The Cambridge Natural History

THE

CAMBRIDGE NATURAL HISTORY

EDITED BY

S. F. HARMER, Sc.D., F.R.S., Fellow of King's College, Cambridge; Superintendent of the University Museum of Zoology

AND

A. E. SHIPLEY, M.A., F.R.S., Fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge; University Lecturer on the Morphology of Invertebrates

VOLUME VII

Macmillan & Co. Publisher's Mark

HEMICHORDATA

By S. F. Harmer, Sc.D., F.R.S., Fellow of King's College, Cambridge.

ASCIDIANS AND AMPHIOXUS

By W. A. Herdman, D.Sc. (Edinb.), F.R.S., Professor of Natural History in the University of Liverpool.

FISHES (Exclusive of the Systematic Account of Teleostei)

By T. W. Bridge, Sc.D., F.R.S., Trinity College, Cambridge; Mason Professor of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy in the University of Birmingham.

FISHES (Systematic Account of Teleostei)

By G. A. Boulenger, F.R.S., of the British Museum (Natural History).

London
MACMILLAN AND CO., Limited
NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
1904

Third Fisherman.—Master, I marvel how the fishes live in the sea.

First Fisherman.—Why, as men do a-land,—the great ones eat up the little ones.

Pericles, Act II. Scene i.

PREFACE

Owing to unforeseen circumstances, not unconnected with the foundation of a new University, the publication of this volume has been unduly delayed. Some parts of the work have actually been in type for more than four years; and although the authors have made every effort to keep them up to date, the arrangement is naturally not quite what it might have been if the articles had been written immediately before publication.

In view of the novelty of Mr. Boulenger's classification of the Teleosteans, and of the fact that several independent workers have been occupying themselves with the subject during the last year or two, it is fair to state that this part of the volume was completed in 1902. Professor Herdman's account of the Ascidians was ready for publication two years earlier.

Professor Bridge wishes to express his best thanks to Dr. R. H. Traquair. F.R.S., for his kindness in reading the proofs of the pages which deal with the fossil Crossopterygii, Chondrostei, Holostei and Dipnoi, and for much helpful advice and criticism; to Mr. G. A. Boulenger, F.R.S., for his valuable and suggestive criticism on certain points; and to Mr. Edwin Wilson, for the care which he has taken in the preparation of the figures.

July 1904.

PAGE
Preface	v
Scheme of the Classification adopted in this Book	xi
HEMICHORDATA
CHAPTER I
Chordata and Vertebrata—Hemichordata—Enteropneusta—External Characters and Habits—Structure—Genera—Development—Pterobranchia—Cephalodiscus and Rhabdopleura—Phoronidea—Phoronis and Actinotrocha—Affinities of the Hemichordata	3
TUNICATA
CHAPTER II
Introduction—Outline of History—Structure of a typical Ascidian—Embryology and Life-history	35
CHAPTER III
Classification: Larvacea—Appendicularians—Structure, etc.—Ascidiacea—Simple Ascidians—Specific Characters—Compound Ascidians—Gemmation—Merosomata—Holosomata—Pyrosomatidae—Thaliacea—Doliolidae—Salpidae—General Conclusions—Phylogeny	63
CEPHALOCHORDATA
CHAPTER IV
Introduction—General Characters—Anatomy of Amphioxus—Embryology and Life-history—Classification of Cephalochordata—Species and Distribution	112
CYCLOSTOMATA AND FISHES
CHAPTER V
The Systematic Position and Classification of Fishes	141
CHAPTER VI
External Characters of Cyclostomata and of Fishes: External Characters—Coloration—Poison Glands and Poison Spines—Phosphorescent Organs	150
CHAPTER VII
The Skin and Scales	182
CHAPTER VIII
The Skeleton	193
CHAPTER IX
The Dentition, Alimentary Canal, and Digestive Glands	247
CHAPTER X
The Respiratory Organs	277
CHAPTER XI
The Air-bladder	297
CHAPTER XII
The Vascular System, the Lymphatics, and the Blood-glands	313
CHAPTER XIII
Muscular System—Locomotion—Sound-producing Organs—Electric Organs	349
CHAPTER XIV
Nervous System and Organs of Special Sense	367
CHAPTER XV
The Kidneys and the Reproductive Organs—Breeding	397
CHAPTER XVI
Cyclostomata (Systematic)	421
CHAPTER XVII
Elasmobranchii: General Characters—Pleuropterygii—Ichthyotomi—Acanthodei—Plagiostomi—Selachii—Batoidei—Holocephali	431
CHAPTER XVIII
Teleostomi: General Characters—Crossopterygii—Chondrostei—Holostei	475
CHAPTER XIX
Dipneusti	505
CHAPTER XX
Appendix to the Fishes: Palaeospondylidae—Ostracodermi—Heterostraci—Osteostraci—Anaspida—Antiarchi—Arthrodira	521
CHAPTER XXI
Teleostei: General Characters—Malacopterygii—Ostariophysi	541
CHAPTER XXII
Teleostei (continued): Symbranchii—Apodes—Haplomi—Heteromi—Catosteomi—Percesoces—Anacanthini	597
CHAPTER XXIII
Teleostei (continued): Acanthopterygii—Opisthomi—Pediculati—Plectognathi	650
INDEX	729

SCHEME OF THE CLASSIFICATION ADOPTED IN THIS BOOK

The names of extinct groups are printed in italics.

CHORDATA (p. 3).
I. HEMICHORDATA (p. 3).
Order.			Family.
ENTEROPNEUSTA (p. 5)			Glandicipitidae (p. 17). Ptychoderidae (p. 17). Harrimaniidae (p. 17).
PTEROBRANCHIA (p. 21)
PHORONIDEA (p. 27)

II. UROCHORDATA = TUNICATA (pp. 4, 35, 63).
Order.	Sub-Order.		Family.	Sub-Family.
LARVACEA (p. 64)			Kowalevskiidae (p. 68). Appendiculariidae (p. 68).
ASCIDIACEA (p. 70)	Ascidiae Simplices (p. 71).		Clavelinidae (p. 71).
			Ascidiidae (p. 72).	Hypobythiinae (p. 72). Ascidiinae (p. 72). Corellinae (p. 73).
			Cynthiidae (p. 74).	Styelinae (p. 74). Cynthiinae (p. 75). Bolteninae (p. 75).
			Molgulidae (p. 77).
	Ascidiae Compositae (p. 80)	Merosomata (p. 85)	Distomatidae (p. 85). Coelocormidae (p. 86). Didemnidae (p. 86). Diplosomatidae (p. 87). Polyclinidae (p. 87).
		Holosomata (p. 88)	Botryllidae (p. 88). Polystyelidae (p. 89).
	Ascidiae Luciae (p. 90)		Pyrosomatidae (p. 91).
THALIACEA (p. 95)	Cyclomyaria (p. 95).		Doliolidae (p. 96).
	Hemimyaria (p. 101).		Salpidae (p. 101). Octacnemidae (p. 108).

III. CEPHALOCHORDATA (pp. 4, 112).
			Family.
			Branchiostomatidae (p. 137).

IV. CRANIATA (pp. 4, 141).
Class—Cyclostomata (pp. 145, 150, 421).
Sub-Class.	Order.	Sub-Order.	Family.	Sub-Family.
	Myxinoides (p. 421)		Myxinidae (p. 422). Bdellostomatidae (p. 423).
	Petromyzontes (p. 425)		Petromyzontidae (p. 426).
Class—Pisces (pp. 145, 431).
ELASMOBRANCHII (p. 431)	Pleuropterygii (p. 436)		Cladoselachidae (p. 438).
	Ichthyotomi (p. 440)		Pleuracanthidae (p. 440).
	Acanthodei (p. 440)		Diplacanthidae (p. 441). Acanthodidae (p. 441).
	Plagiostomi (p. 442)	Selachii (p. 442)	Notidanidae (p. 442). Chlamydoselachidae (p. 443). Heterodontidae (p. 444). Cochliodontidae (p. 445). Psammodontidae (p. 446). Petalodontidae (p. 446). Scylliidae (p. 446). Carchariidae (p. 448). Sphyrnidae (p. 449). Lamnidae (p. 450). Cetorhinidae (p. 453). Rhinodontidae (p. 454). Spinacidae (p. 454). Rhinidae (p. 456). Pristiophoridae (p. 457).
		Batoidei (p. 457)	Pristidae (p. 459). Rhinobatidae (p. 460). Raiidae (p. 461). Tamiobatidae (p. 462). Torpedinidae (p. 462). Trygonidae (p. 464). Myliobatidae (p. 465).
	Holocephali (p. 466)		Ptyctodontidae (p. 468). Squaloraiidae (p. 468). Myriacanthidae (p. 468). Chimaeridae (p. 468).
TELEOSTOMI (p. 475)	Crossopterygii (p. 476)	Osteolepida (p. 437)	Osteolepidae (p. 477). Rhizodontidae (p. 478). Holoptychidae (p. 479). Coelacanthidae (p. 480).
		Cladistia (p. 481)	Polypteridae (p. 481).
	Chondrostei (p. 485)		Palaeoniscidae (p. 486). Platysomidae (p. 487). Belonorhynchidae (p. 488). Catopteridae (p. 488). Chondrosteidae (p. 489). Polyodontidae (p. 491). Acipenseridae (p. 492).
	Holostei (p. 495)		Semionotidae (p. 497). Macrosemiidae (p. 498). Pycnodontidae (p. 498). Eugnathidae (p. 498). Amiidae (p. 499). Pachycormidae (p. 501). Aspidorhynchidae (p. 502). Lepidosteidae (p. 502).
	Teleostei (pp. 504, 541).	Malacopterygii (p. 543)	Pholidophoridae (p. 545). Archaeomaenidae (p. 545). Oligopleuridae (p. 545). Leptolepididae (p. 546). Elopidae (p. 546). Albulidae (p. 547).
			Mormyridae (p. 549)	Mormyrinae (p. 551). Gymnarchinae (p. 551)
			Hyodontidae (p. 552). Notopteridae (p. 554). Osteoglossidae (p. 555). Pantodontidae (p. 558). Ctenothrissidae (p. 559). Phractolaemidae (p. 560). Saurodontidae (p. 561). Chirocentridae (p. 561).
			Clupeidae (p. 562)	Thrissopatrinae (p. 562). Engraulinae (p. 563). Clupeinae (p. 563). Chaninae (p. 563).
			Salmonidae (p. 565). [Pachyrhizodontidae (p. 569).] Alepocephalidae (p. 569).
			Stomiatidae (p. 570)	Chauliodontinae (p. 571). Sternoptychinae (p. 571). Stomiatinae (p. 571).
			Gonorhynchidae (p. 572). Cromeriidae (p. 573).
		Ostariophysi (p. 573)	Characinidae (p. 575)	Erythrininae (p. 575). Hydrocyoninae (p. 575). Serrasalmoninae (p. 576). Ichthyoborinae (p. 576). Xiphostominae (p. 576). Anostominae (p. 576). Hemiodontinae (p. 576). Distichodontinae (p. 576). Citharininae (p. 576).
			Gymnotidae (p. 579).
			Cyprinidae (p. 581)	Catostominae (p. 581). Cyprininae (p. 582). Cobitidinae (p. 582). Homalopterinae (p. 582).
			Siluridae (p. 586)	Clariinae (p. 588). Silurinae (p. 588). Bagrinae (p. 588). Doradinae (p. 588). Malopterurinae (p. 588). Callichthyinae (p. 588). Hypophthalminae (p. 589). Trichomycterinae (p. 589).
			Loricariidae (p. 594)	Arginae (p. 595). Loricariinae (p. 595).
			Aspredinidae (p. 596).
		Symbranchii (p. 597)	Symbranchidae (p. 597). Amphipnoidae (p. 598).
		Apodes (p. 599)	Anguillidae (p. 600). Nemichthyidae (p. 603). Synaphobranchidae (p. 603). Saccopharyngidae (p. 603). Muraenidae (p. 604).
		Haplomi (p. 605)	Galaxiidae (p. 607). Haplochitonidae (p. 608). Enchodontidae (p. 608). Esocidae (p. 609). Dalliidae (p. 610). Scopelidae (p. 611). Alepidosauridae (p. 614). Cetomimidae (p. 614). Chirothricidae (p. 615). Kneriidae (p. 615). Cyprinodontidae (p. 616). Amblyopsidae (p. 618). Stephanoberycidae (p. 619). Percopsidae (p. 620).
		Heteromi (p. 621)	Dercetidae (p. 623). Halosauridae (p. 623). Lipogenyidae (p. 624). Notacanthidae (p. 624). Fierasferidae (p. 625).
		Catosteomi (p. 626)	Gastrosteidae (p. 629) Aulorhynchidae (p. 631) Protosyngnathidae (p. 631) Aulostomatidae (p. 632) Fistulariidae (p. 632) Centriscidae (p. 633) Amphisilidae (p. 633)	= Hemibranchii (p. 627).
			Solenostomidae (p. 633) Syngnathidae (p. 634)	= Lophobranchii (p. 628).
			Pegasidae (p. 635)	= Hypostomides (p. 628).
		Percesoces (p. 636)	Scombresocidae (p. 637). Ammodytidae (p. 639). Atherinidae (p. 639). Mugilidae (p. 640). Polynemidae (p. 640). Chiasmodontidae (p. 641). Sphyraenidae (p. 642). Tetragonuridae (p. 642). Stromateidae (p. 643). Icosteidae (p. 644). Ophiocephalidae (p. 644). Anabantidae (p. 645).
		Anacanthini (p. 646)	Macruridae (p. 647). Gadidae (p. 647). Muraenolepididae (p. 649).
		Sub-Order.	Division.	Family.
		Acanthopterygii (p. 650)	Perciformes (p. 652)	Berycidae (p. 655). Monocentridae (p. 656). Pempheridae (p. 656). Centrarchidae (p. 657). Cyphosidae (p. 657). Lobotidae (p. 658). Toxotidae (p. 658). Nandidae (p. 658). Percidae (p. 658). Acropomatidae (p. 659). Serranidae (p. 659) Subfamilies: * Serraninae (p. 659). * Grammistinae (p. 660). * Priacanthinae (p. 660). * Centropominae (p. 660). * Pomatominae (p. 660). * Ambassinae (p. 660). * Chilodipterinae (p. 660). * Lutjaninae (p. 660). * Cirrhitinae (p. 660). * Pentacerotinae (p. 660). Anomalopidae (p. 660). Pseudochromididae (p. 661). Cepolidae (p. 661). Hoplognathidae (p. 662). Sillaginidae (p. 662). Sciaenidae (p. 663). Gerridae (p. 663). Lactariidae (p. 663). Trichodontidae (p. 663). Latrididae (p. 663). Haplodactylidae (p. 664). Pristipomatidae (p. 664). Sparidae (p. 664). Mullidae (p. 665). Scorpididae (p. 666). Caproidae (p. 666). Chaetodontidae (p. 667). Drepanidae (p. 668). Acanthuridae (p. 668). Teuthididae (p. 668). Osphromenidae (p. 669). Embiotocidae (p. 670). Cichlidae (p. 670). Pomacentridae (p. 672). Labridae (p. 673). Scaridae (p. 674).
			Scombriformes (p. 675)	Carangidae (p. 677). Rhachicentridae (p. 677). Scombridae (p. 678). Trichiuridae (p. 679). Histiophoridae (p. 679). Palaeorhynchidae (p. 680). Xiphiidae (p. 681). Luvaridae (p. 681). Coryphaenidae (p. 681). Bramidae (p. 682).
			Zeorhombi (p. 682)	Zeidae (p. 683). Amphistiidae (p. 684). Pleuronectidae (p. 684).
			Kurtiformes (p. 687)	Kurtidae (p. 687).
			Gobiiformes (p. 688)	Gobiidae (p. 689).
			Discocephali (p. 691)	Echeneididae (p. 691).
			Scleroparei (p. 692)	Scorpaenidae (p. 694). Hexagrammidae (p. 696). Comephoridae (p. 696). Rhamphocottidae (p. 697). Cottidae (p. 697). Cyclopteridae (p. 698). Platycephalidae (p. 699). Hoplichthyidae (p. 699). Agonidae (p. 700). Triglidae (p. 700). Dactylopteridae (p. 701).
			Jugulares (p. 702)	Trachinidae (p. 704). Percophiidae (p. 705). Leptoscopidae (p. 705). Nototheniidae (p. 705). Uranoscopidae (p. 706). Trichonotidae (p. 706). Callionymidae (p. 706). Gobiesocidae (p. 707). Blenniidae (p. 709). Batrachidae (p. 710). Pholididae (p. 711). Zoarcidae (p. 712). Congrogadidae (p. 713). Ophidiidae (p. 713). Podatelidae (p. 713).
			Taeniosomi (p. 714)	Trachypteridae (p. 715). Lophotidae (p. 716).
		Opisthomi (p. 716)		Mastacembelidae (p. 716).
		Pediculati (p. 717)		Lophiidae (p. 718). Ceratiidae (p. 719). Antennariidae (p. 720). Gigantactinidae (p. 720). Malthidae (p. 720).
		Plectognathi (p. 721)	Sclerodermi (p. 722)	Triacanthidae (p. 722). Triodontidae (p. 723). Balistidae (p. 723). Ostraconiidae (p. 722).
			Gymnodontes (p. 725)	Tetrodontidae (p. 726). Diodontidae (p. 726). Molidae (p. 726).
DIPNEUSTI = DIPNOI (p. 505)				Ctenodontidae (p. 505). Uronemidae (p. 507). Ceratodontidae (p. 507). Lepidosirenidae (p. 511).

OF UNCERTAIN POSITION
	Order.	Family.
Palaeospondylidae (p. 521).
Ostracodermi (p. 522)	Heterostraci (p. 524)	Coelolepidae (p. 524). Drepanaspidae (p. 525). Psammosteidae (p. 526). Pteraspidae (p. 527).
	Osteostraci (p. 527)	Ateleaspidae (p. 528). Cephalaspidae (p. 528). Tremataspidae (p. 530).
	Anaspida (p. 531)	Birkeniidae (p. 531).
Antiarchi (p. 532)		Asterolepidae (p. 534).
Arthrodira (p. 535)		Coccosteidae (p. 536).

CHORDATA (p. 3).
I. HEMICHORDATA (p. 3).
Order.						Family.
ENTEROPNEUSTA (p. 5)					brace	Glandicipitidae (p. 17). Ptychoderidae (p. 17). Harrimaniidae (p. 17).
PTEROBRANCHIA (p. 21)
PHORONIDEA (p. 27)

II. UROCHORDATA = TUNICATA (pp. 4, 35, 63).
Order.		Sub-Order.				Family.		Sub-Family.
LARVACEA (p. 64)					brace	Kowalevskiidae (p. 68). Appendiculariidae (p. 68).
ASCIDIACEA (p. 70)	brace	Ascidiae Simplices (p. 71).			brace	Clavelinidae (p. 71).
						Ascidiidae (p. 72).	brace	Hypobythiinae (p. 72). Ascidiinae (p. 72). Corellinae (p. 73).
						Cynthiidae (p. 74).	brace	Styelinae (p. 74). Cynthiinae (p. 75). Bolteninae (p. 75).
						Molgulidae (p. 77).
		Ascidiae Compositae (p. 80)	brace	Merosomata (p. 85)	brace	Distomatidae (p. 85). Coelocormidae (p. 86). Didemnidae (p. 86). Diplosomatidae (p. 87). Polyclinidae (p. 87).
				Holosomata (p. 88)	brace	Botryllidae (p. 88). Polystyelidae (p. 89).
		Ascidiae Luciae (p. 90)				Pyrosomatidae (p. 91).
THALIACEA (p. 95)	brace	Cyclomyaria (p. 95).				Doliolidae (p. 96).
		Hemimyaria (p. 101).			brace	Salpidae (p. 101). Octacnemidae (p. 108).

III. CEPHALOCHORDATA (pp. 4, 112).
						Family.
						Branchiostomatidae (p. 137).

IV. CRANIATA (pp. 4, 141).
Class—Cyclostomata (pp. 145, 150, 421).
Sub-Class.		Order.		Sub-Order.		Family.		Sub-Family.
		Myxinoides (p. 421)			brace	Myxinidae (p. 422). Bdellostomatidae (p. 423).
		Petromyzontes (p. 425)			brace	Petromyzontidae (p. 426).
Class—Pisces (pp. 145, 431).
ELASMOBRANCHII (p. 431)	brace	Pleuropterygii (p. 436)				Cladoselachidae (p. 438).
		Ichthyotomi (p. 440)				Pleuracanthidae (p. 440).
		Acanthodei (p. 440)			brace	Diplacanthidae (p. 441). Acanthodidae (p. 441).
		Plagiostomi (p. 442)	brace	Selachii (p. 442)	brace	Notidanidae (p. 442). Chlamydoselachidae (p. 443). Heterodontidae (p. 444). Cochliodontidae (p. 445). Psammodontidae (p. 446). Petalodontidae (p. 446). Scylliidae (p. 446). Carchariidae (p. 448). Sphyrnidae (p. 449). Lamnidae (p. 450). Cetorhinidae (p. 453). Rhinodontidae (p. 454). Spinacidae (p. 454). Rhinidae (p. 456). Pristiophoridae (p. 457).
				Batoidei (p. 457)	brace	Pristidae (p. 459). Rhinobatidae (p. 460). Raiidae (p. 461). Tamiobatidae (p. 462). Torpedinidae (p. 462). Trygonidae (p. 464). Myliobatidae (p. 465).
		Holocephali (p. 466)			brace	Ptyctodontidae (p. 468). Squaloraiidae (p. 468). Myriacanthidae (p. 468). Chimaeridae (p. 468).
TELEOSTOMI (p. 475)	brace	Crossopterygii (p. 476)	brace	Osteolepida (p. 437)	brace	Osteolepidae (p. 477). Rhizodontidae (p. 478). Holoptychidae (p. 479). Coelacanthidae (p. 480).
				Cladistia (p. 481)		Polypteridae (p. 481).
		Chondrostei (p. 485)			brace	Palaeoniscidae (p. 486). Platysomidae (p. 487). Belonorhynchidae (p. 488). Catopteridae (p. 488). Chondrosteidae (p. 489). Polyodontidae (p. 491). Acipenseridae (p. 492).
		Holostei (p. 495)			brace	Semionotidae (p. 497). Macrosemiidae (p. 498). Pycnodontidae (p. 498). Eugnathidae (p. 498). Amiidae (p. 499). Pachycormidae (p. 501). Aspidorhynchidae (p. 502). Lepidosteidae (p. 502).
		Teleostei (pp. 504, 541)	brace	Malacopterygii (p. 543)	brace	Pholidophoridae (p. 545). Archaeomaenidae (p. 545). Oligopleuridae (p. 545). Leptolepididae (p. 546). Elopidae (p. 546). Albulidae (p. 547).
						Mormyridae (p. 549)	brace	Mormyrinae (p. 551). Gymnarchinae (p. 551)
						Hyodontidae (p. 552). Notopteridae (p. 554). Osteoglossidae (p. 555). Pantodontidae (p. 558). Ctenothrissidae (p. 559). Phractolaemidae (p. 560). Saurodontidae (p. 561). Chirocentridae (p. 561).
						Clupeidae (p. 562)	brace	Thrissopatrinae (p. 562). Engraulinae (p. 563). Clupeinae (p. 563). Chaninae (p. 563).
						Salmonidae (p. 565). [Pachyrhizodontidae (p. 569).] Alepocephalidae (p. 569).
						Stomiatidae (p. 570)	brace	Chauliodontinae (p. 571). Sternoptychinae (p. 571). Stomiatinae (p. 571).
						Gonorhynchidae (p. 572). Cromeriidae (p. 573).
				Ostariophysi (p. 573)	brace	Characinidae (p. 575)	brace	Erythrininae (p. 575). Hydrocyoninae (p. 575). Serrasalmoninae (p. 576). Ichthyoborinae (p. 576). Xiphostominae (p. 576). Anostominae (p. 576). Hemiodontinae (p. 576). Distichodontinae (p. 576). Citharininae (p. 576).
						Gymnotidae (p. 579).
						Cyprinidae (p. 581)	brace	Catostominae (p. 581). Cyprininae (p. 582). Cobitidinae (p. 582). Homalopterinae (p. 582).
						Siluridae (p. 586)	brace	Clariinae (p. 588). Silurinae (p. 588). Bagrinae (p. 588). Doradinae (p. 588). Malopterurinae (p. 588). Callichthyinae (p. 588). Hypophthalminae (p. 589). Trichomycterinae (p. 589).
						Loricariidae (p. 594)	brace	Arginae (p. 595). Loricariinae (p. 595).
						Aspredinidae (p. 596).
				Symbranchii (p. 597)	brace	Symbranchidae (p. 597). Amphipnoidae (p. 598).
				Apodes (p. 599)	brace	Anguillidae (p. 600). Nemichthyidae (p. 603). Synaphobranchidae (p. 603). Saccopharyngidae (p. 603). Muraenidae (p. 604).
				Haplomi (p. 605)	brace	Galaxiidae (p. 607). Haplochitonidae (p. 608). Enchodontidae (p. 608). Esocidae (p. 609). Dalliidae (p. 610). Scopelidae (p. 611). Alepidosauridae (p. 614). Cetomimidae (p. 614). Chirothricidae (p. 615). Kneriidae (p. 615). Cyprinodontidae (p. 616). Amblyopsidae (p. 618). Stephanoberycidae (p. 619). Percopsidae (p. 620).
				Heteromi (p. 621)	brace	Dercetidae (p. 623). Halosauridae (p. 623). Lipogenyidae (p. 624). Notacanthidae (p. 624). Fierasferidae (p. 625).
				Catosteomi (p. 626)	brace	Gastrosteidae (p. 629) Aulorhynchidae (p. 631) Protosyngnathidae (p. 631) Aulostomatidae (p. 632) Fistulariidae (p. 632) Centriscidae (p. 633) Amphisilidae (p. 633)	brace	= Hemibranchii (p. 627).
						Solenostomidae (p. 633) Syngnathidae (p. 634)	brace	= Lophobranchii (p. 628).
						Pegasidae (p. 635)	brace	= Hypostomides (p. 628).
				Percesoces (p. 636)	brace	Scombresocidae (p. 637). Ammodytidae (p. 639). Atherinidae (p. 639). Mugilidae (p. 640). Polynemidae (p. 640). Chiasmodontidae (p. 641). Sphyraenidae (p. 642). Tetragonuridae (p. 642). Stromateidae (p. 643). Icosteidae (p. 644). Ophiocephalidae (p. 644). Anabantidae (p. 645).
				Anacanthini (p. 646)	brace	Macruridae (p. 647). Gadidae (p. 647). Muraenolepididae (p. 649).
				Sub-Order.		Division.		Family.
				Acanthopterygii (p. 650)	brace	Perciformes (p. 652)	brace	Berycidae (p. 655). Monocentridae (p. 656). Pempheridae (p. 656). Centrarchidae (p. 657). Cyphosidae (p. 657). Lobotidae (p. 658). Toxotidae (p. 658). Nandidae (p. 658). Percidae (p. 658). Acropomatidae (p. 659). Serranidae (p. 659) Subfamilies: * Serraninae (p. 659). * Grammistinae (p. 660). * Priacanthinae (p. 660). * Centropominae (p. 660). * Pomatominae (p. 660). * Ambassinae (p. 660). * Chilodipterinae (p. 660). * Lutjaninae (p. 660). * Cirrhitinae (p. 660). * Pentacerotinae (p. 660). Anomalopidae (p. 660). Pseudochromididae (p. 661). Cepolidae (p. 661). Hoplognathidae (p. 662). Sillaginidae (p. 662). Sciaenidae (p. 663). Gerridae (p. 663). Lactariidae (p. 663). Trichodontidae (p. 663). Latrididae (p. 663). Haplodactylidae (p. 664). Pristipomatidae (p. 664). Sparidae (p. 664). Mullidae (p. 665). Scorpididae (p. 666). Caproidae (p. 666). Chaetodontidae (p. 667). Drepanidae (p. 668). Acanthuridae (p. 668). Teuthididae (p. 668). Osphromenidae (p. 669). Embiotocidae (p. 670). Cichlidae (p. 670). Pomacentridae (p. 672). Labridae (p. 673). Scaridae (p. 674).
						Scombriformes (p. 675)	brace	Carangidae (p. 677). Rhachicentridae (p. 677). Scombridae (p. 678). Trichiuridae (p. 679). Histiophoridae (p. 679). Palaeorhynchidae (p. 680). Xiphiidae (p. 681). Luvaridae (p. 681). Coryphaenidae (p. 681). Bramidae (p. 682).
						Zeorhombi (p. 682)	brace	Zeidae (p. 683). Amphistiidae (p. 684). Pleuronectidae (p. 684).
						Kurtiformes (p. 687)	brace	Kurtidae (p. 687).
						Gobiiformes (p. 688)	brace	Gobiidae (p. 689).
						Discocephali (p. 691)	brace	Echeneididae (p. 691).
						Scleroparei (p. 692)	brace	Scorpaenidae (p. 694). Hexagrammidae (p. 696). Comephoridae (p. 696). Rhamphocottidae (p. 697). Cottidae (p. 697). Cyclopteridae (p. 698). Platycephalidae (p. 699). Hoplichthyidae (p. 699). Agonidae (p. 700). Triglidae (p. 700). Dactylopteridae (p. 701).
						Jugulares (p. 702)	brace	Trachinidae (p. 704). Percophiidae (p. 705). Leptoscopidae (p. 705). Nototheniidae (p. 705). Uranoscopidae (p. 706). Trichonotidae (p. 706). Callionymidae (p. 706). Gobiesocidae (p. 707). Blenniidae (p. 709). Batrachidae (p. 710). Pholididae (p. 711). Zoarcidae (p. 712). Congrogadidae (p. 713). Ophidiidae (p. 713). Podatelidae (p. 713).
						Taeniosomi (p. 714)	brace	Trachypteridae (p. 715). Lophotidae (p. 716).
				Opisthomi (p. 716)				Mastacembelidae (p. 716).
				Pediculati (p. 717)			brace	Lophiidae (p. 718). Ceratiidae (p. 719). Antennariidae (p. 720). Gigantactinidae (p. 720). Malthidae (p. 720).
				Plectognathi (p. 721)	brace	Sclerodermi (p. 722)	brace	Triacanthidae (p. 722). Triodontidae (p. 723). Balistidae (p. 723). Ostraconiidae (p. 722).
						Gymnodontes (p. 725)	brace	Tetrodontidae (p. 726). Diodontidae (p. 726). Molidae (p. 726).
DIPNEUSTI = DIPNOI (p. 505)							brace	Ctenodontidae (p. 505). Uronemidae (p. 507). Ceratodontidae (p. 507). Lepidosirenidae (p. 511).

OF UNCERTAIN POSITION
		Order.		Family.
Palaeospondylidae (p. 521).
Ostracodermi (p. 522)	brace	Heterostraci (p. 524)	brace	Coelolepidae (p. 524). Drepanaspidae (p. 525). Psammosteidae (p. 526). Pteraspidae (p. 527).
		Osteostraci (p. 527)	brace	Ateleaspidae (p. 528). Cephalaspidae (p. 528). Tremataspidae (p. 530).
		Anaspida (p. 531)		Birkeniidae (p. 531).
Antiarchi (p. 532)				Asterolepidae (p. 534).
Arthrodira (p. 535)				Coccosteidae (p. 536).

The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Cambridge natural history, Vol. 07 (of 10)

PREFACE

CONTENTS

SCHEME OF THE CLASSIFICATION ADOPTED IN THIS BOOK