 187-8.

[236] Galleries C and D.

[237] Menant, Les Achéménides, p. 146.

[238] Oppert, Records, O.S. ix. p. 81.

[239] Spiegel, Die Altpersischen Keilinschriften, p. 53.

[240] Oppert, Le Peuple des Mèdes, p. 215. Quoted by Spiegel, p. 117.

[241] Menant, Les Achéménides, p. 143.

[242] Benfey, Die Persischen Keilinschriften (1847), p. 68; Spiegel, p. 129; Records, O.S. ix. 87.

[243] Niebuhr (C.), Voyage en Arabie, ii. 106.

[244] See Appendix A. The defective letters are Nos. 1, 3, 6, 8, 17, 20, 30, 37 and the diagonal No. 2.

[245] Cf. the alphabets. Spiegel, Altpersischen Keilinschriften (Leipzig, 1881), pp. 142, 144, 159.

[246] Tychsen (O. G.), (Rostock, 1798, 4to) p. 5.

[247] Tychsen, pp. 22-6.

[248] See Appendix A, which shows the letters of the cuneiform alphabet arranged according to Niebuhr’s list, and the values Tychsen has assigned to each. The numbers preceding the letters in the text refer to the numbers of the letters in Niebuhr’s alphabet.

[249] Tychsen, p. 27.

[250] He made this discovery afterwards, either independently or else he accepted it from Münter. See Heeren, Historical Researches (Eng. ed. 1846), ii. 329.

[251] Tychsen, pp. 29-30.

[252] Ib. pp. 17, 22.

[253] Münter (F. C.), Versuch über die keilförmigen Inschriften (Kopenhagen, 1802, 8vo), p. 8.

[254] Magasin Encyclopédique, rédigé par A. L. Millin, Year IX, vol. iii.

[255] Münter, p. 25.

[256] Heeren (A. H. L.), Historische Werke: ‘Ideen über die Politik’ (1824), xi. 407.

[257] Münter, pp. 85, 106, 123.

[258] P. 123; but cf. p. 87, where he pronounces more definitely for different languages.

[259] Recueil d’Antiquités, vol. v. Pl. 30; for the Babylonian bricks, Millin, iii. 20.

[260] Münter, p. 78.

[261] Ib. p. 113.

[262] Ib. p. 105.

[263] Ib. p. 106, note.

[264] Münter, pp. 105, 109.

[265] Ib. p. 114.

[266] Ib. p. 117.

[267] Münter’s consonants are:

his vowels:

[268] Münter, p. 125.

[269] ‘Aber selbst die Flectionen, die mir überall im Wege standen, mussten mich in meiner Erwartung, hier nomina propria anzutreffen, immer ungewisser machen, und dadurch musste ich auch immer mehr davon abgeschreckt werden in dem Wort mit den 7 Buchstaben einen Königstitel zu suchen.’ p. 127.

[270] Ib. p. 126.

[271] Münter, p. 118.

[272] Münter, p. 128.

[273] Ib. p. 140.

[274] Ib. p. 120.

[275] Ib. p. 90.

[276] See above, p. 24.

[277] Vol. xxviii. Hager’s Dissertation, p. xv., note.

[278] Journal des Savants, 1790.

[279] Vol. v. Pl. 30. See J. R. A. S. xi. 389.

[280] Münter, Pl. 2, figs. 1 and 2.

[281] Hager (Joseph), Dissertation on the Newly-Discovered Babylonian Inscriptions (London, 1801), p. xvi.

[282] See Millin Magasin Encyclopédique (Year IX), ii. 36.

[283] Hager, p. xviii.

[284] Ib. pp. xix. 40-41.

[285] Ib. pp. 20, 37, 40, 48.

[286] Hager, p. 50.

[287] Millin, loc. cit. p. 46.

[288] Dorow, Die Assyrische Keilinschriften erläutert (Wiesbaden, 1820), p. 25.

[289] Hager, pp. 60-1.

[290] Ib. pp. 53, 56.

[291] Hager, pp. 52, 62.

[292] See Millin (Year VIII), v. 441. It was reprinted at Helmstadt, 1803, 1 vol. 4to.

[293] De Sacy, in Millin, ib. p. 450.

[294] Ib. p. 453.

[295] Ib. p. 443.

[296] Millin, pp. 445-7. The Michaux Stone, as is now well known, is a Kudurru, or landmark, of which class it is still the oldest specimen. It dates from B.C. 1120, and being chiefly an inventory of effects and measurements, the difficulties of its translation have been only recently overcome. See Maspero (G.), Dawn of Civilisation (Eng. ed. 1894), p. 762.

[297] Letter to Dorow, Die Assyrische Keilinschriften (1820), pp. 28, 59.

[298] Grotefend (G. F.), Neue Beiträge, Hanover, 1847, 4to.

[299] Heeren, Werke, xi. 344.

[300] Ib. pp. 345, 352.

[301] Year VIII (1803), v. 438. De Sacy’s essay is accompanied by a plate giving the text, transliteration and translation of the B and G inscriptions of Niebuhr.

[302] Vols. iv. and v.

[303] Historische Werke, xi. 325. We have used the edition of 1824 as the more accessible. On comparing it with the earlier edition of 1815, we have not found any difference of importance. Both editions contain the same two plates. No. 1 is taken from De Sacy, as above, and edited by Tychsen. It gives Grotefend’s alphabet exactly as it subsequently appeared, but without the later emendations of the sr and k, together with the long list of defective signs. At the bottom is a transliteration of the Xerxes inscription (G). No. 2 is by Grotefend. It gives the cuneiform text in the three species of writing of the inscriptions of Xerxes and Cyrus, and that on the Caylus Vase, with the translation. The three columns are divided so as to show the words of each species that correspond to one another. Kaulen says Grotefend’s essay appeared in the second edition of 1805 (Assyrien und Babylonien, 1899, p. 126). Weisbach says its first appearance was in 1815 (Achämenideninschriften Zweiter Art, 1890, p. 3). We have not found the second edition in the British Museum.

[304] De Sacy, Mémoires sur diverses Antiquités, Paris, 1793. It is given by Heeren (Eng. ed.), vol. ii. App. 2, p. 332.

[305] 𐎲 was assumed to be the same as the 𐎼 r in ‘Darius.’

[306] The true Zend spelling is ‘khchayo’; the ‘h’ before ‘y’ expressed in cuneiform is understood in Zend. Burnouf (Eugène), Mémoire sur deux Inscriptions (1836), p. 76.

[307] Millin, Year VIII, v. 461.

[308] Ib. p. 462.

[309] Cf. Grotefend’s own account of how he heard of bun. Heeren (Eng. ed.), ii. 337.

[310] It seems to have been completed by the time he wrote the tract on the Zend alphabet, which is reviewed in Millin, Year VIII, vi. 96 (1803).

[311] Heeren (Eng. ed.), ii. 329.

[312] Millin (1803), v. 458.

[313] See Heeren (ed. 1815), vol. i. part 2, p. 704.

[314] Heeren (1824), xi. 372. See Eng. ed. ii. 350.

[315] Ib. p. 351.

[316] Heeren (Eng. ed.), 126; Millin (1803), v. 438, Plate.

[317] See supra, p. 73.

[318] Heeren, ib. p. 126. Millin, ii. 370, iii. 211.

[319] Heeren (ed. 1815), pp. 592, 595. Cf. Eng. ed. ii. 339.

[320] Ib. (1824), xi. 353, Cf. Eng. ed. ii. 337.

[321] Millin, iii. 212 (1803).

[322] The two words are as follows: