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Ethics — Part 1

By Benedictus de Spinoza
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History - Early Modern (c. 1450-1750)Philosophy & EthicsReligion/Spirituality

About This Book

The text presents a geometrical, axiomatic investigation into the nature of God and substance. It opens with precise definitions—self-caused, substance, attribute, mode, God, freedom, eternity—followed by axioms and logically sequenced propositions and proofs. From these it argues that substance is prior to its modifications, that there cannot be two substances sharing an attribute, that a substance cannot be produced by another, and that existence belongs to the essence of substance. The argument concludes that the divine is an absolutely infinite, necessary reality whose essence entails existence and eternity.

About the Author

de Spinoza, Benedictus portrait

Benedictus de Spinoza

Benedictus de Spinoza was a 17th-century Dutch philosopher whose work laid the groundwork for modern biblical criticism and secular philosophy. He is best known for his seminal work, "Ethics," where he presents a systematic approach to understanding the nature of reality, human emotions, and the path to true happiness. Spinoza's ideas challenged traditional religious views and emphasized rationalism and the interconnectedness of all existence. His contributions to philosophy, particularly in metaphysics and ethics, have had a lasting impact on subsequent thinkers and continue to be studied for their profound insights into the human condition.

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