INDEX

(Illustrations are indicated by page numerals in bold-faced type.)

• Absorption, definition, 270;
  • of digested foods, 308, 309.
• Accommodation of eye, 361.
• Acetanilid, 295.
• Action of the heart, 319.
• Adaptations, 24;
  • in bee, 36;
  • in birds, 189;
  • in fish, 232;
  • in frog, 241;
  • in mammalia, 192.
• Adenoids, 340, 395.
• Adulteration in foods, 288.
• Air, and bacteria, 145;
  • composition of, 20;
  • fresh, 337;
  • needed in germination, 66;
  • necessary in starch making, 91;
  • passages in lungs, 330;
  • use to plants and animals, 21.
• Albumin, 62.
• Alcohol, a food, 289;
  • a poison, 291.
  • and ability to resist disease, 363;
  • and ability to work, 368;
  • and body heat, 345;
  • and crime, 371, 372;
  • and digestion, 311;
  • and duration of life, 370;
  • and efficiency, 369;
  • and heredity, 372;
  • and intellectual ability, 364;
  • and kidneys, 346;
  • and living matter, 291;
  • and memory, 365;
  • and mental ability, 366;
  • and nervous system, 362;
  • and organs of special sense, 362;
  • and pauperism, 371;
  • and resistance, 327;
  • and respiration, 346;
  • and the blood, 327;
  • and treatment of disease, 364;
  • effect on circulation, 327;
  • effect on eye, 361;
  • effect on liver, 312;
  • produces poisons, 347.
• Algæ, 176.
• Alfalfa plant, 151.
• Alimentary canal, 297.
• Alkali, 306.
• Alkalinity, 298.
• Alligator, 230.
• Ambergris, 205.
• Ammonium hydrate, 61.
• Amœba, 170, 182, 332.
• Amphibia, 186, 187;
  • as food, 202.
• Anal fin of fish, 233.
• Angiosperms, 176.
• Animals, as disease carriers, 227;
  • breeding of, 259;
  • domesticated, 260;
  • functions of, 48, 180;
  • need plants, 34;
  • oils of, 205;
  • parasitic, 227;
  • series, 182;
  • that prey upon man, 230;
  • use to man, 17;
  • use to plants, 34.
• Annual rings, 98.
• Anopheles, 217, 218.
• Anosia plexippus, 32.
• Anther, 36.
• Antibodies, uses of, 316.
• Antiseptics, 157.
• Antitoxin, 157, 391.
• Anura, 188.
• Anvil, 359.
• Aorta, 320.
• Apoplexy, 328.
• Appendages of the fish, 233.
• Appendicular skeleton, 268.
• Appendix, 309.
• Apples, 56, 124.
• Aqueous humor, 361.
• Arachnida, 185.
• Arteries, 318;
  • structure of, 323.
• Arthropods, 185.
• Artificial, cross-pollination, 46;
  • propagation of fishes, 240;
  • respiration, 340;
  • selection, 253.
• Asexual reproduction, 174.
• Assimilation in plants, 103.
• Attention, effect of alcohol, 364.
• Audubon, 211.
• Auricle of human heart, 319;
  • of fish heart, 236.
• Automatic activity, 348, 354.
• Axial skeleton, 268.

• Bacillus, 142.
• Bacteria, 134;
  • and fermentation, 150;
  • cause decay, 149;
  • cause disease, 151;
  • effect on food, 144;
  • growth of, 145;
  • isolating a pure culture, 142;
  • nitrogen fixing, 80, 81, 151, 152;
  • of decay, 144;
  • relation to man, 16;
  • size and form, 142, 143;
  • useful, 150;
  • where found, 139, 141.
• Bacteriology, 16.
• Bad posture, 270.
• Balanced, aquarium, 159, 160;
  • diet, 285.
• Barbels of fish, 234.
• Barberry embryo, 103.
• Bark, use of, 98.
• Barrier, natural, 25.
• Bast, 97.
• Beans, as food, 62.
• Beans, peas, 55.
• Beans, seedlings, 63.
• Bedroom, care of, 374.
• Bee, adaptations, 36;
  • head of, 38;
  • mouth parts, 38.
• Beer and wine making, 137.
• Benedict's test, 68.
• Benzoic acid, 148.
• Beverages and condiments, 124.
• Biceps, 269.
• Bichloride of mercury, 148.
• Bile, functions of, 306, 307.
• Biology, definition, 15;
  • relation to society, 18.
• Birds, 189;
  • as food, 202;
  • classification, 191;
  • development, 246;
  • eat insects, 209;
  • eat weed seeds, 210;
  • embryo, 246, 247.
• Bismuth, 304.
• Bison, 192.
• Black Death, 227.
• Blade of leaf, 85.
• Blastula, 177.
• Blood, amount and distribution, 318;
  • changes in lungs, 330;
  • circulation of man, 318;
  • clotting, 314;
  • composition, 314;
  • effect of alcohol, 327;
  • function, 313;
  • plates, 315;
  • poisoning, 156;
  • temperature, 318;
  • vessel of skin, 344.
• Blubber, 205.
• Blue crab, 199.
• Board of health, functions, 389.
• Body, a machine, 348;
  • cavity, 270;
  • heat and alcohol, 345;
  • of fish, 232.
• Bony fish, 187.
• Boracic acid, 148.
• Borax, 148.
• Brain, of fish, 237;
• Brain, of man, 351.
• Bread, making, 139;
  • mold, 133.
• Bream, 233.
• Breathing, 333;
  • and tight clothing, 339;
  • hygienic habits, 338;
  • in leaf, 93;
  • of fish, 234;
  • of frog, 242;
  • of vertebrates, 232;
  • rate of, 334.
• Breeding of animals, 259.
• Bright's disease, 346.
• Bronchi, 330.
• Bronchial tubes, 330.
• Bruises, 345.
• Bryophytes, 176.
• Bubonic plague, 227.
• Budding, 255, 256.
• Bumblebees, 37.
• Burbank, Luther, 406.
• Burns, treatment of, 345.
• Butter and eggs, 38, 39.

• Calorie, portion, 286;
  • requirement, 282.
• Calyx, 35.
• Cambium layer, 98.
• Canning, 145.
• Cannon, Prof., 304.
• Capillaries, 318, 323;
  • circulation in, 322;
  • of fish, 236.
• Carbohydrates, 60, 273.
• Carbolic acid, 149.
• Carbon and oxygen cycle, 161.
• Carbon dioxide, test for, 64.
• Care of milk supply, 380, 383.
• Carnivorous, 230.
• Caudal fin of fish, 233.
• Cause of dyspepsia, 310.
• Cells, 50;
  • as units, 171;
  • division, 51;
  • mucous, 299;
  • of pond scum, 173;
  • reproduction of, 50;
  • respiration, 332;
  • tissue, 179;
  • work of, 270.
• Cephalothorax, 185.
• Cerebellum, 352.
• Cerebro-spinal nervous system, 350.
• Cerebrum, 351.
• Cestodes, 227.
• Changes, of blood in lungs, 330;
  • of air in lungs, 331.
• Characters, determiners of, 258.
• Chelonia, 188.
• Chemical, compounds, 20;
  • elements, 20;
  • of human body, 21.
• Chestnut canker, 131.
• China, deforestation in, 108.
• Chittenden table, 311.
• Chloral, 293.
• Chlorophyll bodies, 50, 90.
• Chloroplasts, 90.
• Chromosomes, 50;
  • and heredity, 251.
• Chrysalis, 33.
• Cilia, 171.
• Circulation, effect of alcohol, 327;
  • effect of exercise, 326;
  • effect of tobacco, 328;
  • in fish, frog, man, 321, 322;
  • in stem, 99, 100, 101;
  • of blood of man, 318;
  • of fish, 236;
  • of frog, 243;
  • portal, 322;
  • pulmonary, 320;
  • systemic, 320.
• City's need for trees, 115.
• Civic hygiene, 388.
• Clams, 200.
• Classification, of birds, 191;
  • of plants, 176.
• Cloaca of frog, 243.
• Clothing, 203.
• Clotting of blood, 314.
• Coal, 64.
• Cobra, 230.
• Cocaine, 293.
• Coccus bacteria, 142.
• Cochineal and lac, 208.
• Cochlea, 359.
• Codling moth, 215.
• Cœlenterates, 183.
• Cold-blooded animals, 318;
  • effect of, 23.
• Cold storage, 147.
• Colds and fevers, 343.
• Coleoptera, 32.
• Collecting ashes, 387.
• Colonies of bacteria, 141;
  • of trilliums, 175.
• Colorless corpuscles, 313;
  • structure, 315;
  • function, 316.
• Common foods contain nutrients, 275.
• Comparison, of food tube of frog and man, 297;
  • of mold, yeast and bacteria, 143;
  • of starch making and milling, 92.
• Complemental air, 334.
• Complex one-celled animals, 171.
• Composition, of milk, 273, 280;
  • of plasma, 313;
  • of soil, 77.
• Compound eyes of bumblebee, 37, 38.
• Conservation, of food fish, 239;
  • of fur-bearing animals, 204;
  • of our natural resources, 17.
• Constipation, 310.
• Constrictor killing a mouse, 213.
• Contagious diseases, 152.
• Convolutions, 352.
• Corn, 120, 121;
  • germinated grain cut lengthwise, 69;
  • long section of ear, 67;
  • structure of grain, 66.
• Cornfield, 44.
• Corolla, 35.
• Corpuscles, colorless and red, 313.
• Cost of food and diet, 281, 283;
  • of parasitism, 263.
• Cotton, 125;
  • boll weevil, 126, 127, 214.
• Cotyledons, 59;
  • food in, 60.
• Crab, 199.
• Crayfish, 184.
• Crocodile, 230.
• Crocodilia, 189.
• Crustacea, 185.
• Culex, 218, 218.
• Culture medium, 140.
• Cuts and bruises, treatment, 326, 345.

• Daily calorie requirement, 282;
  • fuel needs of body, 284.
• Dandelion, whorled leaves, 90.
• Darwin, Charles, 40, 404.
• Darwin and natural selection, 253.
• Deaths, table, 312.
• Decay caused by bacteria, 149.
• Decayed teeth, 396.
• Defects in eye, 361.
• Deforestation in China, 108.
• Dendrites, 351.
• Department of Agriculture, work of, 255.
• Department of street cleaning, 387.
• Determiners, 251;
  • of character, 258.
• Development, of apple, 56;
  • of bird, 246;
  • of egg, 178;
  • of trout, 238;
  • of mammal, 247;
  • of salmon, 241;
  • of simple animal, 177.
• Diagram of frog's tongue, 242;
  • of gills of fish, 235;
  • of neuron, 351;
  • of wall small intestine, 307.
• Diaphragm, 270, 297.
• Diastase, 101, 300;
  • action on starch, 69.
• Diet, and cost of food, 281;
  • and digestibility, 281;
  • balanced, 285;
  • relation of age, 280;
  • relation of environment to, 280;
  • relation to sex, 280;
  • relation of work to, 277;
  • the best, 284.
• Dietary, the best, 282.
• Digested food, absorption of, 308.
• Digestibility and diet, 281.
• Digestion, 68, 100, 181;
  • effect of alcohol, 311;
  • definition of, 270;
  • in stem, 99;
  • in stomach, 304;
  • of starch, 299;
  • purpose of, 69, 296.
• Digestive system of fish, 235.
• Digestive tract of frog and man, 297.
• Diphtheria, 152.
• Dipnoi, 187, 236.
• Diptera, 31.
• Discoverers of living matter, 398.
• Disease, and alcohol, 312;
  • and bacteria, 151;
  • carriers, animals, 226;
  • carriers, flies, 222;
  • carriers, insects, 225;
  • caused by bacteria, 152;
  • caused by protozoa, 172;
  • effect of alcohol, 327;
  • of nose and throat, 340;
  • protozoan, 221.
• Disinfectants, 148.
• Division of labor, 178, 267.
• Dog, skeleton, 185.
• Domesticated animals, 203, 260.
• Dominant characters, 258.
• Dormant, 22.
• Dorsal, 186;
  • fin, 233.
• Drugs, use and abuse, 294.
• Duff, 113.
• Dyspepsia, cause and prevention, 310.

• Ear, section, 359.
• Echinoderms, 184.
• Economic value of green plants, 117;
  • importance of spawning habits of fishes, 239.
• Ectoderm, 177.
• Effect of light on leaves, 88.
• Efficiency of a week, 370.
• Egg, 177, 246.
• Egg-laying habits of fishes, 238.
• Ehrlich, Paul, 403.
• Elasmobranchs, 187.
• Elements, chemical, 20, 21.
• Elodea, 49, 50.
• Embryo, 58, 59, 103;
  • of bird, 247;
  • of mammal, 247.
• Emulsion, 306.
• Endoderm, 177.
• Endoskeleton, definition, 237.
• Endosperm, 67.
• Enemies of forests, 113, 114.
• Energy, 64;
  • of a tree, 94;
  • source of, 88.
• English sparrow, 212.
• Environment, 19, 19;
  • care and improvement of, 26;
  • changes in, 25;
  • determines kind of plants and animals, 23, 23, 24;
  • normal, 28;
  • of man, 26, 266;
  • natural, 25;
  • relation to diet, 280;
  • what plants and animals take from, 21.
• Enzymes, 68, 101, 298.
• Epicotyl, 59.
• Epidermis, 86.
• Epithelial layer, 308.
• Epithelium, 179.
• Erosion, prevention of, 106, 108;
  • at Sayre, Pa., 106.
• Essential organs, 36.
• Esophagus, 302.
• Eugenics, 261.
• Eustachian tubes, 300, 359.
• Euthenics, 264.
• Evaporation, 99;
  • of water, 85, 86, 87.
• Evolution, 194, 195.
• Excretion, 181, 270, 332;
  • organs of, 340;
  • in plants, 103.
• Exercise and circulation, 326;
  • and health, 339.
• Exoskeleton, 185, 237.
• Extermination of birds, 211.
• Eye, compound, 30;
  • defects in, 361;
  • section of, 360.
• Eyestrain, 395.

• Factory inspection, 379.
• Fallowing, 82.
• Fatigue, 326;
  • and nerve cells, 356.
• Fats and oils, 60, 273.
• Fehling's solution, 68, 299.
• Fermentation, 135, 136, 150.
• Fertilization, of fish eggs, 240;
  • of flower, 54.
• Fibers, vegetable, 127.
• Fibrin, 315.
• Fibrinogen, 315.
• Fig insect, 43.
• Filament, 36.
• Filter beds at Albany, N. Y., 385.
• Fins, 233.
• Fishes, 186;
  • artificial propagation, 240;
  • as food, 201;
  • body of, 232;
  • breathing, 234;
  • circulation, 236, 321;
  • digestive system, 235;
  • egg-laying habits, 238;
  • food getting, 234;
  • food of, 237;
  • gills, 234;
  • heart, 236;
  • migration, 238;
  • nervous system, 237;
  • skeleton, 237;
  • senses, 233;
  • swim bladder, 236.
• Fission, 170.
• Flagella of bacteria, 142.
• Flatworms, 183.
• Flax, 128.
• Flea, 225.
• Floral envelope, 35.
• Flower, fertilization of, 54;
  • lengthwise section, 35;
  • use and structure, 35.
• Fluid, 181.
• Fly, a disease carrier, 222;
  • foot of, 223;
  • life history, 222;
  • typhoid, 223.
• Foods, absorption of, 309;
  • adulteration, 288;
  • amphibia as, 202;
  • birds as, 202;
  • cost of, 283;
  • fish as, 201;
  • fruits and seeds, 119;
  • getting of fish, 234;
  • in cotyledons, 60;
  • inorganic, 274;
  • inspection, 380;
  • is alcohol a food, 289;
  • leaves, 117, 118;
  • making in green leaf, 93;
  • mammals as, 202;
  • of animal origin, 279;
  • of bacteria, 144;
  • of fishes, 237;
  • of insects, 33;
  • of plant origin, 278;
  • of starfish, 216;
  • reptiles as, 202;
  • roots as, 119;
  • stems as, 118;
  • taking, 181;
  • tube of frog, 243;
  • values, tables, 276;
  • waste in kitchen, 287;
  • why we need, 272.
• Foraminifera, 182.
• Forestry, 113.
• Forest destruction, 112, 113;
  • fires, 112;
  • of North Carolina, 105;
  • other uses, 109;
  • protecting, 114;
  • regions of United States, 109.
• Formaldehyde, 148.
• Formation of habits, 354.
• Four o'clock embryo, 103.
• Fresh air, 337.
• Frog, adaptations for life, 241;
  • and man, digestive tract, 297;
  • breathing, 242;
  • circulation, 243, 322;
  • development of, 244;
• Frog, diagram of tongue, 242;
  • food tube, 243;
  • glands, 243;
  • locomotion of, 241;
  • long section, 243;
  • metamorphosis, 245;
  • nervous system, 352;
  • sense organs, 242.
• Fruit, a typical, 55.
• Fruit of locust, 55.
• Fruits and seeds as foods, 119.
• Fruits, how scattered, 56.
• Fuel, daily needs, 284.
• Fuel values of nutrients, 277.
• Functions, of all animals, 180;
  • of an animal, 48;
  • of bile, 307;
  • of blood, 313;
  • of cerebrum, 353;
  • of colorless corpuscle, 316;
  • of lymph, 317;
  • of parts of plant, 48;
  • of red corpuscle, 314.
• Fungi, 130, 176;
  • moldlike, 135;
  • of our homes, 132.
• Fur-bearing animals, 204.

• Gall bladder, 306;
  • insects, 208.
• Gallflies, 43.
• Ganoids, 186, 187.
• Garbage cans, 377.
• Garden fruits, 123.
• Gastric glands, 303;
  • of frog, 243.
• Gastric juice, 303.
• Gastrula, 177, 178.
• Genus, 175.
• Geranium, 45.
• German forest, 114.
• Germ cells, 251.
• Germination, of bean, 63;
  • of pollen, 54.
• Gills of fish, 234;
  • rakers, 172, 234.
• Glands, 297, 298, 299;
  • gastric, 303;
  • lymph, 324;
  • of frog, 243;
  • salivary, 299.
• Glomerulus, 341.
• Glottis of frog, 243.
• Glycogen, 307.
• Gonorrhea, 156.
• Grafting, 256.
• Grains, 122.
• Grape sugar, test for, 68.
• Gravity, influence on root, 72.
• Green plants, economic value, 117;
  • give off oxygen, 95;
  • harmful, 127;
  • make starch, 90, 92.
• Groups of plants, 174.
• Guano, 82.
• Guard cells, 88.
• Gullet, 297, 300, 301, 302, 303;
  • of frog, 243.
• Gymnosperms, 176.
• Gypsy moth, 215.

• Habits, 354.
• Habitat of protozoa, 172.
• Habit formation, 354.
• Hæmoglobin, 314, 330.
• Hammer, 359.
• Hard palate, 301.
• Harm done by insects, 34, 225.
• Harmful green plants, 127;
  • preservatives, 148.
• Hay infusion, 163, 164.
• Head of a bee, 38.
• Heart a force pump, 320;
  • diagram, 319;
  • in action, 319;
  • internal structure, 319;
  • of fish, 236;
  • size, position, 318.
• Heat, and bacteria, 145;
  • effect of, 22;
  • output, 285.
• Heating the house, 375.
• Hemiptera, 32.
• Hen's egg, 246.
• Herbivorous animals, 213.
• Heredity, and evolution, 404;
  • bearers of, 251;
  • definition, 249;
• Heredity, relation of alcohol to, 372.
• Hervey, William, 399.
• Hibernate, 22.
• Hides, 205.
• Hilum, 59.
• Honey and wax, 207.
• Hookworm, 183, 228, 229.
• Horse, ancestor of, 193, 260.
• How food is swallowed, 302.
• Human blood, 314.
• Human body, a machine, 267;
  • composition of, 21.
• Human physiology, definition, 15.
• Humming bird, 43.
• Humus, 79.
• Hundred calorie portions, 286.
• Huxley, 398.
• Hybridizing, 254.
• Hybrids, 254.
• Hydra, 179.
• Hydrochloric acid, 303.
• Hydrogen of water, 20, 20.
• Hydrophobia, 392.
• Hygiene, 27;
  • of breathing, 338;
  • of skin, 344;
  • of mouth, 302;
  • of muscles and bones, 268;
  • outline, 415;
  • personal, 261.
• Hypocotyl, 59.
• Hymenoptera, 30.

• Ichneumon fly, 208.
• Illness of drinkers, 363.
• Imperfect flowers, 44, 45.
• Immunity, 157, 390.
• Improvement, by selection, 253;
  • of man, 261.
• Impure water, 289.
• Incisors, 301.
• Infectious diseases, 27, 363, 390.
• Infusoria, 182.
• Inner ear, 359.
• Inoculation, 157.
• Inorganic soil, 77;
  • foods, 274.
• Insects, 185;
  • and foods, 376;
  • as disease carriers, 225;
  • as pollinating agents, 36;
  • damage done by, 34, 214;
  • diagram of, 29;
  • food of, 33;
  • of the house, 216;
  • orders of, 30.
• Inspection, of factories, 379;
  • of raw food, 380.
• Instincts, 195.
• Internal secretions, 317.
• Intestinal fluid, 306;
  • glands, 308.
• Intestine, large, 309.
• Invertebrates, 185.
• Iris, 360.
• Isolation, 390.

• Jenner, Edward, 400.
• Jimson weed, 128.
• Jukes, 261.

• Kidney bean, 59, 63.
• Kidneys, 181;
  • human, 341;
  • of frog, 243.
• Kinetic energy, 267.
• Knots, 112.
• Koch, Robert, 403.

• Labor, division of, 178.
• Laboratory equipment, 418.
• Lacteals, 309, 324.
• Lactic acid, 150.
• Lactometer, 288.
• Ladybug, 209.
• Large intestine, 309;
  • of frog, 243.
• Larva of milkweed butterfly, 32.
• Latent energy, 267.
• Lateral line, 234.
• Leaves, as food, 117;
  • evaporation of water from, 85;
  • cell structure of, 85;
  • mosaic, 90;
  • respiration, 96;
  • section, 49;
  • skeleton of, 85;
  • structure, 85, 86.
• Length measures, 417.
• Leopard frog, 188.
• Lepidoptera, 30.
• Levers, 269.
• Life comes from life, 399.
• Life cycle, 104;
  • of plants, 103.
• Life history of malarial parasite, 217.
• Ligaments, 268.
• Ligature, applying, 326.
• Light, a condition of environment, 21, 22;
  • and bacteria, 145;
  • effect of, 22;
  • necessary for starch making, 91.
• Lighting the home, 376.
• Lily, narrow leaves, 90.
• Limewater test, 64.
• Lister, Sir Joseph, 403.
• Liver, 306;
  • a storehouse, 307;
  • effect of alcohol on, 312;
  • of frog, 243.
• Living matter and alcohol, 291;
  • plant and animal compared, 47;
  • things, needs of, 266;
  • things, varying sizes of, 51.
• Lizard, 188.
• Lobster, 198.
• Locomotion, 181;
  • of frog, 241.
• Lowell, typhoid area, 384.
• Lumber transporting, 110-111.
• Lungs, air passages, 330;
  • changes of blood in, 330.
• Lymph, function, 317;
  • glands and vessels, 324, 325.
• Lysol, 148.

• MacNichol, Dr. T. Alexander, 327.
• Macronucleus, 169.
• Malaria, cause, 217.
• Malarial mosquito, 218.
• Malarial parasite, life history, 217.
• Mammal development, 247;
  • embryo, 247.
• Mammals, 191;
  • adaptations, 192;
  • as food, 202;
  • classification, 192.
• Mammary glands, 191.
• Man, animals that prey upon, 230;
  • and his environment, 266;
  • circulation of blood, 318;
  • improvement of, 261;
  • in his environment, 26;
  • mouth cavity, 300;
  • place in nature, 195;
  • races of, 196;
  • stomach, 303.
• Manufacture of fats, 93.
• Measures, 417.
• Mechanics of respiration, 332, 333.
• Membrane, mucous, 299.
• Mendel, Gregor, 257, 406.
• Mesenteric glands, 309.
• Mesentery, 297.
• Mesoderm, 177.
• Metamorphosis of frog, 244, 245.
• Metchnikoff, 316.
• Methods, of cutting timber, 111;
  • of breathing in vertebrates, 232.
• Micronucleus, 169.
• Micropyle, 59.
• Middle ear, 359.
• Migration of fishes, 238.
• Milk, and tuberculosis, 381;
  • composition of, 273, 280;
  • germs in, 381;
  • grades of, 381;
  • under microscope, 150, 305.
• Milkweed, butterfly, 32, 33.
• Milling and starch making, 92.
• Mink, 205.
• Mixed diet, 284.
• Moisture, 24, 78.
• Mollusca, 185.
• Mollusk, 185.
• Mold, 133, 134, 135;
  • yeast and bacteria, 143.
• Morning glory embryo, 103.
• Mosquito, malarial, 218;
  • yellow fever, 219.
• Moss plant, 177.
• Mother of pearl, 206.
• Motor nerves, 351.
• Mouth cavity in man, 300, 300.
• Mouth parts of bee, 38.
• Mucous membrane, 299.
• Mucus cells, 299.
• Muscles and bones, hygiene, 268.
• Mutations, 253, 406.
• Mutual aid between flowers and insects, 41.
• Mycelium, 133.
• Myriapoda, 185.

• Natural environment, 25;
  • selection, 253.
• Nectar, 35.
• Need, of food, 272;
  • of sleep, 356;
  • of ventilation, 335.
• Needs of living things, 266.
• Nerve cells and fatigue, 356;
  • vasomotor, 325.
• Nervous control, 181;
  • of heart, 325;
  • of respiration, 334;
  • of sweat glands, 343.
• Nervous system, 271, 349;
  • of frog, 352.
• Neuron, diagram, 351.
• Newt, 187.
• Nicotine, 293.
• Nictitating membrane of frog, 242.
• Nitrates, 80.
• Nitric acid, 61.
• Nitrogen, 80;
  • cycle, 162;
  • fixing bacteria, 80, 81, 151;
  • of air, 20.
• Nodules, 81.
• Normal heat output, 285.
• Nose and throat, diseases, 340.
• Nucleus, 50.
• Nutrients, 273, 274;
  • fuel values, 277;
  • in common foods, 275.

• Object of a field trip, 28.
• Oils, test for, 61.
• Operculum, 234.
• Ophidia, 189.
• Orbit of eye, 360.
• Orchard fruits, 124.
• Organic matter, 64.
• Organic nutrients, 60.
• Organisms, 47.
• Organs, 47, 48, 180;
  • of Corti, 360;
  • of excretion, 340;
  • of hearing, 358;
  • of respiration, 330;
  • of taste, 358;
  • of touch, 357.
• Orthoptera, 30.
• Osmosis, definition, 75;
  • experiment, 100;
  • physiological importance, 77.
• Ostrich, 191.
• Outline of courses, 407-414.
• Ovaries of frog, 243.
• Ovary, 36.
• Ovules, 54.
• Oxidation, 64;
  • in our bodies, 65.
• Oxygen cycle, 161;
  • given off by green plants, 95;
  • of air, 20;
  • of water, 20.
• Oyster, 199, 200.

• Packard (zoölogist), 33.
• Palate, hard and soft, 301.
• Palisade tissue, 86.
• Pancreas, 305;
  • of frog, 243;
  • work of, 305.
• Papillæ, 301.
• Pappus, 57.
• Paramœcium, 167, 168, 169;
  • needs of, 266;
  • response to stimuli, 167.
• Parasites, 131.
• Parasitic animals cause disease, 227.
• Parasitism, cost and remedy, 263.
• Parotid, 299.
• Pasteur, Louis, 401.
• Pasteurization, 146.
• Pea pod, 55.
• Pearls, 206.
• Pectoral fin, 233.
• Pelvic fin, 233.
• Pepsin, 303.
• Peptic gland, 304.
• Perfumes, 205.
• Pericardium, 319.
• Peristaltic waves, 303.
• Personal hygiene, 261.
• Perspiration, 343.
• Petals, 35.
• Petri dishes, 140.
• Phagocytes, 316.
• Pharynx, 301.
• Phenolphthalein, 80.
• Phosphoric acid, 82.
• Photosynthesis, 92, 93.
• Physiology of mold, 133.
• Pistil, 36.
• Pith, 97.
• Placentæ of mammal, 247.
• Plankton, 235.
• Plants, animals depend on, 34;
  • and animals, mutually helpful, 18;
  • classification, 176;
  • food for insects, 33;
  • as food makers, 88;
  • function of parts, 48;
  • groups, 174;
  • need minerals, 80;
  • need of nitrogen, 80, 82;
  • processes, 103;
  • reproduction, 173.
• Plasma, 313.
• Plasmodium malariæ, 182, 217.
• Pleura, 332.
• Pleurococcus, 166.
• Plumule, 59.
• Pneumonia, 336.
• Pocket garden, 73.
• Poison, alcohol, 291;
  • ivy, 128;
  • produced by alcohol, 347.
• Polar bear, 204.
• Pollen, 36;
  • germination of, 53, 54.
• Pollination, 36, 40;
  • cross and self, 40;
  • wind, 44.
• Pond scum, 173.
• Pons, 352.
• Porifera, 182.
• Portal circulation, 309, 322.
• Portions, hundred calorie, 286.
• Potato beetle, 214.
• Potato beetle, embryo, 103.
• Premolars, 302.
• Preservatives, 147.
• Prevention of dyspepsia, 310;
  • of molds, 134.
• Proboscis, 30.
• Prolegs, 32.
• Pronuba, 42, 43.
• Protecting forests, 114.
• Proteins, 60, 273;
  • making, 93;
  • test for, 61.
• Protoplasm, 50;
  • what it can do, 52.
• Protozoa, 172, 182, 205.
• Protozoan diseases, 221.
• Pteridophytes, 176.
• Ptomaines, 144, 147.
• Ptyalin, 300.
• Public hygiene, 389.
• Pulmonary circulation, 320.
• Pulse, cause, 323.
• Pupa of milkweed butterfly, 33.
• Pupil of eye, 360.
• Pure food laws, 288.
• Purpose of digestion, 69, 296.
• Pyloric cæca, 235.

• Quarantine, 27, 390.

• Rabies, 392.
• Races of man, 196.
• Radiolaria, 182.
• Radiolarian skeleton, 182.
• Recessive characters, 258.
• Rectum, 297.
• Red corpuscles, 313, 314.
• Reflex actions, 353.
• Regulation of heat of body, 343.
• Relation, of age to diet, 280;
  • of alcohol to crime, 371;
  • of alcohol to heredity, 372;
  • of alcohol to pauperism, 371;
  • of animals to man, 17;
  • of bacteria to free nitrogen, 81;
  • of bacteria to man, 16;
  • of biology to society, 18;
  • of cost of food to diet, 281;
  • of digestibility to diet, 281;
• Relation, of environment to diet, 280;
  • of green plants and animals, 15, 161, 162;
  • of sex to diet, 280;
  • of work to diet, 277;
  • of yeasts to man, 135.
• Rennin, 303.
• Reproduction, 103, 181;
  • importance of, 52;
  • in seed plants, 173, 174;
  • of cells, 50;
  • of Paramœcium, 169.
• Reptiles, 186.
• Reptilia, 188.
• Reserve air, 334.
• Residual air, 334.
• Respiration, 66, 181;
  • and alcohol, 346;
  • and nervous control, 334;
  • and tobacco, 346;
  • mechanics of, 332, 333;
  • necessity for, 329;
  • organs of, 330;
  • of cells, 332;
  • of leaves, 96.
• Retina, 360.
• Rhizoids, 133.
• Rhizopoda, 182.
• Rice field, 123.
• Ringworm, 134.
• Roaches, 216.
• Rock fern, 175.
• Rockweed, 176.
• Roots as food, 119;
  • as food storage, 83;
  • downward growth of, 72;
  • fine structure, 73;
  • give out acid, 79, 80;
  • hairs, 74, 75;
  • influence of gravity, 72;
  • influence of moisture, 73;
  • passage of soil water, 76;
  • pressure, 101;
  • system, primary, secondary, tertiary roots, 72;
  • uses of, 71.
• Rotation of crops, 81.
• Roundworms, 183, 228.
• Rules of habit formation, 356.
• Russian thistle, 129.

• Saliva, 69, 299.
• Salivary glands, 299;
  • glands of frog, 243.
• Salmon, 201, 241.
• Sand shark, 186.
• Sandworm, 184.
• Sanitarium for tuberculosis, 394.
• Sanitation, 27.
• Saprophytes, 131.
• Scavengers,[TN10] 150.
• Schleiden and Schwann, 398.
• Schultz, Max, 398.
• Sclerotic coat, 360.
• Sea anemones, 183.
• Secretion, 299, 306.
• Secretions, internal, 317.
• Section, of ear, 359;
  • of timber, 111.
• Sedgwick, William T., 312.
• Seed, 54;
  • how scattered, 56;
  • plants, reproduction, 174;
  • why it grows, 58.
• Seedlings of bean, 63.
• Segmented worms, 183.
• Selection, artificial, 253;
  • natural, 253.
• Selective planting, 254.
• Semicircular canal, 359.
• Sensations, 350.
• Sense organs, 181;
  • of fish, 233;
  • of frog, 242.
• Senses, 357.
• Sensory nerves, 351.
• Sepals, 35.
• Series, animal, 182.
• Serum, 314.
• Sewage disposal, 386.
• Sex, relation to diet, 280.
• Shelf fungi, 132.
• Sieve tubes, 97.
• Simple animal, development, 177.
• Simplest plants, 166.
• Skeleton, of dog, 185;
  • of fish, 237;
• Skeleton, of leaf, 85;
  • of man, 268.
• Skin, 268;
  • hygiene of, 344.
• Skunk, 205.
• Sleep, need of, 356.
• Small intestine, 307, 308.
• Smell, sense of, 358.
• Snail, 185.
• Snakes, 189;
  • food of, 212.
• Soft palate, 301.
• Soil, composition of, 77;
  • how water is held in, 77, 78.
• Sound, character of, 360.
• Sour bread, 139.
• Soy beans, 152.
• Sparrow, 246.
• Spawning habits, economic importance, 239.
• Species, 175, 194.
• Sperm, 177.
• Spermaries of frog, 243.
• Spermatophytes, 176.
• Spinal cord of fish, 237.
• Spiracles, 29.
• Spirillum, 142.
• Sponge, 180, 182, 183, 206.
• Spore, 131, 173;
  • plants, 174.
• Sporozoa, 182.
• Sprengel, Conrad, 40.
• Squash bug, 215.
• Stables, clean and filthy, 388.
• Stamens, 36.
• Starch, action of diastase, 69;
  • digestion, 299;
  • grains, 60;
  • in bean, 61;
  • made by green leaves, 90, 92;
  • test for, 61.
• Starch making and milling, 92.
• Starfish, 184;
• food of, 216.
• Stegomyia, 221.
• Stems, as food, 118;
  • passage of fluids up, 84;
  • structure of, 97.
• Sterilization, 145.
• Sterilizer, 140.
• Stigma, 36.
• Stimulants, 289.
• Stirrup, 359.
• Stomata, 86, 88.
• Stomach, 297;
  • digestive experiments, 304;
  • of frog, 243;
  • of man, 303.
• Street cleaning department, 387.
• Structure, colorless corpuscles, 315;
  • of leaf, 85;
  • of red corpuscle, 314;
  • of root, 73;
  • of root hairs, 74.
• Sturgeon, 186.
• Style, 36.
• Sublingual glands, 299.
• Submaxillary glands, 299.
• Suffocation, 340.
• Sulphur, 149.
• Sun, source of energy, 88.
• Sundew, 102.
• Sunlight in home, 374.
• Sweat glands, 342.
• Sweeping and dusting, 336.
• Swim bladder of fish, 236.
• Symbiosis, 163.
• Sympathetic nerves, 352;
  • nervous system, 304, 350.
• Syphilis, 152, 156.
• Systemic circulation, 320.

• Table of cost of food, 276, 283.
• Tactile corpuscles, 357.
• Tænia solium, 227.
• Tapeworm, 227.
• Taproot, cross section, 74.
• Taste buds, 301, 358.
• Teeth, 301.
• Teleosts, 187.
• Temperature, 417;
  • of blood, 318.
• Tern, 190.
• Testa, 59.
• Test, for carbon dioxide, 64;
  • nutrients, 61, 68.
• Thallophytes, 176.
• Thoracic duct, 324.
• Tidal air, 334.
• Timber, methods of cutting, 111.
• Tissue cells, 49, 179.
• Toad, use of, 209.
• Tobacco and circulation, 328;
  • and respiration, 346;
  • users of, 293.
• Tortoise, 188.
• Touch, 357.
• Tourniquet, 326.
• Toxin, 152, 316.
• Trachea, 185.
• Transpiration, 85, 87.
• Transportation of lumber, 110, 111.
• Treatment of cuts and bruises, 326.
• Trees, need of city, 115;
  • preventing erosion, 108;
  • regulate water supply, 105;
  • value of, 105.
• Trichina, 228.
• Trichinosis, 228.
• Trillium, 175.
• Trout, development, 238.
• Trypanosomes, 221.
• Tuberculosis, 152, 153;
  • and milk, 381;
  • how to fight, 393, 394.
• Tussock moth, 215.
• Twig, section of, 98.
• Tympanic membrane, 358.
• Tympanum of frog, 242.
• Tyndall box, 399.
• Typhoid, 224, 385;
  • and diarrhœa, 200.
• Typhoid fever, 152, 155, 382.

• Unit characters, 258.
• Ureter, 342.
• Urethra, 342.
• Urine, 341.
• Urodela, 188.
• Uses, of animals, 198;
  • of antibodies, 316;
  • of green plants, 117;
  • of ice, 377;
  • of nutrients, 274;
  • of protozoa, 172.
• Uterus of a mammal, 247.

• Vaccination, 157, 221, 391.
• Vacuoles, contracting, 168.
• Value, of insects, 208;
  • of trees, 105.
• Valves, 185, 319;
  • in vein, 324.
• Variation, 250.
• Vasomotor nerves, 325.
• Vegetable fibers and oils, 127.
• Veins, 318;
  • function and structure, 323;
  • valves, 324.
• Venæ cavæ, 322.
• Ventilation, 335, 338.
• Ventricle, 319;
  • of fish heart, 236.
• Venus fly trap, 102.
• Vermiform appendix, 309.
• Vertebral column, 186.
• Vertebrates, breathing of, 232.
• Villi, 308.
• Virginia creeper, 128.
• Virus, 392.
• Vitreous humor, 361.
• Vorticella, 171, 178.
• Vries, Hugo de, 253, 406.

• Warner, Chas. Dudley, 211.
• Waste of food, 287.
• Water, 275;
  • composition of, 20;
  • impure, 289;
  • supply, 383.
• Weed, 48, 128.
• Weights, 417.
• Wheat crop, 121, 122.
• Wild orchid, 40.
• Windpipe, 300, 301.
• Wood, uses of, 110.
• Work of cells, 270;
  • of Department of Agriculture, 255;
  • relation to diet, 277.
• Worms, 183.

• Yeasts, 136, 138, 139;
  • relation to man, 135.
• Yellow fever mosquito, 219.
• Yucca, 42, 43.

• Zygospore, 174.