A Civic Biology, Presented in Problems

Chapter 32: Transcriber's Notes:

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About This Book

A problem-centered introductory biology text for secondary students that pairs laboratory exercises with concise explanatory chapters, emphasizing observation, inductive reasoning, and the study of organisms in their habitats rather than rote memorization. It contrasts artificial urban and natural rural environments, treats human anatomy, hygiene, and community sanitation alongside plant and animal life, and recommends field observation as well as lab work. Technical terminology is minimized and pedagogy is adapted to pupil interests so that experiments, questions, and practical problems guide generalizations and classroom discussion.

Transcriber's Notes:

Punctuation, use of hyphens, and accent marks were standardized. Obsolete and alternative spellings were left unchanged. Spelling of 'paramœcium' and 'paramœcia' were left unchanged.

Footnotes were moved to the end of the chapter in which the anchor occurs. Footnote anchors [6] and [7] refer to the same footnote text, as do footnote anchors [37] and [38].

A jump table was added to the index for the convenience of users.

For consistency within the text, 'zoological' was changed to 'zoölogical' and 'diarrhea' to 'diarrhœa.'

Other changes:

[TN1] 'proteid' to 'protein'

[TN2] 'S arpe' to 'Sharpe'

[TN3] Referenced chart is missing in the original.

[TN4] 'yoke' to 'yolk'

[TN5] 'does' to 'do'

[TN6] 'page 207' to 'page 307'

[TN7] 'centers' to 'center's'

[TN8] 'scapels' to 'scalpels'

[TN9] 'and' added

[TN10] 'Scavangers' to 'Scavengers'