[309] F. Cuvier, Mammifères, 60ᵐᵉ livr. (1845).

[310] Jentink, Notes Leyd. Mus. vol. x. p. 41 (1888).

[311] Kaup, Entwickl. Europ. Thierwelt, p. 139 (1829).

[312] A. Milne-Edwards, L’Institut, vol. xxxv. p. 46 (1867).

[313] Sminthus is referred to the Dipodidæ.

[314] Geoffrey, Ann. du Muséum, vol. vi. p. 81 (1805).

[315] For the anatomy of this animal see B. C. A. Windle, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, p. 53.

[316] O. Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1889, p. 247.

[317] Blyth, Proc. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xxviii. p. 289 (1859).

[318] Desmarest, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. vol. xxiv. p. 22 (1804).

[319] Lataste, Le Nat. vol. i. p. 314 (1880).

[320] Wagner, Wiegmann’s Archiv, 1841, p. 132.

[321] F. Cuvier, Dents des Mammifères, p. 168 (1825).

[322] Peters, Monatsber. Ak. Berlin, 1875, p. 12.

[323] A. Milne-Edwards, Bull. Soc. Philom. sér. 6, vol. xi. p. 9 (1877).

[324] Nesocia was included by Alston in this subfamily.

[325] Waterhouse, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 108.

[326] Andrew Smith, S. African Quart. Journ. vol. ii. p. 158 (1834).

[327] Peters, Reise n. Mossambique, vol. i. p. 162 (1852).

[328] Peters, Monatsber. Ak. Berlin, 1874, p. 234.

[329] Cuvier, Règne Animal, vol. i. p. 198 (1817).

[330] Proc. Zool. Soc. 1888, p. 133.

[331] Proc. Zool. Soc. 1884, p. 451.

[332] Brandt, Mém. Acad. Imp. St. Pétersbourg, sér. 3, iii. p. 428 (1835).

[333] Say and Ord, Journ. Acad. Philad. vol. iv. p. 352 (1825).

[334] Waterhouse, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1837, p. 29.

[335] Coues, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1874, p. 184.

[336] Say and Ord, Journ. Acad. Philad. vol. iv. p. 346 (1825).

[337] Grandidier, Rev. and Mag. Zool. 1869, p. 388.

[338] Peters, Sitzber. Ges. Nat. Freunde, 1870, p. 54 (1871).

[339] Günther, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 79.

[340] Jentink, Notes Leyd. Mus. vol. i. p. 107, note 27 (1879).

[341] Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 6, vol. xx. art. 1, bis, p. 1 (1886).

[342] Merriam, Fauna of North America, No. 2, p. 28 (1889).

[343] Lacépède, Mém. de l’Institut, vol. iii. p. 495 (1801). Many writers employ the earlier name Microtus for the true Voles.

[344] Baird, Mamm. North America, pp. xliv. 558 (1857).

[345] Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. vol. i. p. 173 (1811).

[346] Wagler, Isis, 1832, p. 1220.

[347] Cuvier, Leçons d’Anatomie Compar. tab. 1 (1800).

[348] True, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. vii. p. 170 (1884).

[349] Fischer, Zoognosia, vol. iii. p. 72 (1814).

[350] Brants, Het. Geslact der Muizen, p. 20 (1827).

[351] O. Thomas. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1888, p. 130.

[352] Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 79 (1766).

[353] Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. x. p. 264 (1842). Amended from Nesokia.

[354] Gray, Charlesworth’s, Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. i. p. 586 (1837). Syn. Pelomys, Peters (1852).

[355] Peters, Monatsber. Ak. Berlin, 1867, p. 343.

[356] O. Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1888, p. 237.

[357] Lichtenstein, Darst. neu. Säugethiere, pt. iv. pl. 29 (1829).

[358] O. Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. ix. p. 413 (1882).

[359] Geoffroy, Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 2, vol. x. p. 126 (1840). Acomys.

[360] Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 599. Amended from Echimys.

[361] Milne-Edwards, Bull. Soc. Philom. sér. 6, vol. xi. p. 9 (1877).

[362] Waterhouse, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1840, p. 2.

[363] Peters, Monatsber. Ak. Berlin, 1846, p. 258.

[364] Güldenstädt, Nov. Comment. Petrop. vol. xiv. art. i. p. 409 (1770).

[365] Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1830, p. 95.

[366] Illiger, Prodromus Syst. Mamm. p. 86 (1811).

[367] Illiger, loc. cit. p. 87.

[368] O. Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1890, p. 448 = Heliophobius; Peters, Monatsber. Ak. Berlin, 1846, p. 243.—Preoccupied.

[369] Rüppel, Mus. Senkenb. vol. i. Säugeth. p. 99 (1834).

[370] Including the Saccomyidæ of Coues.

[371] Rafinesque, Amer. Monthly Mag. vol. ii. p. 45 (1817).

[372] Wied, Nova Acta Ac. Cæs. Leop.-Car. vol. xix. pt. i. p. 383 (1839).

[373] Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. vii. p. 521 (1840).

[374] Wied, Nova Acta Ac. Cæs. Leop.-Car. vol. xix. pt. i. p. 369 (1839).

[375] Desmarest, Mammalogie, p. 313 (1820).

[376] Keyserling und Blasius, Wirbelthiere Europ. p. 38 (1840).

[377] Coues, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Terrs. ser. 2, No. 5, p. 253 (1873). Syn. Jaculus, Wagler.

[378] Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. i. p. 157 (1788).

[379] F. Cuvier, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, p. 141.

[380] Brandt, Bull. Ac. St. Pétersbourg, 1844, p. 209.

[381] = A. jaculus, Auct.

[382] Illiger, Prodromus Syst. Mamm. p. 81 (1811).

[383] Gray, Spicilegia Zoologica, p. 10 (1830).

[384] Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xxxiv. p. 294 (1855).

[385] Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1832, p. 46.

[386] Waterhouse, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1837, p. 30. Amended from Abrocoma.

[387] Waterhouse, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1841, p. 91.

[388] De Blainville, Bull. Soc. Philom. 1826, p. 62.

[389] Wagler, ibid. p. 1219.

[390] Andrew Smith, S. African Quart. Journ. vol. ii. p. 2 (1831).

[391] Geoffroy, Ann. du Muséum, vol. vi. p. 81 (1805).

[392] Desmarest, Mém. Soc. d’Hist. Nat. vol. i. p. 44 (1822).

[393] For description and anatomy of this species see Dobson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1884, p. 233.

[394] Temminck, Monographies des Mammifères, vol. i. p. 245 (1827).

[395] Cuvier, Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 2, vol. vi. p. 347 (1836). Amended.

[396] Illiger, Prodromus Syst. Mamm. p. 90 (1811).

[397] Desmarest, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. vol. x. p. 45 (1817). Amended from Echimys.

[398] Wagner, Wiegmann’s Archiv, 1845, pt. 2, p. 145.

[399] Geoffroy, Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 2, vol. x. p. 126 (1838).

[400] F. Cuvier, Mammifères, 6ᵐᵉ livr. (1829).

[401] Waterhouse, Nat. Hist. of Mamm. vol. ii. p. 351 (1848).

[402] F. Cuvier, Dents des Mammifères, p. 256 (1825).

[403] F. Cuvier, Mém. du Muséum, vol. ix. p. 413 (1822). “Sinéthère.”

[404] Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1843, p. 21.

[405] Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 76 (1766).

[406] Cuvier, Règne-Animal, 2d ed. vol. i. p. 215 (1829). “Atherure.”

[407] Günther, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1876, p. 739.

[408] Bennett, Gardens, etc. Zool. Soc. pt. i. p. i. (1829).

[409] Meyer, Nova Acta Ac. Cæs. Leop.-Car. vol. xvi. p. 576 (1833).

[410] Brooks, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 102 (1828).

[411] Foster, Second Rep. Geol. of Ohio, p. 81 (1838).

[412] Illiger, Prodromus Syst. Mamm. p. 93 (1811).

[413] F. Cuvier, Ann. du Muséum, vol. x. p. 203 (1807).

[414] Peters, Monatsber. Ak. Berlin, 1873, p. 551.

[415] Pallas, Misc. Zool. p. 30 (1766); ex Klein.

[416] Desmarest, Mammalogie, p. 360 (1822).

[417] Erxleben, Syst. Règ. Animal, p. 191 (1777); ex Brisson.

[418] Cuvier, Tabl. Élément. de l’Hist. Nat. p. 132 (1798).

[419] Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 77 (1766).

[420] From the absence of the Common Hare in Scandinavia it is considered probable that the name L. timidus was really applied to the Mountain Hare, and some writers accordingly use the name L. europæus for the former.

[421] Variations of Animals and Plants, 2d ed. vol. i. p. 119.

[422] The Feræ of Linnæus included all the then known species of the modern orders Carnivora, Insectivora, and Marsupialia.

[423] The tusks of the Walrus, altogether so aberrant in its dentition, are partial exceptions to this statement, but in old individuals the pulp-cavity fills up, and they cease to grow.

[424] See Flower, “On the Value of the Characters of the Base of the Cranium in the Classification of the Order Carnivora,” Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 4; Mivart, “On the Classification and Distribution of the Æluroidea,” ibid. 1882, pp. 135 and 459; see also The Cat, an Introduction to the Study of Backboned Animals, especially Mammals, by the same author, 1881.

[425] Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 60 (1766).

[426] The Cat, pp. 392-426 (1881).

[427] Fauna of British India, “Mammalia,” pp. 56-90 (1888).

[428] Zoology and Geology of Eastern Persia (1876).

[429] See Blanford, Fauna of British India, “Mammalia,” p. 57 (1883).

[430] Transactions of the Zoological Society, vol. i. p. 165 (1835).

[431] A Hunter’s Wanderings in Africa, 1881, p. 258.

[432] Mr. Selous, whose opportunities for obtaining evidence upon this subject were very large, says that in the region of South Africa, between the Zambesi and the Limpopo rivers, he never saw a lion with any long hair under the body, and that the manes of the wild lions of that district are far inferior in development to those commonly seen in menageries in Europe.

[433] The Lion and the Elephant, 1873, p. 19.

[434] Hon. W. H. Drummond, The Large Game and Natural History of South and South-East Africa, 1875, p. 278.

[435] Fauna of British India, “Mammalia,” p. 59 (1888).

[436] See W. T. Blanford, Fauna of British India, “Mammalia,” p. 69 (1888).

[437] Monographs of the Palæontographical Society, 1872.

[438] Syn. F. macrocelis.

[439] Syn. F. maniculata and caligata.

[440] Wagler, Syst. Amphib. etc. p. 30 (1830).

[441] Bennett, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. i. p. 137 (1833).

[442] Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 63 (1766).

[443] Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 518.

[444] Cuvier, Règne-Animal, vol. i. p. 156 (1817).

[445] Horsfield, Zool. Research. Java (1824).—Prionodontidæ.

[446] Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 520.

[447] F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. des Mammifères, No. 186 (1821).

[448] See W. T. Blanford, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1885, p. 780.

[449] Fauna of British India, “Mammalia,” p. 108 (1888).

[450] Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 542, ex Petero.

[451] Jourdan, Comptes Rendus, vol. v. p. 442 (1837). Amended.

[452] Temminck, Prospectus de Monographies des Mammifères, March 1824; Monographies, vol. i. p. xxi. (1827).

[453] Gray, List of Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 54 (1843).

[454] Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, p. 88.

[455] Illiger, Prodromus Syst. Mamm. p. 135 (1811).

[456] Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 308.

[457] Peters, Mith. Ges. Nat. Freunde Berlin, 19th November 1850.

[458] Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1833, p. 48.

[459] Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 573.

[460] F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. des Mammifères, No. 199 (1825).

[461] Desmarest, “Tabl. Méth. Mamm.” in Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. vol. xxiv. (1804).

[462] Geoffroy, Comptes Rendus, 1837, p. 578.

[463] Geoffroy, Mag. de Zool. 1839, pp. 27, 37.

[464] Doyère, Ann. Sci. Nat. vol. iv. p. 281 (1835).

[465] Jourdan, Comptes Rendus, 1837, p. 422. Amended.

[466] Geoffroy, Mém. du Muséum, vol. xi. p. 354 (1824).

[467] For Anatomy of Proteles see Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 474.

[468] Zimmermann, Specimen Zoologiæ Geographicæ, p. 365 (1777).

[469] Fauna of British India, “Mammalia,” p. 133 (1888).

[470] The anatomical peculiarities of Hyæna crocuta have been fully elucidated in a series of papers by Morrison Watson in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society for 1877, 1878, 1879, and 1881, in which references to previous authors on the subject will be found.

[471] Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 56 (1766).

[472] In Domestic Dogs a hallux is frequently developed, though often in a rudimentary condition, the phalanges and claw being suspended loosely in the skin, without direct connection with the other bones of the foot; it is called by dog-fanciers the “dew claw.”

[473] Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 238. See also Mivart, Dogs, Jackals, Wolves, and Foxes; a Monograph of the Canidæ (1890).

[474] Fauna of British India, “Mammalia,” pp. 153, 154 (1888).

[475] Brookes, Griffith’s Animal Kingdom, vol. v. p. 151 (1827).

[476] Lund, K. Danks. Vid. Selsk. Afhand. vol. xi. p. 62 (1845).

[477] Lichtenstein, Wiegmann’s Archiv. 1838, vol. i. p. 290.

[478] Arch. Mus. Lyon. vol. iii. art. 1, p. 85 (1881).

[479] Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xviii. p. 452 (1880).

[480] For full details of the Arctoidea see Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1885, p. 340.

[481] Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 69 (1766).

[482] Meyer, Uebersicht d. neu. Zool. Entdeckungen, etc. p. 155 (1793).

[483] A. Milne-Edwards, Nouv. Arch. du Muséum, vol. vii. Bull. p. 88 (1871). Amended from “Ailuropus.”