The History of Drink | Project Gutenberg

INDEX.

A
Abbot Sampson, actions of, 127, 131.
Abbots, vices of, 144.
Aberdare, Lord, on drinking amongst the working classes, 176, 177.
Abstinence total, not recommended by ancient Chinese, 20.
of Buddhist priests, 27, 28.
of Mohammedans, 53.
not universal, 55.
in Koom, in Persia, 55.
of Nazarites during noviciate, 62.
of Rechabites, 63.
of Lacedæmonians, 81.
amongst native Americans in the United States, 222.
of English temperance societies, 241.
Addison, at Button’s club, 156.
on intemperance in his day, 164.
Adulteration, of wine, materials used for, in ancient Rome, 89.
in Germany, 90.
of beer with salt, in England, 249.
of spirits with water, in England, 250.
Agreement to hold ales, 135.
Agromanyus (Ahriman) drunkenness supposed to be the work of, 50.
Alcohol, first obtained by Villeneuve, 159.
table of percentage in various intoxicating drinks, 160.
Ales, agreement to hold, 135.
“bid,” 134, 136.
“bride,” 134.
“church,” 134, 136.
“clerk,” 136.
held in churches, 135.
forbidden to be held in churches, 137.
“help,” 134.
Whitsun and Easter, 134.
Ale-wives of mediæval England, 139.
Alexis, on cabbage as an antidote to drunkenness, 75.
Alison on drunkenness amongst savages, 10.
on former drunkenness in Sweden, 196.
America, South, study of drunken habits in, 201, 202.
United States of, 205-227, (see “United States.”)
Americans, drinking habits of, 205-227.
Amphoræ, ancient Roman wine-holders, 88.
Anglo-Norman, politeness, 125.
fabliaux, 126.
wood carvings, 126.
knights, stories of drinking amongst, 126, 127.
drinking, William of Malmesbury on, 128.
ladies, drinking etiquette for, 129.
ecclesiastics, luxury of, 130.
Anglo-Saxon intemperance, 119.
mode of pledging, 120.
feasts, 121.
music, 121.
legends, 122.
women, intemperance amongst, 122.
taverns, 122.
clergy, 122.
monasteries, drinking in, 123.
nunneries, irregularities in, 124.
drinking, William of Malmesbury on, 128.
“Announcement about drunkenness”, the, an ancient Chinese edict, 19-21.
Annus mirabilis of drink, the, (1736), 161.
Anstie, Dr., on dram-drinking amongst women, 173.
on moderate drinking, 238.
Apes, taste for drink in, 2, 3.
Apothecæ, Roman apartments for storing wine, 88.
Arch, Joseph, on improved habits of agricultural labourers, 187.
Archbishops, drinking at installations of, 137.
Aristocracy, drinking habits of Roman, 99.
mediæval German, 105-111.
English, of the present day, 171, 172.
Arnold, Arthur, on Mussulman intemperance, 55, 56.
Arrack, of modern India, 43.
Persia, 55.
Aryans, “Soma,” drink and sacrifice of the, 35.
their belief in the drinking propensities of their gods, 35.
drunkenness of their priests, 39.
the laity, “Sura” and other drinks used by, 39.
drunkenness of, 40.
Asclepias, a creeper used for making “Soma,” 36.
Asylums, inebriate in the United States, 227.
Athenæus, authorities quoted from, 75 (verses), 82 (verses), 83 (verses), 91, 92, 94 (verses).
Egyptian wines named by, 74.
on Egyptian intemperance, 75.
Atlantic Monthly, the, on inebriate asylums, 227, 228.
B
Bakers, improved drinking habits of, 184.
changes in drinking habits produced by machinery, 184.
Ballot, decrease of drunkenness through the, 173.
Bands of Hope, a remedy for drunkenness, 245.
Banga, An ancient Persian drink, 51.
Bangor (Maine), state of the drink question in, 220.
Barley, its early use in making an intoxicating drink, 11, 12.
its early use in making “Sura,” 39.
its use in Egypt, 73, 74.
its use by the ancient Germans, 103.
Bassia Latifolia, used in an intoxicating drink of ancient India, 41.
Beer, of ancient Egypt, 74.
of ancient Germans, 103.
various kinds of, in mediæval Germany, 108 and note.
Erfurt, praised by Rudolph of Hapsburg, 111.
table of alcoholic strength of, 160.
light, considered a temperance drink by Committee on Maine Law in Massachusetts, 222.
adulterated with salt in England, 249.
Bengueh, a drink of mediæval Persia, 54.
Beni-Hassan, monuments of, 73.
Benson, Bishop, on drunkenness and crimes in the eighteenth century, 164.
Bhang, or Bang, a narcotic drug of modern India, 44.
Bid-ales, 134, 136.
Bloxam on alcoholic strength of liquors, 159.
Boiler-makers, improved drinking habits of the, 183.
Bolag, the Gothenburg, 198.
Bond, Major, his statistics of intemperance in Birmingham, 179.
on treatment of “quiet drunkards,” 180.
Boston (Massachusetts), drinking in, 210.
establishment of antidotes to intemperance in, 210.
failure of Maine Law in, 220, note, and 221.
regulated licensing in, 222.
inebriate asylum in, 227.
Boswell, Sir Alex., on Scotch drinking in the eighteenth century, 166.
Bouza, a Nubian drink, 4.
Brahmans, sacred hymns of, 34.
intemperance of, 35-39.
drinks forbidden to the, 41.
punishments of, for drunkenness, 42.
Brehm, on the drinking propensities of certain apes, 3.
Bride-ales, 134.
Bridgett, Rev. T. E., on penalties for drunkenness amongst mediæval priests, 114, 120.
apology for drunkenness of Anglo-Saxon Monks, 123.
on an agreement to hold “ales,” 135.
on drinking amongst monks of the Middle Ages, 140.
on canons against drunkenness amongst priests, 148.
an old poem, quoted, on drinks of all nations, 166.
Brooke, on Roundheads and Cavaliers, 150.
Buckingham, J. S., on former crime and pauperism in the United States, 206.
on the ill-treatment of Red Indians in the United States, 207.
Buddhism, and total abstinence, 27, 28.
and mendicancy, 28.
Burns, Rev. D., statistics quoted, 160, 182, 183, 197.
on temperance societies, 240, 241.
C
Cabbage, a supposed antidote to drunkenness, 75.
Calix, a Roman drinking-vessel, 91.
Caine, W. S., account of his visit to Portland (Maine), 219.
a temperance meeting in Bangor (Maine), 220.
Boston under “prohibition,” 220, note.
his views on American liquor legislation, 219, 220 and note.
California, crimes in, 211.
“The Alta” quoted, 211.
Campanius, Antonius, reports the state of drunkenness in mediæval Germany to the Pope, 112.
Cannabis sativa (the hemp plant), where used, 45, 51.
Canvass of working men concerning restriction of hours of drink in Liverpool, 187.
Carnegie on former Swedish intemperance, 195, 196.
on Swedish licensing, 198.
Casks, enormous, of Germany, 113.
worth more than the wine (sixteenth century), 113.
Causes of drunkenness considered, 229-239, 257.
Cella vinaria, ancient Roman apartments for fermenting wine, 88.
Cellarer, duties of the, 131.
court and prison of, at St. Edmundsbury, 131.
Jocell, the, ordered to drink only water, 131.
Charlemagne, his sobriety, 105.
his temperance legislation, 105.
Chatham (Co. Morris, U.S.A.), effective suppression of taverns in, 217.
China, hard drinking in ancient, 17.
capital punishment for drunkenness in ancient, 21, 22.
deplorable condition of ancient, 22.
intoxicating drinks in modern, 29.
taverns in modern, 30.
dinner parties in modern, 31-32.
opium smoking in modern, 32.
Chinese, sobriety of modern, 32.
Christ, Jesus, his views concerning wine, 66.
the miracle of the conversion of water into wine considered from a temperance point of view, 67.
Christianity, vineyards introduced into Western Europe along with, 103.
Church-ales, 134, 136.
held in churches, 135.
forbidden in churches, 137.
Church of England temperance societies, 244.
Cider truck, the, 188.
Claret, influence of increased importation on intemperance, 182, 183.
Clerk-ales, 136.
Clarke, J., on improved habits of millers, 185.
Clark, Alexander, on improved habits of operatives, 186.
Clerics, character of the mediæval, 145.
Climate not a permanent cause of drunkenness, 229, 230, 257.
Clubs, the “Mermaid,” the first founded, 155.
eminent men who frequented, 155-157.
Johnson’s passion for, 156.
the “Turk’s Head,” 156.
“Button’s,” 156.
“Crown and Anchor,” 157.
“Bird Fanciers,” 157.
“Thieves,” 157.
“Lying Club,” 157.
“Bold Bucks,” 157.
modern, wine consumed in, 158.
workmen’s social, an antidote to drunkenness, 243.
Cocoa rooms and social clubs, 243.
need of improvement in some, 243.
Coffee-houses, first established in Germany, 115, note.
England, 115.
attempt to suppress, by the Puritans, 156.
Royalists under Charles II., 156.
Coldingham, irregularities of nuns of, 124.
Confucius, personal habits of, 17.
on excess in drinking, 18.
Crawford on antiquity of drinking in the human race, 14, note.
Crimes caused by drinking amongst savages, 4, 5.
“Sura” in ancient India, 40.
and drunkenness in ancient Rome, 98-100.
Germany, 103-111.
of Anglo-Saxons, 121, 122.
of monastic orders, 124, 144.
in mediæval England, 128.
committed in mediæval taverns, 139.
sanctioned by friars, 145.
and drunkenness in the eighteenth century, 158.
increase of, from introduction of spirits, 160-165.
in the metropolis, eighteenth century, 161-164.
English gin-shops the chief cause of the worst, 191.
in the United States formerly arising from drink, 206.
comparative absence of in connection with drunkenness, 210, 211.
Cyrus intoxicates and defeats an enemy’s army, 52.
D
Danes, the intemperance of ancient, 125.
Darwin, C., on drinking propensity of certain apes, 2, 3.
Datura stramonium, used in India and England, 44.
Davis, Judge, on breaches of the Maine Law, 221.
valuable results of the Maine Law, 222.
Death, punishment of, for drunkenness in ancient China, 21, 22.
“the Court of,” poem by Gay, 167.
Delirium tremens amongst modern Mohammedans in Persia, &c., 55.
in ancient Rome, 99.
Dilke, Sir C. W., on drunkenness in Virginia City (Nevada), 218.
Dinners in modern China, 31, 32.
carrying men home drunk from, in ancient Egypt, 73.
in ancient Rome, 93.
Anglo-Saxon, 121.
at St. Edmundsbury, 127.
Anglo-Norman, 128.
Dinner, a prior’s, 130.
Lord Mayor’s in 1663, 153.
wine drunk at, in 1782, 153.
wine drunk in the present day, 154.
little drinking after, in England, 172.
no drinking at, in the United States, 212.
Dionysius of Sinope, his catalogue of drinking vessels, 92.
Dionysius (Bacchus), the supposed inventor of wine, 78.
Saturnalia of, 79.
Doctrinal des filles, the, a book of etiquette for mediæval English ladies, 138.
Dolia, ancient Roman wine-holders, 88.
Doolittle, Rev. J., on Chinese drinking customs, 31.
Doran, Dr., on drinking in the Indian Army (verses), 48.
account of early English clubs, 156, 157.
Dram-drinking in Sweden, 196-200.
Drinking “ad unguem,” 109.
Drinking habits (see “Drunkenness”).
of ancient Chinese, 16, 17, 23-26.
moderate, of Confucius, 16.
of modern Chinese, 29, 30.
supposed, of Aryan divinities, 35.
of Aryan laity, 40.
of ancient Persians, 50-52.
Hebrews, 61.
Greeks, 81.
Romans, 83 et seq.
Germans, 103.
of mediæval Germany, 105 et seq.
of modern Germany, 117.
of Anglo-Saxons, 121 et seq.
of Anglo-Normans, 128 et seq.
of mediæval England, 134 et seq.
of monastic orders, 140 et seq.
after the Reformation, 147.
of the English aristocracy to-day, 171, 172.
of the English middle classes to-day, 173.
English ladies, 173.
the lowest classes, 177 et seq.
English working classes, 177 et seq.
Swedes, 194 et seq.
races on the River Plate, 201 et seq.
United States, 204 et seq.
Drinking vessels, horns and gourds the first, 24.
of ancient Greece and Rome, 91, 92.
of ancient Germany, 113.
presented to brides in Germany, 113.
Anglo-Saxon, 119, 121.
given to monasteries, 119.
in monasteries, 142.
Drunkards, various modes of treating, 178-181.
Bond on quiet, 180.
seldom seen in the streets in America, 215, 216.
relatives of, have right of action against liquor sellers in America, 216, 217.
damage caused by, in America, recoverable from liquor sellers, 217.
reformed, paraded at a temperance meeting at Bangor (Maine), 220.
Drunkenness, inheritability of, 2.
in certain apes, 3.
amongst savages in Africa, 4, 5.
Malay Archipelago, 5.
Alison, on savage and civilised, 10.
of Lapps at Tromsoe, 10.
“The Announcement about,” an ancient Chinese edict, 19-22.
of Brahmans, how punished, 42.
at modern Indian festivals, 45, 46.
suppression of, by Mahomet, 53.
the supposed work of Agromanyus, 50.
of ancient Persians, 51.
partial, of modern Persians, 55.
of wandering tribes in Persia, 55.
early mention of, in Scripture, 64.
amongst the ancient Hebrews, 65, 66.
St. Paul’s denunciation of, 68.
of ancient Egyptians, 73.
cabbage believed to be an antidote to, 75.
in the heroic age, 80.
of the Lacedæmonians, 81.
Eubulus on, 82.
Epicharmus on, 83.
in ancient Rome, 86, 87.
at Roman feasts, 96-98.
crimes resulting from, in imperial Rome, 98, 99.
of eminent Romans, 99.
of the plebeians in imperial Rome, 100.
and the fall of the Roman empire, 101.
ancient German, 102, 103.
edicts against, by Charlemagne and Frederick III., 105.
Karl IV., 105.
German, in the Middle Ages, 107-112.
amongst women, 109, 111.
of monastic orders in mediæval Germany, 113, 114.
punishment of, in mediæval Germany, 114.
decline of, in Germany, 115 et seq.
amongst the Anglo-Saxons, 119-121, 128.
clergy, 124.
of the Danes, 125.
of Norman knights, 126, 127.
Anglo-Normans, 129, 130.
in monasteries, 131, 141-144.
in mediæval England, 138, 139.
amongst nuns, 144.
of friars and clerics, 145.
of the cavaliers, 151.
in the eighteenth century in England, 158, 160 et seq.
increase of, in the eighteenth century in England from the introduction of spirits, 160.
frightful, in the early part of the eighteenth century, 161.
Bishop Benson on the, of the eighteenth century, 164.
Scotch and Irish, of the eighteenth century, 166, 167.
in England at the present time, 169 et seq.
origin of English, 169.
in English seaports, 170.
in the lowest classes in England, 170, 174-5.
lower middle-classes, 173.
in Liverpool, 170, 175.
controversy concerning increase of, 175 et seq.
arrests for, in London, 177, 247.
in Liverpool, 178, 247.
in Birmingham, 179.
apparent increase of, in large towns, from figures, 177-179.
probable decrease of, 177-181.
decrease of, from Mr. Gladstone’s fiscal measures, 182, 183.
fostered by old trade customs, 183.
diminished by reformed trade customs, 183-186.
improved feeling of working classes concerning, 186, 187.
probable increase of, in prosperous times, 189.
multiplication of gin-palaces, the chief cause of, 190.
in Liverpool, graphically described, 191.
and insanity, 191.
probable general decrease of, 192.
excessive, in Sweden this century, 195.
diminution of, through the licensing system, 199.
amongst the half castes and Indians of the States of the Plate, 202, 203.
in the remote States of North America, 209.
in New York, 210.
in Nevada, 218.
in Bangor (Maine), 220.
canons of, propounded by superintendent of inebriate asylum, 228.
causes of, 229-239.
not attributable to climate, 229, 257.
fostered by medicinal use of alcohol, 231.
arises chiefly from passion for drink, 234.
effects of, attractive to many, 235-237.
various antidotes to, 239-256, 262.
fostered by the policy of the Tory party in England, 245, 249.
discountenanced by the Liberal party, 251.
probable effect of permissive legislation upon, 255, 256.
not the concomitant of high civilisation, 257, 260.
diminished by civilisation, 260.
Dunstan, abbot of Glastonbury, his monastic regulations, 125.
E
Edinburgh, the High Street of, in the eighteenth century, described, 166.
Education, cure for drunkenness in Germany, 116.
effects of in Scotland, 182.
in England, 193.
in the United States, 206.
of the young, cure for drunkenness in England, 245.
its influence on repressive legislation, 263.
Egyptians, early notices of wine amongst the, 72, 73.
drinking habits of the ancient, 73-76.
Elephant, the, an enormous Roman drinking vessel (verses), 92.
Elizabeth, Queen, helps to suppress “ales,” 136.
Eminent men of imperial Rome who were drunkards, 99.
who frequented clubs in the seventeenth and eighteenth century, 155-157.
England in Anglo-Saxon times, 118-125.
in Danish times, 125.
in Anglo-Norman, 125-130.
mediæval, drinking in monasteries of, 131, 132.
drinks of, 132, 133.
“ales” and merry makings of, 134-136.
suppression of ales in, 137.
clergy of, their intemperance, 137, 139, 140.
etiquette for ladies of, 138.
taverns of, 139.
tapsters and alewives of, 139.
inns of, 122, 141.
monasteries of, 141.
inquiry into monasteries of, 143, 144.
inquiry into nunneries of, 144.
court of, under the Stuarts, 149, 150.
under the Commonwealth, 151.
under Charles II., 151.
in the eighteenth century, 154 et seq.
coffee-houses opened in, 155.
improvement in upper and middle classes of, this century, 168.
drinking habits of, in the present day, 169 et seq.
probable decrease of intemperance in, 192.
temperance societies in, 241-244.
indirect aids to temperance in, 243-245.
liquor legislation in, 245-256.
the publicans and their relations with political parties in, 247-251.
Epicharmus, a Greek comedy writer, on hard drinking (verses), 82.
Epitaph, a publican’s, 214.
Esquiros, Alphonse, on wine consumed in English clubs, 158.
on English gin-palaces, 190.
Eubulus, a comedy writer, on cabbage an antidote to drunkenness (verses), 75.
on hard drinking, 82.
Eucharist, the, probable origin of, in the Vedic age, 36.
Evelyn, John, his anecdote of William of Orange, 152.
F
Farm Labourers, improved habits of, 187, 188 and note.
probable effect of enfranchisement on, 188.
“Footings” formerly spent in drink, 183.
Fosbrooke, on irregularities of nunneries, 124.
on eating and drinking customs of monks, 130-132.
satires on monastic drunkenness (verses) 143, (verses) 145.
on friars and clerics, 145.
Framjee, Dosabhoy, on the modern Parsees, 57.
Fraser on the saturnalia of modern India, 45.
Persian drinking customs, 54.
Friars, character of, 145.
G
Gay’s “Court of Death,” 168.
Germany, ancient, drinks of, 102, 104.
ancient, intemperance in, 102, 103.
effects of drinking, 104.
mediæval, laws against drunkenness in, 105.
temperance societies of, 106.
students’ drinking songs, 107.
drinking code of, 107, 110.
universality of drunkenness in, 112.
introduction of tea, coffee, and chocolate into, 115.
modern, sobriety in, 117.
Gibbon on drunkenness in imperial Rome, 100.
Giles on modern Chinese drinking customs, 31, 32.
Gin Act, the, 161, 162.
failure and results of, 163.
repealed, 162, 163.
Giraldus Cambrensis, his account of a prior’s dinner, 130.
the Irish clergy, 130.
Gladstone, Right Hon. W. E., effects of his fiscal legislation on intemperance, 182.
on heroic remedies for drunkenness, 244.
Glasgow, causes of drunkenness in, 170.
reputed to be the most drunken town in Britain, 174.
Gloucester (Massachusetts), bitters said to be advertised in cemetery in, 214.
Gothenburg, licensing system in, 199.
causes of intemperance in, 199.
taverns in, 199.
Greece, supposed origin of wine in, 78.
wines of, 89.
Greig, Major, Liverpool statistics of intemperance by, 178.
Gull, Sir W., on drinking habits of upper classes, 171.
H
Hallam on the immoralities of mediæval monasteries, 144.
Hardy on Buddhist total abstinence, 28.
Hashish, various names of, 51.
Haug on the Vedic Soma sacrifice, 36.
on the sacrifices of the modern Parsees, 50.
Healths, French views concerning the drinking of, in the seventeenth century, 154.
Hebrews, various intoxicating drinks of, 59, 64.
drunkenness amongst the, 65.
sobriety of modern, 70, 71.
Help-ales, 134.
Henderson, Colonel, statistics of Metropolitan Police, 178.
Henry VIII., dissoluteness of his court, 149.
makes a German envoy drunk, 149.
Herodotus on palm wine, 11.
on drinking habits of ancient Persians, 51, 52.
Herodotus denies existence of grapes in ancient Egypt, 73.
Hogarth, his pictures of debauchery, 167.
Homa, drink of ancient Persians, 50.
Home Office, reception of publicans and ministers of religion compared, 250.
Homer, mention of wine by, 79, 80.
Honey, fermented drink from (mead), made by the Romans, 90.
ancient Germans, 104, and note 3.
English in Middle Ages, 132, 133.
Horns and gourds, the first drinking vessels, 24.
Hospital, temperance, 233.
Hospitaller (guest-master), duties of, 141.
Hospitality of mediæval Germany, 104.
Anglo-Saxons, 122.
mediæval monasteries, 140.
mistaken, in Ireland last century, 167.
Hura, an ancient Persian drink, 50.
Hydromeli, Roman, 90.
I
India, drinking in, in the Middle Ages, 43.
native arrack of, 43.
sobriety of natives of, 43, 44, 46.
saturnalia of modern, 44, 45.
indifference of Englishmen to welfare of, 47.
former drunkenness in the English army of, 47, 48.
Indians, drinking amongst North American, 8, 207.
of the River Plate, drunkenness of, 202.
corruption of North American, by whites, 207.
present condition of American, 208.
Indra, supposed drinking habits of the god, 35, 37, 38, 39.
Insanity and drunkenness, 191.
Installations of bishops, drinking at, 137.
Instinct for drink, Richardson on, 2.
in children, 2, 3.
in domesticated and feral animals, 2.
Darwin on, 2.
conclusions concerning, 11, 234, 257.
Intoxicating drinks of Africa, 4-7.
of Tartary, 15.
of ancient China, 19, 23, 25.
of modern China, 29-31.
of the Aryans (Soma), 36.
(Sura), 39.
(other drinks), 41, 42.
of modern India, 43, 44.
forbidden by Mahomet, 53.
of the ancient Persians (Homa and Hura), 50, 51.
of the Koran, 53.
of mediæval Persia, 54.
of the ancient Hebrews, 61.
and religion, 69.
of the ancient Egyptians, 72, 73.
of ancient Rome and Greece, 78, 86, 87, 89, 90.
of ancient Germany, 103.
of mediæval Germany, 108.
of mediæval England, 132, 133.
European, alcoholic table of, 160.
of various nations (verses on), 166.
of the Argentine Republic, Caña, one of the, 202.
native, of the Indians of the River Plate, and South Sea Islands, 203.
preparation of Cava, an, 203.
of the United States, 205, 213.
in the United States, not to be obtained in certain places, 209.
not often seen on dinner tables, 212.
not often used in families, 214.
restrictions on sale of, in Maine, 216.
New Hampshire, 217.
Massachusetts, 217.
New Jersey, 217.
other States, 217, 218.
no restrictions on sale of, in Nevada, 218.
secretly sold at Portland, Maine, 219.
used as a medicine in ancient Rome, 84, 86.
opinions concerning their use as a medicine in modern times, 231, 232.
in surgery, 233.
enjoyable nature of some, 234.
nauseating character of other, 235.
love of, in all ages, 234-237.
Iron-moulders, changed habits of, 185.
J
James I., licentiousness of the court of, 149, 150.
Jeaffreson, J. C., on holding “ales” in churches, 135.
on the attitude of the church towards drinking, 148.
on drinking amongst the Irish clergy last century, 167.
Jehovah, sacrifices of wine to, 62.
Jesus Christ not a total abstainer, 66.
sanctions the use of wine, 67.
conversion of water into wine, 67.
John the Baptist, a total abstainer, 66.
Johnson, Dr. Samuel, his love of clubs, 156.
Jongleurs, Anglo-Norman, 128, 129.
Jus Potandi, a professed drinking code of mediæval Germany, 106-110.
Beers, named in, 108.
K
Kerr, on sobriety of Hindoos, 44.
Kiss, the Anglo-Saxon mode of pledging, 120.
Klemm on Persian drinking habits, 54.
on the introduction of the vine into Germany, 103, 104.
on the edicts of Charlemagne and others, 105, and notes.
Knight, R., on improved habits of boiler-makers, 184.
Kokemaar, a mediæval Persian drink, 54.
Koom, a temperance city in Persia, 55.
Koomiss, a Tartar drink made from mare’s milk, 5.
Koran, interdiction of wine in the, 53.
apparent sanction of wine in the, 53.
L
Lacedæmonians, total abstinence of early, 81.
subsequent intemperance of, 81.
Lake, dwellings, account of the, 12, 14.
grapes and other fruits traced in the, 14.
Lawson, Sir Wilfrid, his Permissive Bill, 252.
his Permissive Bill commended, 256.
Lecky, on eminent drunkards in the eighteenth century, 158, note.
on English drunkenness in the eighteenth century, 161.
on Irish drunkenness in the eighteenth century, 167.
on the origin of English drunkenness, 169.
Legge, Rev. J., his “Chinese Classics,” quoted, 19-22.
his She-King, quoted, 19, 23, 26.
Legislation, liquor, in Sweden, 198, 199.
the United States, 215-227.
England, 246-249.
Liberal Party, leaders of the, support temperance reform, 251.
the drink policy of, 251, 252.
Liberalia, ancient feasts of Bacchus, 79.
Liberals, the mistaken policy of certain, in regard to unrestricted licensing, 251, 252.
Licensing Act of 1872, 246, 248.
tampered with, by Tories, 246, 247.
Lindley, on the “cava” plant, and its effects, 203.
Lingard, quoted concerning licentiousness of court of James I., 149, 150.
Liverpool, causes of drunkenness in, 170.
tables of arrests for drunkenness, 174, 247.
opinion of Chief Constable and of Rev. J. Nugent on drunkenness, 175.
temperance work of Rev. J. Nugent in, 242.
canvass of working men in, 187.
Daily Post’s graphic account of drunken scene in, 191.
operation of the Licensing Act 1872 in, 247.
Livingstone, Dr., on drunkenness in Africa, 4.
London, lawless state of streets in, in eighteenth century, 157.
frightful debauchery in, in 1736, 161.
dangerous state of suburbs from drunkenness, 161-164.
police statistics of drunkenness in, 177.
operations of Licensing Act 1872 in, 247.
Lord’s Committee on intemperance, quoted, 172, 173, note, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 188, 195, 196, 198, 199, 219, 223, 227, 242, 248.
Lord Mayor, Charles II. and the intoxicated, 152.
banquet of, described by Pepys, 153.
1782, wines consumed at, 153.
Lot, intoxication of, 64.
Louisville, Kentucky, drunkards not seen in streets of, 215.
Lowest classes in modern India, drunkenness of, 44.
in imperial Rome, drunkenness of, 100.
in England, drunkenness of, 173 et seq.
Lütertrank, a mediæval German drink, 113.
M
Macaulay, on Cavaliers and Roundheads, 150.
M’Carthy, Justin, on absence of drink at table in U.S.A., 212.
his account of failure of Maine Law in Portland, 219.
his belief that the Maine Law checks drunkenness, 225.
his account of hotel-keeper’s strike at Rutland (Maine), 225.
Macfarlane and Thomson on drunkenness in the eighteenth century, 161.
Macrae, H., on the classes who drink at bars in the United States of America, 212, 213.
advertising bitters in U.S.A., 214.
amusing account of devices of drink-sellers to evade Maine Law, 226.
Maine Liquor Law, the, 216.
failure of, according to M’Carthy, 219.
failure of, according to Caine, 219.
failure of, according to British Consul at Portland, 219.
partial failure of, according to Judge Davis, 221.
opposition to, in Massachusetts, 221.
report against, in Massachusetts, 221.
failure and repeal of, in Massachusetts, 222.
beneficial results of, in Maine, 224, 225.
ludicrous evasions of, 226.
Mahomet, his laws concerning drink, 53.
Malmesbury, William of, compares Anglo-Saxons and Normans, 128.
Manu, institutes of, on drunkenness, 39-41.
Markham, Captain, on present condition of Red Indians, 208.
Massachusetts, regulated licensing in, 217.
opposition to, failure and repeal of Maine Law in, 221, 222.
address of Governor Rice on liquor legislation in, 223, 224.
Medicine, alcohol as a, in ancient Rome, 86, 91.
modern views concerning, 230, 232 and note.
Mencius, on drinking and gambling in ancient China, 18.
Middle classes, drinking habits of English, 172, 173.
of Swedish, early this century, 195.
of Swedish, in the present day, 200.
of the United States frequent drinking saloons, 212.
spirit drinkers, 213.
Miller, on the medicinal use of alcohol, 232.
effects of alcohol, 234.
Millers, improvement in the habits of, 185.
Mnesitheus, a Roman physician, recommended occasional hard drinking, 91.
Moderate drinking in Germany, 117.
considered, 237.
Anstie on, 238.
the Lancet on, 238.
Mohammedan, reform of drunkenness, 53.
intemperance, partial, 53-56.
sobriety, 56.
Monasteries, (see also, “Priests,” “Abbots,” &c.)
drinking in, 131-133.
hospitality of, 140.
enquiry into the state of, 143, 144.
Morewood, his book, preface vii. viii.
drinking amongst Red Indians, 8.
Chinese liquor traffic, 30.
Indian liquor traffic, 43.
Turkish liquor traffic, 53.
on Persian mode of distilling brandy, 54.
origin of distillation, 159.
first importation of arrack into England, 159.
Swedish intemperance in his day, 195-197.
intemperance in his day in the United States, 204.
temperance societies in the United States, 240.
Mulder, quoted, on first preparation of alcohol, 159.
chemistry of intoxicating drinks, 159, note.
Müller, Max, on Aryan drinking habits, 37, note.
Museums, and art galleries, Sunday opening of, an antidote to drunkenness, 245.
Mustum lixivium, an ancient Roman wine, 87.
tortivum, an ancient Roman wine, 88.
N
Nazarites, the, total abstainers during noviciate, 63.
New Hampshire, liquor laws of, 217.
drinking saloons of, declared to be common nuisances, 217.
New Jersey, liquor laws of, 217.
New York, contest in, between authorities and liquor sellers, 209.
Herald, account of attempt to break into liquor saloon, 210.
drunkenness and crime in, 212.
inebriate asylum of, 227.
Newspapers, of United States, estimate of drinking from, 210, 211.
license in United States, 211.
Noah, intoxication of, 64.
Nugent, Rev. James, his opinion concerning decrease of drunkenness in Liverpool, 175.
on American temperance societies, 242.
his temperance work in Liverpool, 242.
Nunneries, mediæval, drunkenness in, and inquiries into condition of, 144.
Nuns of Appleton, injunctions to, 144.
O
Odyssey, mention of wine in, 79, 80.
Opium smoking in China, 32.
traffic in India and China, 47.
Orange, William of, anecdote of, 152.
Owen, on changed habits of iron-moulders, 185.
P
Palm Toddy, an Indian spirit, 44.
Palm wine, in Africa, 3, 4, 6.
in the Malay Archipelago, 5.
Herodotus mentions, 11.
of the Aryans, 42.
of ancient Persians, 52.
of Mohammedans, 53.
Panicum, a grass used for making “sura” drink, 39.
Panyasis, a Greek comedy writer, on hard drinking (verses), 82.
Parliament, the “grog,” 246.
Act of, 1872 in England, 246.
and the Permissive Bill, 252-256.
Parsees, their temperance, 57.
in Bombay, large number of liquor sellers amongst, 58.
Patterson, John, on Liverpool publicans, 223, note.
Permissive Bill in Sweden, 199.
in New Jersey and other States, 217.
Sir W. Lawson’s, considered, 252.
probable modifications of, 255.
commended, 256.
legislation, Governor Price (Massachusetts), on, 223.
successful in the United States, 224.
probable future of, in England, 252.
Persia, drinks and drinking customs of ancient, 50-52.
of modern, 54-56.
Petersen, J. W., on ancient German drinking habits, 103.
on the introduction of non-alcoholic drinks into Germany, 116.
his story of Henry VIII. making an envoy drunk, 149.
Petronius quoted in account of Roman feast (verses), 93, 94.
Philadelphia, proposal to allow drawback on spirits exported from, 210, 211.
inebriate asylum at, 227.
Picnic, origin of, 138, 139.
Plate, States of the, drinking habits of civilised people of, 202.
of half-castes of, 202.
of Indians of, 203.
Pliny the elder on Egyptian drinking habits, 73.
on Roman drinking habits, 83.
anecdotes of drinking in ancient Rome, 84.
on scarcity of wine in ancient Rome, 85.
on vine-culture in ancient Rome, 85.
on wine manufacture in ancient Rome, 87.
on varieties of wine in ancient Rome, 89.
on effects of wine, 90, 98, 99.
on medicinal use of wine, 91.
on drunkenness in ancient Rome, 99.
on delirium tremens in ancient Rome, 99.
on ancient German drinking habits, 102.
Plunkett, Archbishop, on intemperance of Irish priests last century, 166-167.
Police, increased activity of, in large towns, 177, 179.
arrests not uniform, 180.
Police statistics, misleading character of, 177.
of drunkenness in London, 177, 247.
in Liverpool, 178, 247.
in Birmingham, 179.
Politics and drink, 173.
Politics and publicans, 192.
Polyphemus made drunk by Ulysses, 80.
Pomegranates used for making an ancient Hebrew drink, 64.
Portland (Maine), ease with which liquor can be procured in, 219.
Priests, abstinence of Buddhist, 27, 28.
sanction of drinking by Brahmin, 37.
drinking by Brahmin, 39, 40.
punishment (later) of Brahmin, for intoxication, 41, 42.
Hebrew, forbidden to drink during sacrifice, 62.
tithes paid to, in wine, 63.
sayings of, concerning wine, 64.
Roman, used wine in the sacrifices, 85.
German, forbidden to offer wine to penitents, 105.
intemperance of, 113, 114.
punishment of, for intemperance, 114.
mediæval English, said to have been the corrupters of domestic virtue, 119.
mediæval English, intemperance of, 120, 123, 124, 141, 142, 143.
Irish, intemperance of, 130.
mediæval, irregularities of, 131, 144.
modern Catholic, exertions of, in favour of temperance, 242.
Prioress of Rumsey, a notorious drunkard, 145.
Pritchard, on changed habits of ropemakers, 185.
Prohibitory liquor laws of the United States, pamphlet quoted, 208, 209, 211, 216, 217, 218.
failure of, to suppress the sale, 218-221.
good, which has resulted from, 221-225.
Prosperity, and increased intemperance, 189.
Protrupum, an ancient Roman wine, 87.
Public opinion, support of, to prohibition, in America, 225.
influenced, for corruption and intemperance by leaders, 260, 261.
enlisted in all ages by drinking reformers, 260-263.
the greatest reforming agency, 263.
duty of Englishmen, in regard to, 263.
Publicans, false position of, in England, 191, 192, 215.
alliance of, with Tory party, 192.
political influence, of, 192.
beaten in New York, 209.
in the United States, status of, 215.
regarded as the chief law-breakers, 216.
right of action against, by relatives of drunkards, 216.
liability for damage done by drunkards, 217.
action of, under prohibition, 219, 221, 225.
denounced at a temperance meeting at Bangor (Maine), 220.
reception of deputation at Home Office, compared with that of clergy, 249, 250.
Puritans, their sober demeanour and conduct, 151.
their reforms, 151.
suppress Christmas festivities, 151.
reaction against extreme measures of, 151.
attempt to suppress coffee-houses, 156.
the modern Nonconformists carrying out their drinking reforms, 243.
R
Rabbins, their rules concerning wine, 62, 63.
sayings of, concerning wine, 64.
Rechabites, the, total abstainers, 63.
Reformation, its influence upon intemperance, 118, 136.
state of the English court before, 149.
Restoration of Charles II., favoured by Puritan repressive measures, 151.
dissolute state of court, after, 151.
Rhyton, an ancient Roman drinking vessel, 91.
Rice, spirit distilled from, in China, 29.
India, 44.
Governor, on the liquor legislation of Massachusetts, 223, 224.
Richardson, Pelham, on temperance of Hindoos, 44.
W. B., (Dr.) denies existence of instinct for drink, 1.
on inheritability of desire for drink, 2.
Rig-Veda, sacred book of the Brahmans, 34.
accounts of Soma drinking on, 37-40.
Ritchie, on improved habits of bakers, 184.
Rev. W., on Scripture controversy concerning wine, 60, 61.
Robinson, W. B., (chief constructor), on morning drinking among workmen, 248, note.
Rome, early mention of wine, in ancient, 83.
anecdotes of drinking amongst women in, 84.
the Posthumian law of, 84.
scarcity of wine in early, 85.
wine offered to the gods in, 85.
various wines drunk in, 86.
luxury of later, 86, 87.
manufacture of wine in, 87.
drinking vessels of ancient, 91.
symposia of ancient, 93.
account of a feast in ancient, 93-97.
surprises at feasts in ancient, 96.
fearful drunkenness in imperial, 99.
debauchery of lower classes in imperial, 100.
connection between drunkenness and fall of, 100, 101.
Ropemakers, improved habits of, 185.
Rose, George (Arthur Sketchley), “The Great Country,” quoted, 227, 228.
Rousselet on saturnalia in modern India, 45.
Royalists, dissolute character of (Charles I. and II.), 150.
Rudolph of Hapsburg, anecdote of, 111.
Rumsey, the Prioress of, a notorious drunkard, 145.
Rutland (Vermont), strike of hotel-keepers in, 225.
S
Sachs, Hans, on German drinking tournaments, 108.
Sampson, Abbot of Glastonbury, account of, 127, 128, 131, 141.
Saturnalia, of modern India, 45.
ancient Rome, 78.
modern England, 191.
Savages, drink and drunkenness amongst, 4.
of Africa, Livingstone on, 4.
Schweinfurth on, 6.
of Malay Archipelago, Wallace on, 5.
improvidence of, 7.
of Africa, orgies amongst, 7.
of North America, 8, 207.
Crawford on the discovery of intoxicating drinks by, 14, note.
of Persia, drunkenness of wandering, 55.
of the States of the Plate, drink and habits of, 202.
of the South Sea Islands, drink and habits of, 203.
Savory, W. S., on the use of alcohol in surgery, 232.
Schliemann, Dr., drinking vessels discovered by, 81.
Schlossar, Dr., on planting of vineyards by monks in Germany, 104.
on various kinds of beer in mediæval Germany, 108, note.
on drinking amongst women in mediæval Germany, 109, note 3, and 112.
on excessive drinking in mediæval Germany, 111, note.
Schweinfurth on drunkenness in Africa, 6, 7.
Scott, Sir W., on Roundheads and Cavaliers, 150.
Scripture (see also Hebrews, Rabbins, Talmud, Schechar, Yayin, Tirosh, &c.) controversy concerning wine, 59-62.
lessons concerning drunkenness, 65, 66.
commendation of total abstinence, 62, 63, 66, 68.
Seaports, English, chief causes of drunkenness in, 170.
Sheba, Queen of, represented by an intoxicated court lady (James I.), 149, 150.
Schechar, strong drink of ancient Hebrews, 59.
She-King, the book of ancient Chinese poetry, 19.
pastorals and drinking songs in, 23-26.
Shiraz, a Persian wine, 54.
Shoo-King, the, or ancient Chinese history, 19.
extracts from, 19-22.
Smith, Dr. Wm. (author of “Dictionary of the Bible”), on Scripture testimony concerning wine, 59, 60.
Soma sacrifice, the, 35.
drink, so-called, 36.
drinking by Indra, 37, 38.
Spirits (see also Gin Act, intoxicating drinks, &c.), an ancient Chinese drink, so-called, 19-22.
of modern China, 29.
of modern India, 43, 44.
drunk by Mussulmans in Persia, 55.
distillation of, discovery doubtful, 159.
first known in England, 159.
extraction of pure, 159.
first importation of, 159.
table of alcoholic strength of, 160.
increase of drunkenness from, in England, 160.
decrease of drunkenness from, in consequence of raised duty in eighteenth century, 163.
annual consumption of, considered, 181.
fluctuations of drunkenness, how affected by duty, 181.
early Swedish legislation concerning, 195.
early use of, in the United States, 204.
former price of, in the United States, 204.
effect of, on Red Indians, 207, 208.
drinking of, in the United States, 213.
American legislation concerning, 217, 222.
drunkenness, as compared with lighter drinks, 222.
freely sold under the Maine Law, 224-226.
adulteration of, with water, in England, 250.
St. David, his canons against monastic intemperance, 123.
St. Edmundsbury, anecdotes from the chronicles of, 127, 131.
St. Gildas the Wise, canons against monastic intemperance, 123.
St. Paul commends total abstinence, 68.
deprecated forced total abstinence, 68.
denies salvation to drunkards, 69.
Statistics often misleading, 177.
of police arrests for drunkenness, 177, 179, 247.
of fluctuations in duty on spirits, 181.
of French and Spanish wines imported, 182, 183.
of working men’s votes in favour of restricted hours of sale, 187.
erroneous, concerning Swedish intemperance, 197.
of police prosecutions of publicans, 247.
Statue formed of trunk of vine, 89.
Stockholm, drinking in, 200.
Stuarts, drunken revels of the court of the, 149.
Students, drinking songs of German (mediæval), 107.
habits at German universities, 115.
Sura, intoxicating drink of Aryans, 39.
Sunday closing of public-houses, 187, 245.
in Ireland, 249.
in England, refusal of Home Secretary to introduce measure for, 250.
Surgery, Savory on use of alcohol in, 232, 233.
Sweden, drunkenness in, early this century, 195-197.
multiplication of distilleries in, early this century, 196.
erroneous statistics concerning drunkenness in, 197.
first temperance society started in, 198.
licensing system of, 198-200.
success of licensing system of, 199.
Permissive Bill in, 199.
Symposia, ancient Roman drinking parties, 93.
T
Table of alcoholic strength of various drinks, 160.
Tacitus on ancient German drinking habits, 103.
Talmud, the, on drinking and drunkenness, 62-64.
Taverns in modern China, 30.
Anglo-Saxon, 122.
Anglo-Norman, 130.
mediæval English, 138, 139, 147.
priests warned not to frequent, 139, 148.
kept by priests of Middle Ages, 139.
English clergymen since the Reformation, 140, note.
the “Boar’s Head,” 140.
monks frequented, 144.
plea in favour of mediæval, 147, 148.
mediæval, haunted by certain friars, 145.
countenanced by the Roman Catholic Church, 147, 148.
of the eighteenth century in England, 158, 165.
Scotland, 166.
Ireland, priests drinking in, 166.
construction of modern, encourages drunkenness, 184, 190.
kept at the present time by warehousemen and foremen, 185.
attractions of, one of the chief causes of English drunkenness, 190.
Esquiros on English, 190.
needless multiplication of, 191.
the cause of the worst crimes, 191.
no appearance of, in Portland (Maine), 219.
Tavernier, on mediæval Persian drinking, 54.
Tea, introduction of, into England, 155.
Temetum, a Roman name for wine, 84.
Temperance of Mussulmans, 56.
of Parsees, 57.
of modern Jews, 70, 71.
of Puritans, 150.
enforced, of Puritans, 151.
reaction against, under Charles II., 151.
hospital, 233.
action of, by Father Mathew, 241.
in the United States, 242.
in Liverpool by Father Nugent, 242.
Roman Catholics generally, 242, 243.
Nonconformists and Society of Friends, 243.
Church of England, 244.
Liberal leaders, 251.
Temperance societies of mediæval Germany, 106, 239.
punishments inflicted by, 106.
in Sweden, 198.
in the United States, 205.
of ladies in Bangor (Maine), 220.
when first formed in U.S.A., 240.
effects of, in U.S.A., 240.
first formed in Great Britain, 241.
changes in policy of, 241.
Father Nugent on American, 242.
Church of England, Duke of Westminster on, 244.
Temple, supported by trunks of vine, 89.
Thebes, monuments of, 73.
Tiberius, the emperor, a great toper, 99.
Tirosh, the must of the ancient Hebrews, 59.
Tomlins and Rokewode, Chronicles of St. Edmundsbury, 127, 131.
on habits of mediæval monks, 131, 132.
Torquatus, “tricongius,” his drinking feat, 99.
Tory party, their alliance with the drink interest, 192, 245.
tamper with the Licensing Act of 1872, 247, 248.
their advocacy of the liquor trade, 248, 249.
their opposition to Irish Sunday closing, 249.
English Sunday closing, 250.
their drink policy generally, 249, 250.
Trade customs, effects of, upon intemperance, 183.
Trades’ Hall in Liverpool maintained by unionists, 186.
Trades’ unions, and public-houses, 183-186.
changed drinking habits of, 184-186.
agricultural, and public-houses, 187.
Truck, the cider, 188.
Tully, Raymond, first prepares alcohol, 159.
U
Ulysses and Polyphemus, 80.
United States, former intemperance in, 204, 206.
intoxicating drinks of, 205.
slang-mixtures of, 205, 213.
drinking at bars in, 205, 212, 213.
early temperance societies of, 205.
property of habitual drunkards in, how formerly dealt with, 205, 206.
effects of former drunkenness in, 206.
corruption by drink of Red Indians in, 207.
energy of the, in suppressing intemperance, 208.
first prohibitory law in, 208.
drunkenness in remote States of, 209, 218.
sobriety in New England States of, 209.
comparative sobriety in large towns of, 209, 214.
evidences of drunkenness in large towns of, 209.
temperance unions in the, 220.
evidences of intemperance in, 219.
drunkenness in, not coupled with crime to the same extent as in England, 210-211.
proposal to grant drawbacks on spirits exported from, 210-211.
absence of alcoholic liquors from dinner tables in hotels of, 212.
chief drinking, by foreigners in, 212.
spirit drinking in, 213.
passion for advertising in, 213.
character and estimate of drinkers in, 215.
drink sellers in, 215, 222, 223.
absence of drunkards in the streets in, 215.
liquor laws of, 216-218.
partial failure of prohibitory laws and repeal in certain places in, 219-223.
advantageous results of liquor legislation in, 224-226.
inebriate asylums in, 227.
Upas tree, the, of Marylebone Lane, by James Smith, 165.
V
Varuna, the god, appealed to, to forgive drunkenness, 40.
Vermont, failure or prohibitory law in, 217.
Vines, supposed discovery of, by Bacchus, 12.
in Egypt, 12.
planting of, by Noah, 12.
traces of, in Swiss lake dwellings of Stone Period, 14.
of ancient Egypt, 73.
absence of, in Egypt, alleged by Herodotus, 73.
culture of, described by Pliny, 89.
statue formed of trunk of, 89.
temple supported by columns, consisting of trunks of, 89.
various kinds of, in Greece and Rome, 89.
first planted in Western Europe, 104.
first introduced into the United States, 205.
Virginia City (Nevada), Artemus Ward’s account of, 218.
Sir C. Dilke’s account of, 218.
W
Wallace, Alfred R., on drunkenness in the Malay Archipelago, 5.
Wages, high, influence intemperance, 189.
Ward, Artemus, on “treating” in Virginia City (Nevada), 218.
Waves of intemperance, 258-260.
Westminster, the Duke of, on temperance, 244.
Wilding, S. P., on drinking habits in the States of the Plate, 202, 203.
Wilkinson on ancient Egyptian monuments, 73.
Wine, palm, in Africa, 3, 4, 6.
the Malay Archipelago, 5.
Herodotus, 11.
clubs in modern China, 30.
of the Eucharist believed to originate with the Soma sacrifice, 36.
imported into ancient India, 42.
of the ancient Hebrews, 59.
controversy concerning, 59-61.
offered to Jehovah, 62.
Rabbinical regulations concerning, 62.
compared to God’s word, 63.
early mention of, in Egypt, 72, 73.
names and description of ancient Egyptian, 74, 75.
scarcity of, in early Roman times, 85.
offered to the gods in Rome, 85.
used as a medicine in Rome, 85.
manufacture of, in Rome, 87, 88.
names and descriptions of Roman and Greek, 86, 89, 90.
adulteration of, in Rome, 89.
made from honey, in Rome, 90.
of Pucinum, supposed to favour longevity, 90.
price of, in Rome, 91.
parties in Rome, 93.
cheap, in mediæval Germany, 113.
drunk by monks, 130, 142, 143.
names and descriptions of mediæval English, 133, 137.
great quantities drunk at religious feasts, 137.
at Lord Mayor banquets, 153, 154.
alcoholic strength of various descriptions of, 160.
in Irish taverns in the eighteenth century, 167.
change from strong to light, in England, 182, 183.
light, drunk in Buenos Ayres, 202.
license for light, lower in Massachusetts than for strong, or spirits, 222.
allowance of, recommended by Anstie, 238.
the Lancet, 238.
Women, drinking amongst, in ancient Egypt, 73.
ancient Rome, 84.
mediæval Germany, 109, 111.
mediæval England, 138.
drunkenness amongst, in the Court of the Stuarts, 149, 150.
drinking habits of, in England, 173.
drunkenness amongst the lowest class of English, to-day, 174-175.
Wood carvings, Anglo-Norman, 126.
mediæval English, 139.
Working classes (see also Trades’ Unions), Lord Aberdare on drinking habits of, 176.
improvement in drinking habits of, 176, 189.
in favour of early closing of public-houses, 187.
Wright, Thomas, on Anglo-Saxon drinking vessels, 119.
habits, 120, 122.
feasts and amusements, 121,
Norman intemperance, 127.
drinking amongst Anglo-Norman ladies, 129.
low morals of mediæval English, 138.
intemperance of mediæval monks, 142.
Y
Yayin, wine of ancient Hebrews, 59.
Z
Zaŏtar, the high priest of the ancient Persians, 50.
Zend-Avesta, drinks mentioned in, 50.
drinking habits of ancient Persians recorded in, 50, 51.
Zoroaster and his writings, 50.