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149. Rept. Imm. Com., Statistical Review, Abs., p. 17, and Rept. Comr. Gen. of Imm., 1912, pp. 68, 129. The figures of the Commission do not tally in all respects with those given in the annual Reports.

150. Figures for Italy, unless otherwise specified, include Sicily and Sardinia.

151. Rept. Imm. Com., Emig. Cond. in Eur., Abs., p. 9.

152. Ibid., Stat. Rev., Abs., p. 11.

154. Rept. Imm. Com., Stat. Rev., Abs., pp. 9, 10, 11.

155. Repts. Comr. Gen. of Imm., 1911, 1912.

156. Rept. Imm. Com., Emig. Cond. in Eur., Abs., p. 13.

158. Rept. Imm. Com., Brief Statement, p. 39.

159. Ibid., Emig. Cond. in Eur., Abs., p. 14.

163. The per cent of illiteracy in the general population of the United States, ten years of age or over, is 10.7.

164. Claghorn, Kate H., “The Immigration Bill,” The Survey, Feb. 8, 1913.

165. Rept. Imm. Com., Immigrants in Manufacturing and Mining, Abs., p. 165.

168. Mayo-Smith, R., Emigration and Immigration, pp. 104 ff.

169. Rept. Imm. Com., Emig. Cond. in Eur., Abs., p. 20.

170. Rept. Imm. Com., Immigrant Banks, p. 69.

173. Races and Immigrants in America, pp. 124–125.

174. For detailed figures of occupation by races see Rept. Imm. Com., Stat. Rev., Abs., pp. 52, 53.

176. See Brandenburg, B., “The Tragedy of the Rejected Immigrant,” Outlook, Oct. 13, 1906.

177. Stoner, Dr. George W., Immigration—The Medical Treatment of Immigrants, etc., p. 10.

178. There is also a flourishing business of this sort in Liverpool, Marseilles, etc. Rept. Commissioner General of Immigration, 1905, pp. 50 ff.

180. Quoted by Prescott F. Hall, Immigration, p. 107. See also Walker, F. A., “The Restriction of Immigration,” Atlantic Monthly, 77:822.

181. Bushee, F. A., “The Declining Birth Rate and Its Cause,” Pop. Sci. Month., 63:355.

182. Hunter, Robert, “Immigration the Annihilator of our Native Stock,” The Commons, April, 1904.

183. For a statement of the importance of the growth of cities, as opposed to immigration, in affecting the birth rate, see Goldenweiser, E. A., “Walker’s Theory of Immigration,” Am. Jour. of Soc., 18:342.

185. See review of Levasseur’s “American Workman,” Pol. Sci. Quart., 13:321.

187. See Report of Committee on Standard of Living, 8th N. Y. State Conference of Charities and Corrections, Albany, 1907, p. 20. Also Van Vorst, Mrs. John, The Cry of the Children, p. 213.

188. Bailey, W. B., Modern Social Conditions, p. 104, and Gonnard, René, L’Émigration européenne au XIXe siècle, p. 120.

189. For discussions of the sensitiveness of the marriage rate to economic conditions, see Schooling, J. Holt, “The English Marriage Rate,” Fortnightly Review, 75:959; Willcox, W. F., “Marriage Rate in Michigan, 1870–1890,” Quart. Publ. Amer. Stat. Assn., 4:1; and Crum, F. S., “The Marriage Rate in Massachusetts,” Quart. Publ. Amer. Stat. Assn., 4:322.

191. Christianity and the Social Crisis, p. 273.

192. Cf. Commons, J. R., op. cit., pp. 203–204.

197. Abstract, Thirteenth Census, p. 197.

198. For a full statement of opposite opinions on this subject, see Willcox, W. F., “The Distribution of Immigrants in the United States,” Quart. Jour. of Econ., August, 1906; and Fairchild, H. P., “Distribution of Immigrants,” Yale Review, November, 1907.

199. Cf. Balch, Emily G., Our Slavic Fellow-Citizens, pp. 317–319; and Addams, Jane, Newer Ideals of Peace, pp. 65–68.

200. Quotations are from the abstract of that report.

201. Lord, Trenor, and Barrows, Italians in America, p. 70; Bushee, F. A., Ethnic Factors in the Population of Boston, p. 29.

202. Lord, Trenor, and Barrows, op. cit., p. 72.

203. Bushee, op. cit., p. 30.

204. Almy, Frederic, “The Huddled Poles of Buffalo,” The Survey, Feb. 4, 1911.

205. Thompson, Carl D., “Socialists and Slums,” Milwaukee, The Survey, Dec. 3, 1910. Cf. Byington, Margaret F., Homestead, pp. 131–136.

206. Cf. description of conditions in a manufacturing town, Fitch, John A., Lackawanna, The Survey, Oct. 7, 1911, p. 936.

207. Balch, Emily G., Our Slavic Fellow-Citizens, p. 349.

208. For convenience’ sake, the term “boarder” will hereafter be used in the place of the clumsy phrase “boarders and lodgers.”

211. Balch, op. cit., p. 349.

212. Lauck, W. Jett, “The Bituminous Coal Miner and Coke Worker of Western Pennsylvania,” The Survey, April 1, 1911. Cf. also Roberts, Peter, Anthracite Coal Communities, p. 137.

213. Warne, F. J., The Slav Invasion, p. 68. Cf. Hunt, Milton B., “The Housing of Non-Family Groups of Men in Chicago,” Am. Jour. of Soc., 16:145.

214. See, for instance, Riis, Jacob, How the Other Half Lives; Breckenridge, Sophonisba, and Abbott, Edith, “Housing Conditions in Chicago,” Am. Jour. of Soc., 16:4 and 17:1, 2; “The Housing Awakening,” series in The Survey, beginning Nov. 19, 1910.

215. The Survey, Feb. 4, 1911, p. 771.

216. Roberts, op. cit., p. 143.

217. For full descriptions of life in mining and manufacturing villages, see Roberts, op. cit., Chs. IV and V; Lauck, W. Jett, The Survey, Apr. 1, 1911; Fitch, John A., The Survey, Oct. 7, 1911; Balch, op. cit., pp. 372–375; Warne, op. cit., Ch. VI. For an account of the life of some of our foreign agriculturists, see Cance, Alexander E., “Piedmontese on the Mississippi,” The Survey, Sept. 2, 1911; Lord, Trenor, and Barrows, op. cit., Ch. VI; Balch, op. cit., Ch. XV.

218. Cf. Balch, op. cit., pp. 363–364; Lauck, The Survey, Apr. 1, 1911, p. 48; Roberts, op. cit., pp. 103 ff.; Bushee, op. cit., p. 29; Rept. Imm. Com., Recent Imms. in Agr., Abs., p. 59; Americans in Process, p. 141.

219. Cf. Streightoff, F. H., Standard of Living, Ch. VI.

220. Ibid., p. 106.

221. Americans in Process, pp. 142–143.

222. Conditioned, of course, by the general standard of the society.

230. Ibid., Imms. in Cities, Abs., p. 44.

231. Ibid., Recent Imms. in Agr., Abs., p. 57.

232. Roberts, op. cit., p. 346.

233. Standard of Living, Ch. IV.

234. Roberts, op. cit., p. 346.

235. The Survey, Feb. 4, 1911, p. 767.

236. Streightoff, op. cit., p. 162.

241. In this investigation pupils are listed by their own nativity, rather than by that of the father.

242. Rept. Imm. Com., Greek Padrone System, pp. 7, 8. For an account of the operation of the system in England, see Wilkins, W. H., The Alien Invasion.

243. For a fuller description of the system, and a more detailed account of its crying evils, see Fairchild, H. P., Greek Immigration, and Rept. Imm. Com., The Greek Padrone System in the United States.

244. For an illustration of such a contract, see Rept. Imm. Com., Greek Padrone System, Abs., pp. 23–24.

245. Cf. Addams, Jane, Twenty Years at Hull-House, p. 221.

246. Rept. Imm. Com., Contract Labor, Abs., p. 12, which compare throughout.

247. Clyatt case, 197 U. S. 207.

248. Cf. Rept. Imm. Com., Peonage, etc.

249. Rept. Imm. Com., Immigrant Banks, p. 35.

250. Ibid., p. 35.

251. Rept. Imm. Com., Immigrant Banks, p. 27.

252. Ibid., pp. 69, 85, 86.

253. For a full description of the nature, organization, and functions of the immigrant bank, and of efforts which have been made to correct its evils, the reader is referred to the Report of the Immigration Commission on Immigrant Banks, to which reference has been made, and also to the Report of the New York Commission of Immigration. This latter volume also contains an extended discussion of the position of the notary public. Cf. also Roberts, Peter, The New Immigration, Ch. XV.

254. Addams, Jane, Twenty Years at Hull-House, p. 99; Adams, T. S., and Sumner, Helen L., Labor Problems, Ch. IV.

255. Rept. New York Com. of Imm., p. 88.

256. Rept. Imm. Com., Imm. Homes and Aid Socs., Abs., p. 8.

257. Rept. New York Com. of Imm., p. 90.

258. Rept. Imm. Com., Imm. Homes and Aid Socs., Abs., p. 14.

259. Ibid., p. 16.

260. Cf. Rept. N. Y. Com. of Imm., p. 92.

261. New York now has a state law, which went into effect Sept. 1, 1911, for the regulation of these lodging houses. The Survey, Sept. 30, 1911.

262. That the spirit of Know Nothingism dies hard, and is likely to crop out even in modern times, is evidenced by the so-called A. P. A. agitation of the early nineties. The A. P. A., or American Protective Association, was the most prominent of several secret organizations, formed about this time, the purposes and methods of which were strikingly similar to those of the Native American and Know Nothing parties. The object of their antagonism was the Roman Catholic Church, and particularly the body of Irish Catholics. This agitation was carried to such an extent that many people, even of the intelligent and thoughtful, feared that a religious war was impending. For details see Winston, E. M., “The Threatening Conflict with Romanism,” Forum, 17:425 (June, 1894); Coudert, Frederic R., “The American Protective Association,” Forum, 17:513 (July, 1894); Gladden, W., “The Anti-Catholic Crusade,” Century, 25:789 (March, 1894).

263. Professor Mayo-Smith says on this point, “The commands of morality are absolute and must have the sanction of perfect faith in order to be effective. To destroy the credibility of the sanction, without putting anything in its place, must for the time being be destructive of ethical action.” Emigration and Immigration, p. 7.

264. Cf. Bingham, T. A., “Foreign Criminals in New York,” North American Review, September, 1908, p. 381. Also, Rept. Imm. Com., Importing Women for Immoral Purposes, pp. 12, 14.

265. The Workingman and Social Problems, p. 32. Cf. White, Gaylord S., “The Protestant Church and the Immigrant,” The Survey, Sept. 25, 1909.

266. Anderson, W. L., The Country Town, p. 164.

267. Commons, J. R., op. cit., p. 203.

268. It is a suggestive fact that the word “recreation” does not occur in the indexes of Hall’s Immigration, Jenks and Lauck’s The Immigration Problem, Commons’ Races and Immigrants in America, Coolidge’s Chinese Immigration, or Balch’s Our Slavic Fellow-Citizens. For descriptions of the recreations of the foreign-born see Kenngott, George F., The Record of a City, Ch. VIII; City Wilderness, Ch. VIII; Americans in Process, Ch. VIII; Roberts, Peter, The New Immigration, Ch. XVIII.

269. Statistical Abstract of the U. S., 1910, p. 251. Cf. also Ely, R. T., Outlines of Economics, p. 340, and Streightoff, F. H., Standard of Living, p. 55.

270. Races and Immigrants in America, p. 115.

271. Professor Taussig says that there is evidence that “a standard of living so tenaciously held as to affect natural increase” is a force which acts on the numbers of the well-to-do in modern countries and is coming into operation in the upper tier of manual workmen. Prin. of Econ., Vol. II, p. 152. In these upper groups it operates mainly upon the birth rate. In the lower groups, where there is less conscious control of the rate of reproduction, a decrease in the means of subsistence must almost inevitably result in an increase of the death rate, particularly of infants.

272. A certain amount of repetition of matter already given—particularly in the discussion of the effects of immigration on population—has seemed unavoidable in the following paragraphs. The matters of population, wages, and standards of living are obviously closely associated.

274. Mr. Earle Clark has shown by a comparison of recent figures that “the wages paid in the Massachusetts cotton mills do not enable the men employed to maintain a standard of living higher than that which the men employed in English mills can maintain upon English wages.” The Survey, March 23, 1912.

275. A further consideration, in addition to the difference in standards, which gives the foreigner an advantage over the native, is found in the different price levels here and abroad. In general the price levels in the countries from which the new immigration comes are lower than in the United States. This means that the immigrant, who saves part of his earnings for the support of a family in Europe, finds it possible to accept a lower wage than the native, who supports his family in this country, and yet keep his family on a standard equivalent to that of the American workman.

276. Professor Taussig says, “The position of common laborers in the United States (that is, in the Northern and Western States) has been kept at its low level only by the continued inflow of immigrants.... These constant new arrivals have kept down the wages of the lowest group, and have accentuated also the lines of social demarcation between this group and others.” Principles of Economics, Vol. II, p. 139. See also p. 234.

The same general opinion is expressed by Jenks and Lauck, The Immigration Problem, p. 195; by Hall, Immigration, pp. 123–131; by Commons, Races and Immigrants in America, pp. 151, 152, 159; by Miss Balch, Our Slavic Fellow Citizens, pp. 288–289; and by Wilkins (with reference to England), The Alien Invasion, p. 68.

277. Cf. Byington, M., Homestead, pp. 6–11.

278. Cf. Ripley, William Z., “Race Factors in Labor Unions,” Atlantic Monthly, 93:299.

279. Cf. Stewart, Ethelbert, “Influence of Trade-Unions on Immigrants,” in LaFollette, R. M., The Making of America, Vol. VIII, pp. 226 ff.

280. Congressional Globe, 33d Cong., 2d Ses., 391.

281. Hall, P. F., Immigration, p. 161.

282. Ibid., p. 165.

283. Ibid., p. 161.

284. See, for example, Mass. Report on the Unemployed, 1895, pp. 18, 116. Report Ohio State Board of Charities, 1902, pp. 178 ff.

285. Abstract of Thirteenth Census, pp. 92, 95, 96.

287. Paupers in Almshouses, p. 101.

288. Abstract of Thirteenth Census, pp. 215, 218.

290. Immigration, p. 168.

291. Mr. Streightoff points out that even in a year of prosperity about half of the laboring families are not able to save anything, even on the close margin of living which they maintain. Standard of Living, pp. 24, 25.

292. Cf. Byington, M. F., Homestead, p. 184.

293. Claghorn, K. H., “Immigration in its Relation to Pauperism,” Annals of the American Academy of Political Science, 24:187.

295. Rept. Imm. Com., Immigration and Crime, Abs., p. 7.

297. Cf. Hourwich, I. A., “Immigration and Crime,” Am. Jour. Soc., 17:4, p. 478.

298. Census Report on Prisoners, 1904, pp. 42, 45.

299. Ibid. Cf. also Bingham, T. A., “Foreign Criminals in New York,” No. Am. Rev., September, 1908, p. 381; Rept. Imm. Com., Imm. and Crime, Abs.; Americans in Process, pp. 199–207; The City Wilderness, p. 172.

300. Fairchild, H. P., Greek Immigration to the United States, p. 203.

301. “Molly Maguire in America,” All the Year Round, New Series, 17:270.

302. Cf. Bingham, T. A., The Girl that Disappears, and “Foreign Criminals in New York,” No. Am. Rev., September, 1908; and Rept. Imm. Com., Importing Women for Immoral Purposes; New York Times, Jan. 17, 1912, p. 1.

303. Cf. Census Report on Prisoners, 1904, p. 236; Commons, Races and Immigrants in America, p. 170; Hall, Immigration, p. 150; Bingham, No. Am. Rev., September, 1908; Addams, Twenty Years at Hull-House, p. 252; Americans in Process, p. 209.

304. Rept. Com. Gen. of Imm., 1908, p. 98.

305. Insane and Feeble-minded in Hospitals and Institutions, 1904, p. 20.

306. Rept. Imm. Com., Immigration and Insanity. Cf. Williams, William, “Immigration and Insanity,” address before the Mental Hygiene Conference, New York City, Nov. 14, 1912. Yet the burden of the feeble-minded immigrant is becoming so strongly felt in New York as to lead the Chamber of Commerce of that state to send resolutions to Congress urging better provisions for excluding this class. The Survey, March 2, 1912.

307. Roberts, P., Anthracite Coal Communities, pp. 19 ff.; Warne, Slav Invasion.

308. Jenks and Lauck, Immigration Problem, p. 92.

309. Ibid., p. 72. For numerous other cases see Rept. Imm. Com., Imms. in Mf. and Min., Abs., pp. 226 ff.; Commons, J. R., Races and Immigrants in America, pp. 151, 152.

310. Anthracite Coal Communities, p. 20.

311. For an opposite view of this whole question, see Hourwich, I. A., Immigration and Labor. This book, which should be consulted for an elaborate defense of free immigration from the economic point of view, has come to hand too late to be cited at frequent intervals throughout the present work. It is an ingenious production, but so full of inconsistencies, inaccuracies, and misleading statements that to criticize it in detail would require a volume in itself. The refutation of many of Dr. Hourwich’s arguments may be found throughout the pages of the present work.

312. Mr. W. L. Anderson, who is not an extreme advocate of the opinion that immigration has not increased population, nevertheless says, “Certainly the common assertion that without the foreigner the development of the country would have halted disastrously is fallacious.” The Country Town, p. 154.

313. Some allowance needs also to be made for the amount of money brought in. See p. 202.

314. Speare, Charles F., “What America Pays Europe for Immigrant Labor,” No. Am. Rev., 187:106.

315. Cf. Balch, op. cit., p. 302. Fred C. Croxton and W. Jett Lauck find the recent immigrants largely responsible for dangerous and unhealthful conditions in mines and factories, and trace a direct causal relation between the extensive employment of recent immigrants and the extraordinary increase of mining accidents in recent years. Spiller, G., Inter-Racial Problems, pp. 218–219.

317. For the distinction between these classes see p. 125.

318. White, Money and Banking, third edition, Ch. XVIII.

319. The fact that in March, 1908, there was a gain of 31 is not a coincidence. The month of March is always a busy one in immigration, as it opens the spring season, and this influence was sufficient to check the prevailing movement temporarily.

320. Mr. F. H. Streightoff shows that at the time the census of 1900 was taken, 2,634,336 or 11.1 per cent of all males over ten years of age who were engaged in gainful occupation in the United States were unemployed three months or more during the year. See Standard of Living, p. 35.