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A narrative of travels in northern Africa in the years 1818, 19, and 20; accompanied by geographical notices of Soudan and of the course of the Niger cover

A narrative of travels in northern Africa in the years 1818, 19, and 20; accompanied by geographical notices of Soudan and of the course of the Niger

Chapter 22: INDEX.
By G. F. Lyon
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History - Early Modern (c. 1450-1750)Travel Writing

About This Book

An account by a British naval officer records a two-part travel journal of a mission from Tripoli into the Fezzan, detailing routes, encampments, and desert travel logistics. It offers close ethnographic description of local costumes, ceremonies, languages, governance, and daily life observed in Tripoli, Morzouk, and surrounding oases. The narrative maps trade networks, commodity flows and slave caravans, includes vocabularies and geological notes, and presents conjectures about the Niger and the geography of the Sudan interior. A recurring theme is sickness and scarcity: the illness and death of the author's companion shape later decisions, limiting further penetration southward and prompting return to Tripoli.

APPENDIX.

APPENDIX.

METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER.
MORZOUK.

DATE. THERMOMETER. HYGROMETER. WINDS.
REAUMUR. FAHRENHEIT.
1819. 5 A.M. 2 P.M. 5 A.M. 2 P.M. 5 A.M. 2 P.M.
May 4 22 33 81.½ 106.¼ 60 54 East.
5 22 34 81.½ 108.½ 61 53
6 23 33 83.¾ 106.¼ 60 54
7 21 33 79.¼ 106.¼ 58 53 East-north-east.
8 20 31 77 101.¾ 58 50
9 21 32 79.¼ 104 60 54 East.
10 22 33 81.½ 106.¼ 60 51 East-north-east.
11 23.5 33.1 85 106.½ 61 52 East by south.
12 22 34 81.½ 108.½ 60 53 North-east.
13 22.2 33 82 106.¼ 58 52
14 23 33.2 83.¾ 106.¾ 60 51
15 23.4 34 84.¾ 108.½ 61 60 North.
16 23 35 83.¾ 110.¾ 63 58 North-east.
17 22 34 81.½ 108.½ 64 61 East-north-east.
18 23.8 36 85.½ 113 59 54 East.
19 23 37 83.¾ 115.¼ 60 54
20 23 34 83.¾ 108.½ 63 60
21 22 35 81.½ 110.¾ 61 56
22 21.1 34 79.½ 108.½ 62 59
23 22 36 81.½ 113 60 57 East-south-east.
24 23 37 83.¾ 115.¼ 61 52
25 24 37 86 115.¼ 61 57 East.
26 23 36 83.¾ 113 60 59
27 23 37 83.¾ 115.¼ 60 54 North.
28 25.1 35 88.½ 110.¾ 58 60
29 26 34 90.½ 108.½ 57 57 North-west.
30 25 37 88.¼ 115.¼ 56 58
31 24.2 34 86.½ 108.½ 59 55 North-east.
June 1 25 38 88.¼ 117.½ 56 47
2 24.3 39 86.¾ 119.¾ 58 43
3 25 40 88.¼ 122 54 54
4 25 39 88.¼ 119.¾ 58 56 South-east.
5 24 38 86 117.½ 58 56
6 24 37 86 115.¼ 57 56 East.
7 25 38 88.¼ 117.½ 58 51 East.
8 26 40 90.½ 122 61 58
9 27 38 92.¾ 117.½ 60 58
10 26 36 90.½ 113 61 55 North-east.
11 25.3 39 89 119.¾ 60 58
12 26 39 90.½ 119.¾ 62 60
13 25 38 88.¼ 117.½ 63 60 East.
14 25 37 88.¼ 115.¼ 64 51
15 24 41 86 124.¼ 62 60 East-north-east.
16 25 38 88.¼ 117.½ 61 60
17 26 41 90.½ 124.¼ 62 60 East-south-east.
18 26 40 90.½ 122 58 56
19 25.4 44 89.¼ 131 54 52
20 27.3 44.8 93.¼ 133 55 54 North-east.
21 26.1 43 90.¾ 128.¾ 60 58
22 27.3 42 93.¼ 126.½ 63 53 Calm.
23 26 43 90.½ 128.¾ 55 53 South-east.
24 26.3 42 91 126.½ 52 54
25 26 43 90.½ 128.¾ 56 54 North-east.
26 26 42 90.½ 126.½ 60 55 North.
27 25.3 39 89 119.¾ 60 63
28 26 38 90.½ 117.½ 62 60
29 25 38 88.¼ 117.½ 63 63
30 25 38 88.¼ 117.½ 64 62 East-north-east.
July 1 25 36 88.¼ 113 60 60 North-east.
2 27 38 92.¾ 117.½ 58 58
3 28 36 95 113 54 40 South.
4 26 36 90.½ 113 65 65
5 27 36 92.¾ 113 64 62 North-east.
6 26 36 90.½ 113 66 66
7 25.1 35 88.½ 110.¾ 62 60
8 26 36 90.½ 113 64 60 North-east.
9 24 36 86 113 63 60
10 24 36 86 113 60 60
11 24 35 86 110.¾ 64 64
12 24 36 86 113 64 64
13 24 36 86 90.½ 62 63
14 23 36 83.¾ 113 64 64
15 25 37 88.¼ 115.¼ 62 55 East.
16 26 28 90.½ 95 55 55
17 26.3 37 91 115.¼ 60 54
18 26 38 90.½ 117.½ 50 50
19 27 38 92.¾ 117.½ 50 50
20 26 38 90.½ 117.½ 52 50
21 22 38 81.½ 117.½ 50 50 North-east.
22 21.3 39 80 119.¾ 50 50
23 22 81.½ 51 50 North-east.
24 24 40 86 122 50 50
25 26 39 90.½ 119.¾ 50 50 North-east.
26 27 40 92.¾ 122 52 52
27 25.1 40 88.½ 122 52 50
28 26 40 90.½ 122 52 52
29 25.3 39 89 119.¾ 52 50 North.
30 23 40.3 83.¾ 122.½ 55 55
31 24 41.3 86 125 55 55 East.
August 1 25 40 88.¼ 122 67 55 North-east.
2 24 86 66 North.
3 25 39 88.¼ 119.¾ 75 67 East.
4 23 40 83.¾ 122 77 61 North.
5 24 86 67
6 25 39 88.¼ 119.¾ 70 67 North-east.
7 25 88.¼ 72
8 25 40 88.¼ 122 72 64 South.
9 22 40 83.¾ 122 74 62 South-east.
10 25 40 88.¼ 122 80 65
11 23 45 83.¾ 133.¼ 74 60 East-north-east.
12 23 41 83.¾ 124.¼ 69 68 South.
13 24 40.1 86 122.¼ 66 55 East-south-east.
14 23 41 83.¾ 124.¼ 72 60 East.
15 24 44 86 131 68 56 South-east.
16 26 42 90.½ 126.½ 60 56
17 26 42.2 90.½ 127 71 58
18 26 42 90.½ 126.½ 64 60 East.
19 25.1 41.5 88.½ 125.¼ 71 59
20 20 42.5 77 127.½ 70 59 South-east.
21 26 43.5 90.½ 130 69 56
22 25 43 88.¼ 128.¾ 66 56
23 25.8 42.5 90 127.½ 67 57 East. ⎫
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎬
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎭		 Fevers very prevalent, and often fatal.
24 24 38 86 117.½ 76 66 South-east.
25 25.5 40.5 89.¼ 123 71 70 East-south-east.
26 24 38 86 117.½ 76 66 East-north-east.
27 23 39 83.¾ 119.¾ 75 61
28 24 41 86 124.¼ 70 61 North-east.
29 23 42 83.¾ 126.½ 69 67 East.
30 28 43.5 95 130 67 60 South-east.
31 24.5 43.5 87 130 65 53
September 1 26 45 90.½ 133.¼ 64 55
2 26 42 90.½ 126.½ 61 52
3 25 43 88.¼ 128.¾ 64 55
4 25.5 43 89.¼ 128.¾ 63 55
5 27 41 92.¾ 124.¼ 67 60 East-north-east.
6 26 42 90.½ 126.½ 67 55 East.
7 24.8 41 88 124.¼ 67 60 South-east.
8 26 41 90.½ 124.¼ 69 59
9 24 42 86 126.½ 70 55
10 24.5 41.5 87 125.¼ 69 60
11 24.8 41.5 88 125.¼ 69 55 South-east.
12 25 42.5 88.¼ 127.½ 66 55
13 25.8 41 90 124.¼ 55 55 East-south-east.
14 25 42 88.¼ 126.½ 66 56 South-east.
15 26 40 90.½ 122 69 65 East.
16 25.5 37 89.¼ 115.¼ 74 71 East-north-east.
17 23 39 83.¾ 119.¾ 81 66
18 23 40.2 83.¾ 122.½ 75 63 South-east.
19 23 39.5 83.¾ 121 71 63 East-north-east.
20 22.2 39.5 82 121 69 60
21 23 39.5 83.¾ 121 69 60
22 24 39.5 86 121 69 60
23 22 39 81.½ 119.¾ 67 59 South-east.
24 23 38.4 83.¾ 118.½ 68 61
25 22.8 39 83.¼ 119.¾ 74 61
26 23 39.5 83.¾ 121 72 60
27 23.2 38 84 119.¼ 70 62
28 22.5 39.5 81.½ 121 71 59
29 24 37.8 86 117 82 72
30 22.6 36.8 83 115 82 72
October 1 23 36 83.¾ 113 84 72
2 20 36 77 113 83 72 East.
3 19 32 74.¾ 104 85 72
4 16.8 32 70 104 86 70 South-south-west.
5 16 32.4 68 105 80 68
6 15 32.5 65.¾ 105 76 67 South.
7 17 70.¼ 77 South-west.
8 20 33 77 106.¼ 90 76 North.
9 15.8 31 67.½ 101.¾ 82 72 North-west.
10 16.7 31.2 69.½ 102.¼ 86 75 South.
11 17 32 70.¼ 104 91 75 South-west.
12 17.3 32.4 71 105 85 73 South.
13 17 33 70.¼ 106.¼ 83 69
14 17 33.2 70.¼ 106.¾ 80 65
15 15.5 33 67 106.¼ 76 63
16 16.1 35.1 68.¼ 111 74 59 South-east.
17 19.5 35 76 110.¾ 68 55 South.
18 19 35.5 74.¾ 112 65 52
19 18 36 72.½ 113 62 53
20 18 34 72.½ 108.½ 62 56
21 17.5 35.5 71.½ 112 67 60 South-east.
22 18 36.5 72.½ 114 68 59 South.
23 17 36.5 70.¼ 114 68 59
24 16.8 34.8 70 110.½ 68 57
25 18 35 72.½ 110.¾ 67 55
26 17 33 70.¼ 106.¼ 65 60
27 14.8 31 65.¼ 101.¾ 67 63
28 14 33 63.½ 106.¼ 63 59
29 13.2 27 62 92.¾ 68 54 South-west.
30 12.5 29 60 97.¼ 64 60
31 13 28.4 61.¼ 96 63 58
November 1 12 24 59 86 65 57 West.
2 11.5 23 58 83.¾ 68 55
3 14 26 63.½ 90.½ 65 51 North-west.
4 12.5 22 60 81.½ 68 52 North.
5 11 27 56.¾ 92.¾ 59 59
6 10.5 25.2 55.½ 88.¾ 59 54
7 12.2 28 59.½ 95 57 54 North-west.
8 10 24 54.½ 86 58 54
9 7.5 22.4 49 82.½ 59 51
10 9.5 25 53.¼ 88.¼ 61 60
11 8.8 24.2 52 86.½ 60 51 West-south-west.
12 9 22.4 52.¼ 82.½ 61 53
13 10.2 27 55 92.¾ 60 50
14 14 29 63.½ 97.¼ 58 54
15 14.2 27 64 92.¾ 54 54 North-east.
16 11.2 25 57.¼ 88.¼ 58 51 West.
17 10.4 27 55.½ 92.¾ 57 52
18 14.2 29 64 97.¼ 51 50 East.
19 14 31 63.½ 101.¾ 51 51
20 11 30 56.¾ 99.½ 57 58
From this time until the third of December Belford and I were confined to our beds.
December 4 10.2 22.4 55 82.½ 54 52 Westerly.
5 11.4 27.2 57.½ 93.¼ 58 54 West.
6 9.2 25 52.¾ 88.¼ 59 58
7 8.5 22 51 81.½ 58 60 North.
8 11.2 25 57.¼ 88.¼ 61 54 North-west.
9 10 27 54.½ 92.¾ 58 51
10 12.2 26 59.½ 90.½ 51 51 East.
11 11 56.¾ 53
12 10 25.2 54.½ 88.¾ 56 50 East-north-east.
13 9.5 20 53.¼ 77 59 52 North.

We set out at this time on our journey to the south; for account of Thermometer see Journal.

OBSERVATIONS.

I here subjoin a short account, by Professor Buckland of Oxford, of a few specimens of the rocks and minerals of Tripoli and Fezzan, which I was enabled to collect in the course of my tour.

It appears to Mr. Buckland, from these specimens, that the kingdoms of Tripoli and Fezzan present, in their geological structure, a striking resemblance to the rocks of Europe; and are composed of strata, which are distinctly referrible to the three following formations:

  • 1. Basalt.
  • 2. Tertiary Limestone, of nearly the same age with the Calcaire Grossier of Paris.
  • 3. New Red Sand Stone.

1. The Basaltic Rocks appear to constitute the great chain of the Soudah or Black Mountains, near the northern extremity of the kingdom of Fezzan, not far from Sockna; they extend in breadth nearly 100 miles from north to south, and run as far as the eye can reach from east to west.

2. The Tertiary Limestone, or Calcaire Grossier, containing marine shells in a state of delicate preservation, is found in Tripoli, on the two opposite edges of the desert that lies between the town of Benioleed and castle of Bonjem, and appears to be of the same age and formation with depositions of a similar kind that occur in Malta and Sicily, and on the north side of the Mediterranean, on the coasts of Italy and France.

3. The New Red Sand Stone formation appears under its usual form of loose red sand, accompanied by salt and gypsum, and associated with beds of a calcareous breccia, cemented by magnesian limestone, and with beds of compact dolomite.

There are no primitive rocks, and one specimen only which seems referrible to a granular quartz rock, more ancient than the new red sand stone.

A short descriptive catalogue of the specimens which have been brought home, with the assistance of the map in which all the names alluded to are inserted, will give the most ready information they are calculated to afford.

The specimens are as follow:

basalt.

No. 1. Basalt, nearly black, much impregnated throughout with carbonate of lime, and interspersed with small circular cells, that are partly or wholly filled with common or with magnesian carbonate of lime. The decomposition of this rock forms small spherical fragments of considerable hardness, the surface of which, by long exposure, has acquired a kind of polish or glossy aspect, and is irregularly pitted or indented all over with small cavities of various depths, from the destruction of the calcarous matter that originally filled them.

A similar appearance of glossy polish is found on all the calcareous specimens from this country, which appear to have been long exposed to the action of the atmosphere. In some of these the surface is entirely smooth and even; in others, it is furrowed over with minute grooves and channels, intersecting each other with irregular curvatures, and resembling the appearance produced on the surface of compact limestone that has been submitted to the action of acids, or corroded by small marine worms.

It is not easy to determine the cause of this irregular destruction of the surface of limestone, whose substance appears to be entirely uniform: it is probably the same that gives it the glossy polish; but it seems doubtful, whether the agent producing it be the continual drifting of fine siliceous sand, or the action of the atmosphere under exposure to a burning sun. A similar gloss appears on the surface of many fragments of flint and compact siliceous limestone that have been long exposed on the surface of the soil, on the summit of Martre near Paris; and in this case, I think, it can only be referred to the action of the sun and atmosphere.

The chain of the Soudah or Black Mountains appears to be composed of this basalt; they rise to an elevation of about 1500 feet, being situated at a short distance on the south from Sockna, and extending about 100 miles in breadth from north to south, and in length as far as the eye can reach, from east to west; they are perfectly barren, of irregular form, occasionally broken into detached masses, and sometimes rising into cones. Their elevated plains are in some parts covered with the small spherical shining fragments above described. The latitude of this chain is from 28·40. to 27·30. north. Traces of basalt occur also near Tripoli, in lat. 32. at a spot called Black Dog, on the north of Beneabbas, and in a valley through which the road passes from Beneabbas to Benioleed.

2. An unrolled agate from Om el a Beed, near Zeghen, on the south of the Black Mountains. The occurrence of fragments of basalt, in this same neighbourhood, renders it probable that basaltic rocks exist in Situ, near the Pass of Kenair.

tertiary formations.

3. Two species of cardium, in a state of delicate preservation, resembling that of the shells of Grignon, near Paris, and embedded in a loose white sand, which has the appearance and degree of adhesion of coarse white sugar, from a gravelly plain on the north of Bonjem.

4. Slightly crystalline limestone, of a dark yellow colour, and loaded with fragments of organic remains, amongst which the most distinct are referrible to the genus Ostrea and Pecton. It is found in a mountain of Tripoli, thirty miles south of Benioleed. This limestone appears to be nearly of the same era with the Calcaire Grossier of Paris, and is separated only by a large desert plain from the deposit of shells last mentioned at Bonjem. The probable connexion of these strata with the tertiary formations in other adjacent parts on the coast of the Mediterranean, has been already suggested.

5. Soft, highly calcareous marl stone, of a light mottled gray colour, resembling in appearance the chalk marl of England: it is said occasionally to be streaked with red, and to contain modules of flint. It occurs in the Mountains of Mejdool, in lat. 26.

6. Quartzose sand dispersed through a matrix of indurated green clay, and affording the materials of which the town of Traghan is built.

It is probable that these two last specimens, 5 and 6, are from strata not more ancient than the chalk of England, and possibly connected with the tertiary formations, No. 3 and 4.

new red sand stone.

7. Sand collected fifty miles on the north of Sockna, during a gale of wind from the drift sand, which is blown about the desert. It is composed of extremely minute grains of red semi-transparent quartz; observed with a lens, these grains appear to be rounded fragments, and present no crystalline facets. They possess, in a strong degree, that peculiar tint of red, which has caused the name of red sand stone to be applied to certain extensive formations which it pervades in Europe.

The frequent occurrence of salt springs, and of rock salt and gypsum in the deserts of Africa, goes far to identify the sand of this continent with the new red sand in the south of England, which is characterised by containing similar mineral substances. It is still farther allied to it in being accompanied by strata of calcareous breccia and beds of limestone; in all of which magnesia is a considerable ingredient.

8, 9, 10. Ferruginous concretions, forming aetites or geodes in the red sand shore. The broken fragments are compact, sonorous, and of a dark liver colour, having a shining polished surface. The sand which formed their matrix still adheres to the exterior of some of them. They occur on a plain and a mountain near Om el a Beed. In lat. 27°⁵⁄₁₀: they are here so abundant, as almost entirely to cover the ground, and impart to it a dark red colour. This accumulation of them probably arises from the wind having drifted away the fine sand, in which they were formed, leaving behind the heavy bodies in question.

A little farther north, at the foot of the Pass of Kenair, near some steep sand hills, is a narrow bed almost entirely composed of tubular concretions of iron of similar origin, irregularly ramifying through the sand like roots of trees, and producing a rugged appearance, which at first sight resembles a bed of lava.

11. Flat lamina of variegated sand stone, held together by a calcareous cement, and covered on each side by small spherical tubercles closely studded by the side of each other. Similar concretions are common in the imperfect beds of sand stone strata of all formations.

12. Flesh-coloured marl, full of small irregular crystals of selenite. The colour of this marl resembles that of the rock marl of England: it is from a plain near Gatrone, lat. 25°.

13. Fibrous gypsum passing into foliated, apparently from a matrix of ochreous marl stone.

14. Crystals of calcareous spar imbedded in yellow-ochre. Found with No. 13, in the same mountain with the Calcaire Grossier, No. 4, thirty miles south of Benioleed.

15 and 16. Fibrous and foliated gypsum from a similar matrix of ochreous marl to No. 13 and 14, and found on the same plain, near Bonjem, with the two species of cardium, No. 3.

It is probable these last four specimens come from a stratum more nearly allied to the gypsum formation of Paris than to the red marl to which I have referred the other specimen of gypsum, No. 12.

magnesian limestone, or dolomite.

17. Limestone, very compact, and strongly impregnated with magnesia, and is of a yellowish white colour; occurs split into small laminated fragments, like broken tiles. The ground is covered with these fragments, which break and rattle under the feet like pottery. It is found in the plain between Zuela and Omesoguin, lat. 26°.

18 and 19. From the plain that lies between the Black Mountains and Pass of Kenair. Both these specimens are compact limestone, of a dark flesh colour, and contain much magnesia. This plain is covered with small shining fragments of this limestone, particularly near El Gaaf; and their exposed surfaces are corroded and furrowed over with the small irregular grooves and channels already mentioned in the note to No. 1.

20. Flesh-coloured dolomite, mottled with yellow. From the north base of the Black Mountains.

21. Hard compact dolomite, of an ochre yellow colour. From the Well of Gutfa, between the north base of the Black Mountains and town of Sockna.

22 and 23. Brecciated dolomite, of yellowish white colour, full of knobs and concretions of the same. Found on the plain near Sockna.

24 and 25. Brecciated dolomite, of dark flesh colour, full of small angular concretions of the same substance, but in more compact state than that which forms the cement by which they are held together. These are found near the compact flesh-coloured dolomite, No. 18 and 19, in the plain of El Gaaf.

All the above specimens, from 17 to 25, are much impregnated with magnesia, and distinctly referrible to similar strata that form subordinate beds in the new red sand-stone formation of England; and they seem to occupy a similar position in the red sand-stone of the desert plains that lie on the north and south side of the basaltic chain of the Black Mountains in Fezzan.

26. A pudding-stone, composed of pebbles of dolomite, united by a granulated calcareous cement. Taken from a Roman castle at Bonjem. The surface of this specimen has the same glossy polish which has been before mentioned in some others.

27. Specimen of the materials of which the Castle of Zuela and many other old castles are constructed. It is an artificial compound, made up of small grains of quartz of the size of millet seed, imbedded in a cement or paste of yellowish marl, which effervesces rapidly with acids: there is no more marl than is sufficient to hold together the grains of quartz. Buildings are constructed of this material by pressing the composition into cases, which are removed when it is dry.

28. Milk-white compact carbonate of lime. From the plain between the Black Mountains and Pass of Kenair. It is beautifully furrowed over with small channels and grooves, like No. 18 and 19.

29. White limestone, of coarser grain. From ditto.

30. White limestone, filled with grains of fine white quartz. From ditto.

31. White limestone. From the north base of the Black Mountains.

32. Compact yellow carbonate of lime, having a polished glossy surface, beautifully furrowed, and resembling a bit of yellow bees’ wax. From the north base of the Black Mountains.

These last specimens of carbonate of lime are found with those of dolomite described immediately before, and seem to belong to the same formation with them.

It appears then, as far as can be collected from the few specimens above described, that on each side of the central basaltic chain of the Soudah or Black Mountains, the plains of the desert are composed of red sand and sand-stone, containing gypsum and rock salt, and associated with beds of dolomite and common carbonate of lime. All these characters identify most distinctly the sand of the desert of Africa with the new red sand-stone of England. There are no specimens which indicate the existence of any other formations on the south side of the Black Mountains from lat. 29° to 24°, except the marl-stone and green clay (No. 5 and 6); which lead us to suspect strata of tertiary formation in lat. 26°, near Mejdool, on the east of Morzouk. At the north base of the central chain, strata belonging to the same red sand-stone formation seem to extend nearly to Bonjem on the frontiers of Fezzan and Tripoli; where the basis formations appear, and probably repose on them in irregular patches in the desert that divides this place from the mountains on the north of the town of Tripoli. These mountains extend east and west nearly parallel to the coast of the Mediterranean, from long. 15° to 13°; but as no specimens have been brought home from them, it is impossible to do more than conjecture to what formation they belong: from notices inserted in the map, they appear to contain trap and calcareous rocks. The nearest point from which we have a specimen is Benioleed (No. 4): and this is probably referrible to the calcaire grossier of Paris.

One solitary specimen from the eastern extremity of these calcareous mountains possesses no character sufficiently distinct to show whether it be calcaire grossier or jura limestone. It seems, however, to belong to one of these two formations.

The only specimen remaining to be described is No. 34; a yellow quartzose sand-stone, having a glassy fracture, and in some of its component grains having a sapphire blue colour. It resembles the sandstone of which is composed the statue of the Old Memnon in Egypt; and was found near the north base of the Black Mountains. As it is not a rolled pebble, it indicates, that in addition to basalt there are strata of ancient quartzose sandstone in this chain, which forms nearly the centre of the line along which the specimens above described have been collected.

INDEX.

  • Afno. See Soudan.
  • Aghades, a district of Soudan, notice of, 131, 132.
  • Agrab el rah, or scorpion of the wind, notice of, 184.
  • Agram, salt lakes of, 245. Probably the same with the salt lakes of Domboo, ibid.
  • Agriculture, of the Arabs, 44. Of Fezzan, 275.
  • Amaymet Saad, pass of, 305
  • Amusements, of the African Arabs, 52.
  • Animals, found in Fezzan, 271—273.
  • Antiquities, ruins of, discovered at the well of Bonjem, 66. Near the castle of Zleetun, 334. At Zelida, 337, 338.
  • Ants, devastation of, in Fezzan, 187, 188.
  • Arabs, general character of, 38, 39. Their dress, 39, 40. Arms, 40. Two classes of, 41. Their tents described, ibid. Government of their tribes, 42. Religion, ibid. Marriages, 42, 43, 299. Their cattle, accustomed to subsist without water, 44. Their agriculture, ibid. Produce of their flocks, 45, 46. Quality and value of their horses, 46, 47. Mode of shoeing adopted by them, 48. Diet of the Arabs, 48—52. Their amusements, 52. Forms of courtesy, 53. Their ignorance respecting Europe, 53, 54. Account of the tribe, called Waled Suliman, 54, 55. Notice of the Orfilly tribe, 34—36. And of the tribes of Sockna and the frontier of Fezzan, 79, 80. Their method of preparing meat for a journey, 219.
  • Areg el Libben, (village), 205.
  • Arms of the Tripolines and Arabs, 40, 41. Of the Tuarick, an African tribe, 110.
  • Aseēda, an Arabian dish, how prepared, 49, 50.
  • Aselis, a species of reptile at Morzouk, described, 184.
  • Atila, an Arabian dish, how prepared, 50.
  • Baba Hassein, a Turkish trader, anecdotes of, 303, 304, 310. Is plundered by some Arabs, 338.
  • Bahr el Ghazal, a province in the interior of Africa, notice of, 127. Productions, ibid. Dress and manners of the inhabitants, 127, 128. Vast quantities of petrified bones found there, 128.
  • Bairam, feast of, how observed, 108, 109.
  • Barracan, an article of African dress, described, 17, 39.
  • Barter, singular mode of, 302.
  • Bashaw of Tripoli, public progresses of, described, 15, 16. Funeral of his grand-daughter, described, 19, 20. Interview of the author with, on his return from the interior, 349.
  • Bastinado, punishment of, how inflicted, 17.
  • Baths of Tripoli, described, 16, 17.
  • Batus or Battus, (Mountain), 22. Account of the Sheikh of, 27, 28. And of the Jews who are resident there, 28.
  • Bazeen, an Arabian dish, how prepared, 49, 50.
  • Bedouins, or wandering Arabs of Northern Africa, account of, 41—54.
  • Belford (John) accompanies the mission to Africa, 2. His Arabic appellation, 7. In imminent danger of being stung by a venomous snake, 82. Is employed to construct a carriage for the Sultan of Morzouk, 179. Success of his work, 180, 181. Account of his illness, 194, 195, 241, 247, 350. Returns to England, 351. The author’s honourable testimony to his character, ibid.
  • Bello, a Fellata chief, account of, 138.
  • Ben Arief, mountain and pass of, 301.
  • Beneish, an article of Tripoline dress, described, 6.
  • Benewaleed, ⎱
    ⎰    		 town of described, 161—163.
    Benewazeed,
  • Benghāzi, (town) itinerary to, 243. And from thence to Derna, ibid, 244.
  • Beni abbas, a village in the Gharian mountains, arrival at, 25. Description of its subterraneous habitations, ibid, 26. Hospitable reception of the author and his party, by the Sheikh of, 26, 27.
  • Benioleed, village of, 34. Wretched condition of its inhabitants, ibid, 35, 36. Their number, 36.
  • Bergoo, or Borgoo country, productions of, 251, 255. Character and manners of the inhabitants, 251, 252, 254. Arab mode of making them captives, 255. Itinerary from Tegerry to, 264. And from Borgoo to Waday, 267.
  • Bidriah, an article of Tripoline dress, described, 6.
  • Bilma, itinerary to, from Tegerry, 265.
  • Bir el Wishki, well of, 298.
  • Birnie, a town in the Bornou country, account of, 123. Bearings of various places there, 126, 127.
  • Bones, (petrified), discovered in the interior of Africa, 128.
  • Bonjem, (well of), 65. Account of Roman antiquities in its vicinity, ibid, 66. Revisited by the author, on his return to Tripoli, 327.
  • Borgoo. See Bergoo.
  • Bornou (country), boundaries of, 123. Vocabulary of its language, 122. Chief towns, 123. Rivers and lakes, 124, 125. Dependent provinces of, 126—128. Bearings of different places in, 126, 127. Government, 128, 129. Dress and customs of the people of Bornou, 130. Itinerary from Kashna to, 141. Exports to, from Fezzan, 152—154. Imports thence, 154—157. Articles of commerce between Bornou and the Tibboo, 159. Description of the women of Bornou, 161.
  • Bornouse, or African and Arab cloak, described, 6.
  • Bouzafer, a kind of footing analogous to that of crossing the line, notice of, 81.
  • Bread, Arab mode of baking, 51.
  • Buckland, (Professor), observations of, on the rocks and minerals of Tripoli and Fezzan, 361. Basaltic rocks, ibid, 362. Tertiary formations, 361, 363. New red sandstone, 361, 364—366. Magnesian limestone, 366—369.
  • Buffaloes of North Africa, notice of, 76.
  • Bugs of Fezzan, 186.
  • Burials, African mode of, 19, 20. Account of the burial-places at Morzouk, 99.
  • Camels, extraordinary mode of travelling on, 114, 115. Arab mode of firing, when lame, 301. Water, how obtained from the stomach of, to satisfy the thirst of almost perishing travellers, 305.
  • Cannibalism practised at Yemyem, 142, 143.
  • Castle of Morzouk, description of, 98, 99.
  • Cattle of the Arabs, accustomed to subsist without water, 44. High prices of, at Morzouk, 177.
  • Charms, prevalence of, among the Arabs, 31, 52.
  • Coffee, a preventive of thirst in hot climates, 93.
  • Commerce, articles of, between Fezzan, Soudan, Bornou, and Waday, 152—157. Between Fezzan and Egypt, 157—159. Between Bornou and the Tibboo, ibid. Between Tuat and the Tuarick, ibid, 160.
  • Corn, African mode of grinding and preparing, 178.
  • Corna, a species of fruit, notice of, 274.
  • Cookery of the Arabs, described, 49—51.
  • Costume of the Tripoline men, described, 6, 7. Of the women, 17, 18. Of the Arabs, 39, 40. Of the people of Sockna, 73. Of the Tuarick, an African tribe, 109, 110. Of Bornou, 130. Of the women of Bornou and Soudan, 161. Of the inhabitants of Morzouk, 168—172. Particularly of the children and court of the Sultan, 176, 177. Of the Tibboo women, 225, 226. And of the Tibboo men, 228.
  • Courtsey, forms of, among the Arabs, 53. And among the Tibboos, 232.
  • Cuscussou, an Arabian dish, how prepared, 48, 49.
  • Dahr t’Moumen, plain of, 81.
  • Dances, indelicate, of the Northern Africans, 63. Account of the dances at Morzouk, 172—175. And of a Tibboo dance, 226, 227, 233.
  • Date-trees, at Sockna, notice of, 72. Notice of the date harvests, 163. And of the dome-date, 242, 245. Mode of preserving dates at Sockna, 320.
  • Deesa, a species of rusk, used as fodder for horses, 236.
  • ———, (village), hospitable reception of the author at, 257, 258.
  • Derna, (town), itinerary to, 243, 244.
  • Desert, near Tripoli, described, 21. Of Sbir ben Afeen, 83. Perilous travelling through, 84. Of five days’ journey through, 305—312. Description of the Great Desert, 344. Various appellations given to parts of it, ibid, 345, 346. Awful stillness of, 347. Phenomenon of the Seráb, 347. Wells, occasionally found there, 348. Extreme heat of the desert, 83.
  • Dgleim, village of, 87.
  • Diseases, prevalent at Morzouk, and their treatment, 106, 107.
  • Doodroo river, course of, 133.
  • Door, a species of worm, notice of, 300. Prepared as an article of food, 301.
  • Drawing, not prohibited by the Arabs, 291.
  • Dress of the Tripoline men, 6, 7. Of the Tripoline women, 17, 18. Of Bornou, 130. Of the women of Soudan and Bornou, 161. The men at Morzouk, 169, 170. And of the women, 170, 171. Especially of the children and court of the Sultan, 176, 177. Of the Tibboo women, 225, 226. And men, 228.
  • Drunkenness, prevalence of, at Tripoli, 13.
  • Dummagh, a mountain shrub, notice of, 29.
  • Dupont, (M.) joins the mission to Africa, as naturalist, 1. Assumes an Arabic appellation, 7. Resigns his office, 20.
  • Dweeda, an Arabian dish, how prepared, 50.
  • East wind, effects of, 94.
  • Education, state of, at Morzouk, and in Fezzan, 186, 187.
  • Effa, a venomous snake, account of, 82.
  • Egypt and Fezzan, state of the commerce between, 157—159.
  • El Bakki, (village), notice of, 234.
  • El Bedere, bearings of, 211.
  • El Gaaf, hills of, 307.
  • El Grarat Arab Hoon, plain of, 69.
  • El Guasem, (village of), 29.
  • El Ramle Gebeer, a range of sand hills, 307.
  • El Kelb Assoud, (mountain), 23.
  • El Khayma, mount, bearings of, 325.
  • El Maytba, Bayda and Soudah, plains of, 308.
  • El Ramle Kebeer, sand hills of, 83.
  • El Ramle Shraya, sands of, 83.
  • El Wiakh, well of, 267.
  • Elood, (mountains of), 68.
  • Emzairaat, (wadey of), 81.
  • Eructation, filthy practice of, at Tripoli, 14.
  • Evil eye, charms against, 31.
  • Farmela, an article of Tripoline dress, described, 6.
  • Fever, Arab remedy for, 321.
  • Fezzan, boundaries of, 270. Aspect of the country, ibid. The author’s entry into the kingdom of, 68. Journey in, 69—152. State of cultivation, 271. Articles of commerce carried thence, to Soudan, Bornou, and Waday, 152—154. Articles received in return, 154—157. Exports of the Fezzan merchants to Egypt, 157. Imports, 158. State of education in this country, 186, 187. Abundance of ants and bugs there, 187, 188. Revenues of the Sultan, 188, 189. Character of the Fezzaners, 240, 280. Their appearance and manners, 283, 284. Mineral productions, 271. Animal productions of this country, 271—273. Vegetable productions, 273, 274. Agriculture, 275. And horticulture, 277. Chief towns, 275. Chief diet of the inhabitants, 276. Division and tenure of landed property, ibid. Weights and measures current in commerce, 277, 278. Government, 278—280. Punishments, 282. Character of the Marāboots, 284. State of education, 285. Manufactures, 286. Condition of slaves, 287. Of the women, ibid. Parental authority, absolute, ibid. Laws relating to the issue of slaves, 289. Traditions prevalent there, 287, 288. Geological observations on the mountains and rocks of, 361—369.
  • Fighi, or men of letters, notice of, 285.
  • Flocks of the Arabs, account of, 45, 46.
  • Food of the Arabs, account of, 48—52.
  • Fossil Bones, discovered in the interior of Africa, 128.
  • Fuggha, (town), notice of, 243. Itinerary thence to Benghazi, ibid.
  • Funerals, how solemnised at Tripoli, 19, 20. Of Mr. Ritchie, 192.
  • Gafooly, a species of clover, notice of, 275.
  • Gatrone, (town), arrival at, 224. Described, ibid, 228. The author returns thither, from an excursion, 248. Fondness of the inhabitants for show, ibid. Arrival of the Ghrazzie, or slave-hunters, there, 249.
  • Ghadams, a Tuarick town, notice of, 112. Its situation described, 161. Occupied by two hostile tribes, 162. Water, how distributed there, 163.
  • Gharian Mountains, the author’s journey to, described, 21, 22. General appearance of the country in their vicinity, 23. Arrival at the foot of the Gharian pass, ibid. Its inhabitants nearly extirpated, 24. Account of their subterraneous habitations, 25. Hospitable reception of the author and his party, by a Gharian Sheikh, 26, 27. Arrival at Castle Gharian, 28. Ruin of a Roman building discovered in these mountains, 30. Account of the people of Gharian, 32, 33. Journey thence to Benioleed, 33, 34. Geological observations on the Gharian mountains, 361—369.
  • Ghraat, a Tuarick town, notice of, 112, 113. Manners of the inhabitants, 113.
  • Ghràba, a species of desert, defined, 345.
  • Ghrazzie, or slave-hunters, arrival of at Gatrone, 249. Account of their excursion, 250. Their manner of making captives, 255. Their return to Morzouk, 261. Observations on the Ghrazzie, 262. Mode of dividing the captives, ibid. Slave markets, 263.
  • Ghrood, a species of desert, defined, 344.
  • Ghroodwa, (village), notice of, 86, 87, 298.
  • Ghrowāt, (village), 203.
  • Gibbi, or south wind, effects of, 94.
  • Gla, (mountain), 64.
  • Gooberr, a Fellata town, notice of, 141.
  • Gonja, country, notice of, 160.
  • Government of the Arab tribes, 42. Of Bornou, 128, 129. Of Tembuctoo, 147. Of Fezzan, 278—280.
  • Guasem, (village), notice of, 29.
  • Guatela, (mountains), 68, 69.
  • Guddub, a species of clover, notice of, 275.
  • Gundy, an animal so called, described, 31, 32.
  • Gurd or Gurda tree, botanical notice of, 234. Its pod and leaves delineated, 235.
  • Gussar Hallom, castle of, 257.
  • Gusser Turk, castle of, described, 28, 29.
  • Gutfa, well of, 81, 309. Curious ceremony performed there, 81.
  • Hadje Hajeel, (village), notice of, 203, 204.
  • Hamera, (village), notice of, 210.
  • Hand, cutting off, a punishment for theft, 17.
  • Haousa, country, boundaries of, 149. Vocabulary of its language, 149—151.
  • Hatia, a species of desert, notice of, 345.
  • Hegira, festival of the commencement of, 185.
  • Hoon, (a town of Fezzan), notice of, 75. The author attends public worship at the Mosque there, 77, 78.
  • Hormut Emhalla, pass of, 68.
  • ——— t’Mohalla, pass of, 326.
  • ——— Taad atar, pass of, 69.
  • ——— t’Uziz, pass of, 325.
  • Hornemann, the traveller, notice of, 133.
  • Horses, Arabian, account of, 46, 47. How shod, 48. Singular mode of swimming them over the river Tsad, 124, 125.
  • Horticulture, state of, in Fezzan, 277.
  • Houses at Morzouk, described, 96. At Sockna, structure of, 320.
  • Ibrahim Zubbo, an Arab tribe, notice of, 142.
  • Inscription, ancient, at Tripoli, 18. At Bonjem, 66.
  • Itinerary, from Kashna to Sakkatoo, 140. Into Bornou, 141, 142. From Morzouk to Tuat, 144. And to Kashna, 131. From Fuggha to Benghāzi, 243. From Benghāzi to Derna, ibid, 244. From Yent Werda, 265. From Tegerry to Bilma, ibid.
  • Jerba, an article of Tripoline dress, described, 6.
  • Jibn, or Arabian cheese, notice of, 45.
  • Jufara, wells of, 223.
  • Kabra, the port of Tembuctoo, notice of, 145.
  • Kadi, jurisdiction of, in Fezzan, 279, 280.
  • Kaffir, or unbeliever, who are so called, 160.
  • Kanem, barbarous irruption into, by the Sultan of Fezzan, 129.
  • Kasarawa, (well of), 236.
  • Kashna, Itinerary from Morzouk to, 131. Account of the road from Kashna to Soudan, 132. Rivers of this district, 133. Cowries current there for coin, 138. Manufactures, 139. Itinerary from Kashna to various places in Soudan, 140—142.
  • Kattagum river, course of, 133, 134.
  • Kenaire, pass of, 306.
  • Khod el Khadem, mountain of, 69.
  • Klia, (desert), painful journey across, 68, 69.
  • Kohol, mountain of, 308.
  • Language of Bornou, vocabulary of, 122. Peculiarity in, 198. Vocabulary of the language of Sakkatoo, 135—138. Of Tembuctoo, 146, 147. Of Soudan, or the Haoussa tongue, 149—151. Of Baghermee, peculiarity in, 198. Of Tibboo, 233. Of Sockna, 314, 316.
  • Lebida, ruins of, 337.
  • Lilla Fatma, an extraordinarily fat woman, account of, 62, 63. Accident to, in travelling, 86.
  • Liver complaint, extraordinary remedy for, 220, 221.
  • Lizards found in Northern Africa, notice of, 184, 185.
  • Lyon, (Capt.) obtains permission to accompany Mr. Ritchie to North Africa, 2. Arrives at Tripoli, ibid. His interview with the Bey of Fezzan, 5. Assumes an Arabic name, 7. Acquires the habits of the Moslems, 8. Journey of, to the Gharian mountains, 21. Hospitable reception of him and his party by the Arabs of the Tripoline desert, 22. Arrive at the Gharian pass, 23. Journey through the mountains, 24—33. Arrival at Benioleed, 34. Description of the place and its inhabitants, 34—36. Return to Tripoli, 38. Journey thence to Morzouk, 55—87. Arrival there, 88. Exerts his medical skill in behalf of the Arabs, 67, 68. His residence in Morzouk, described, 96. Illness of, and of his companions, 100, 101. His mode of keeping the fast of Ramadan, 102. Prescribes for the Africans, 115—117. Prescribes for the children and negresses, 175. Sells one of his horses for the support of himself and his companions, 182. Generosity of a Mamluke to them, 183. Is stung by a scorpion, 184. Buries his friend, Mr. Ritchie, 192. Narrative of his own illness, 194, 195. Proceedings with respect to Mr. Ritchie’s effects, 195, 196. Apology of, for conforming to the Mohammedan worship, 199, 200. Journey to Tegerry, the southern limit of Fezzan, 202—238. Hospitable reception at Deesa, 257. And at Zaizow, 258. Returns to Morzouk, 259. A fête given to him by his friend Mohammed el Lizari, 268. Arrangements for his departure from Morzouk, 290. Takes leave of the Sultan Mukni, 292, 294, 295. Arrives at Dgleim, 295. At Temenhint, 302. At Zegen Om el Abeed, 303. At the pass of Kenaire, 306. Traverses a desert, of five days in extent, to Sockna, 305—312. Illness of the author and his alarming situation in the desert, 327, 328. His providential deliverance, 329. Overtaken in a tremendous thunder storm, 333. Feelings on again beholding the sea, 334. Experiences a dangerous relapse on his journey, but recovers, 339, 340. Arrives at Tejoura, 340. And re-enters Tripoli, ibid. Has an interview with the Bashaw, 349. Embarks for Leghorn, 350. And arrives in England, 351.
  • Mabrook, a town at the end of the great desert, notice of, 144.
  • Mafen, (village), 257. Account of a remarkable plain of salt and earth, in its vicinity, ibid.
  • Maghna, village, 209.
  • Mahmoud, (Hadge), a friend of the author’s, notice of, 103, 104. Instances of his kindness, 192, 194, 196, 197.
  • Mahommed el Mukni. See Mukni.
  • Mamlukes, at Tripoli, engross all offices, 14. Disinterested generosity of one, to Messrs. Ritchie and Lyon, 183.
  • Mandra, a tributary province of Bornou, notice of, 126.
  • Mangelly, village of, 203.
  • Manufactures of Soudan, 139. Of Tembuctoo, 146.
  • Marāboots, or Mohammedan saints, two classes of, 8, 9. Procession of, described, 9—11. The author initiated by one, 12. Their tombs, regarded as sanctuaries, 38. The author visits one, near Morzouk, 102. Interview with one at Traghan, 205. Hospitable reception of the author by one at Gatrone, 229. General character of the Marāboots of Fezzan, 284.
  • Marādi country, notice of, 143.
  • Marriages, notices of, at Tripoli, 18. Of the Arabs, 42, 43. Ceremonial of a marriage at Morzouk, 185, 186. At the village of Sebha, 299.
  • Matta Imhammed, mountains of, 69.
  • Meat, Arab modes of cooking, 51. And of preparing for a long journey, 219.
  • Medicine, state of, among the Arabs, 51, 52. And at Morzouk, 106, 107.
  • Medroosa, (village), 235. The author’s dilemma there, 246.
  • Mejdool, (village), 221, 222.
  • Mejnine, castle of, 21. Arrival of the author and his party at, ibid.
  • Melghra, wells of, 37, 61.
  • Mellona, governor of Kashna, notice of, 135.
  • Messhia, or gardens, near Tripoli, notice of, 15, 21.
  • Meteorological Register, from May to December 1819, 355—359.
  • Milk, different sorts of, used by the Arabs, 45.
  • Mogatba, an Arabian dish, how prepared, 50.
  • Mohammed ben Abd Alla, a friend of the author, account of, 104, 105.
  • Mohammed el Lizari, a friend of the author, notice of, 104, 203. His unpleasant situation, 252. Gives a fête to the author, 268. Departs for Tripoli, 269.
  • Mohammedans, treacherous conduct of, 200, 201. The absolute necessity for European travellers assuming their costume and mode of worship, illustrated, 199, 200.
  • Mokhaten, (village), 205.
  • Mountains of Fezzan and Tripoli, geological observations on the structure of, 361. Basaltic mountains, 361, 362. Tertiary limestone, 361, 363. New red sandstone, 361, 364—369.
  • Morzouk, the capital of Fezzan, the author’s journey to, described, 55—87. Arrival there, 88. Account of the place, 97. Castle, 98. Burial-places, 99. Diseases prevalent there, and their treatment, 106, 107. Itinerary thence to Kashna, 131. To the country of Tuat, 144. Water, how raised for irrigating the gardens in its vicinity, 169. Description of the principal Mosque, ibid. Dress of the men, 170. And of the women, ibid. 171. Notice of favourite dances there, 172, 173. Prices of provisions there, 177. Their quality, ibid. 178. State of education there, 186, 187. Number of Mosques, 199. Manner of selling slaves there, 268. Their condition, 288. Meteorological Register, kept at, 355—359.
  • Mukni, (Mohammed el), Bey of Fezzan, character of, 3. Account of the manner in which he obtained his power, ibid. 4. Expresses himself favourable to the mission to Africa, ibid. The author introduced to him, 5. Extirpates the Waled Suliman tribe of Arabs, 55. His people live at free cost, among the natives, 64. His entry into the town of Sockna described, 70—72. In what manner he collected his tribute, 74. Ceremonies paid him on his departure from Sockna, 80. His reception on approaching the town of Morzouk, 88. His sentiments on English customs, 89. His lenity to one of his concubines, 91. Expedition of, against the Arab tribe of Tibboo Borgoo, 106. Ungenerous conduct of, to Messrs. Ritchie and Lyon, 117, 119. Invades the defenceless people of Kanem, 129. His barbarous treatment of the captives, ibid. Is apprehensive of being superseded by the Bashaw of Tripoli, 163. Whom he endeavours to propitiate, 164. Prepares for flight, 165. Is continued in his office, 263. His treacherous intentions towards Messrs. Ritchie and Lyon, 165, 166. Cultivates acquaintance with some Arab Sheikhs, 168. Extraordinary dress of his children, 176. Costume of his court, 176, 177. Has a carriage constructed for him, 179—181. Ceremonial of marrying one of his cast-off women, 185. Sources of his revenues and their amount, 188, 189. Anecdote of his treachery to a trader, 198. His reception of his son, on his return from a slave-hunting expedition, 261. Suggestions for preventing his predatory incursions into the Negro kingdoms, 281. His expedient for securing his duty on captured slaves, 268.
  • Music of the Tibboos and of Fezzan, 234.
  • Negroes, ill treatment of by the Mohammedans, 79. Painful march of some liberated Negroes, across the deserts, 92. Account of the traffic in, 120—122. And of the songs of the captive Negroes, 336, 337. Amiable character of the women, 140. In what manner the Negroes are taken captives, 255. Markets for the sale of, 263. Their condition in Fezzan, 287. Especially at Morzouk, 288. Sufferings of some Negroe-captives in their journey across the deserts to Tripoli, 296, 323, 325, 329, 332, 343. Scanty allowance of food to them, 297. Their cheerfulness, under all their sufferings, 341, 342.
  • Neshoua, (well of), 297.
  • New Year’s Day, Mohammedan rejoicings on, 185.
  • Nil, or Niger, a river of Bornou, notice of, 127. Its course, 145, 148.
  • Nufdai, (mountain), 81, 309.
  • Omeladam Tasfert, well of, 221.
  • Omesogueer, (village), notice of, 221. Fabulous account of a Marāboot there, ibid.
  • Ongornoo, a town in the interior of Africa, notice of, 127.
  • Orfilly, tribe of Arabs, wretched condition of, 34—36. Their character, 314. Anecdote of one, ibid.
  • Ostriches, observations on the natural history of, 77.
  • Ovens of the Arabs, form of, 51.
  • Parental authority, absolute, at Fezzan, 287.
  • Park, (Mr.), observations on the fate of, 146.
  • Population of Tembuctoo, accounted for, 145.
  • Prostitutes, regulations concerning, at Tripoli, 13.
  • Punishments, (Moorish), 16, 17. Of Fezzan, 282.
  • Rats of Fezzan, notice of, 317, 318, 320.
  • Religion of the Arabs, 42. Of Soudan, 139. Of the Tuarick, 112.
  • Reptiles of Morzouk and its vicinity, 184, 185.
  • Revenues of the Sultan of Fezzan, 188, 189.
  • Rhamadan, fast of, strictly observed, 102. Extravagant rejoicings on its termination, 107.
  • Ritchie, (Mr.) accepts the author’s offer to accompany him to Africa, 2. Arrives at Tripoli, where he is joined by Mr. Lyon, ibid. Makes an excursion to the Gharian Mountains and Benioleed, 21—38. Preparations for a journey into the interior, 56, 57. Journey from Tripoli to Morzouk, 58—87. Arrival at Morzouk, 88. His first appearance in a mosque, 95. Description of his residence in Morzouk, 96. His distressing illness, 100, 103. Recovers, 117. And prescribes for the Africans, 116, 117. Imposed upon by Mukni, 119. Whose treacherous intentions towards himself and Mr. Lyon, he discovers, 165, 166, 167. Relapse of Mr. Ritchie, 189. His death, 190, 191. And funeral, 192.
  • Rocks of Fezzan, observations on the geological structure of, 361. Basaltic rocks, 361, 362. Tertiary limestone, 361, 363, 364. New red sandstone, 361, 364—369.
  • Sadig, (Shreef), kind behaviour of, to the author, 313, 318.
  • Sahār or Sahāra, a species of desert, defined, 344, 346. Phenomena of, described, 346, 347. Wells occasionally found there, 348.
  • Saints, Mohammedan, account of, 8—12.
  • Sakkatoo, a town of Soudan, notice of, 134. Itinerary from Kashna to, 140, 141. Vocabulary of the language of, 135—138.
  • Sala el Sultan, or praying place of the Sultan, 307.
  • Salt, remarkable incrustations of, in Fezzan, 205, 206. Plain of, 211.
  • Salutation, Arabian mode of, 53.
  • Samnoo, (village), notice of, 85.
  • Sand winds, 70. Effects of, 83, 84.
  • Sbir ben Afeen, a desert so called, notice of, 83.
  • Scorpions, prevalence of, at Morzouk, 183, 184. Notice of a species of, called the scorpion of the wind, 184.
  • Sebha, (town), notice of, 85. Description of a wedding there, 299.
  • Sereer, a species of desert, notice of, 345.
  • Shahm, a preparation of sheep’s fat, notice of, 46.
  • Shiati, (region of), account of, 299, 300.
  • Shiblia, or camel litters, described, 59.
  • Shirgi, or the east wind, effects of, 94.
  • Shrab, or false water of the desert, 307.
  • Sidi Besheer, (tomb of), notice of, 204.
  • Sidrea, an article of Tripoline dress, described, 6.
  • Slaves and slave trade, of the interior of Africa, account of, 120—122. Amiable character of the females, 140. Account of an expedition of slave-hunters, 250. Their manner of making captives, 255; and of dividing them among the captors, 262. Notice of the slave markets, 263. Condition of slaves in Fezzan, 287. Especially at Morzouk, 288. Regulations concerning the offspring of slaves, 289. Sufferings of some negro captives in their journey across the deserts to Tripoli, for sale, 296, 323, 325, 329, 332, 343. Their allowance of food, 297. Cheerfulness under all their sufferings, 341, 342. Account of the slave market at Morzouk, 267, 268.
  • Smeeran (mountain), 22.
  • Sockna, a town of Fezzan, entry of the Sultan into, described, 70—72. Account of it, 72, 73. Its former state, 74. Ceremonies paid to the Sultan, on his departure thence, 80. The Author’s return thither, 309. Is beset with sturdy beggars, 310, 318, 319. Vocabulary of the language there spoken, 314—316. Festival of the return of spring, 317. State of the gardens, ibid. Mode of preserving dates there, 320.
  • Songs of the Arabs, account of, 173, 174. Of some captive negroes, 336, 337.
  • Soudan, Afno, or Haousa, rivers of, 133. Vocabulary of the language of, 135—138. Notice of the chief provinces and places in, 131, 132, 134. Manufactures of, 139. Ignorance almost universal among the natives, 139. Religion, ibid. Itinerary from Kashna, to various places in, 140—142. Exports to, from Fezzan, 152—154. Imports from, to Fezzan, 154—157. Description of the women of Soudan, 161.
  • South Wind, effects of, 94.
  • Spring, return of, celebrated as a festival, 317. Studies, course of, in Fezzan, 186, 187.
  • Suarit (Mountain), 64.
  • Subterraneous habitations, in the Gharian Mountains, described, 25, 29, 30.
  • Sun, extraordinary effect of, 209.
  • Superstitions of the Tuarick, an African tribe, 111.
  • Taleb, village of, 209.
  • Tar, how made by the Tibboo tribe, 235, 236.
  • Tarr, Wadey of, 324.
  • Tegerrina, village of, 32.
  • Tegerry, the Southern limit of Fezzan, narrative of the Author’s journey to, 202—237. Arrival there, 238. Description of its castle, 239. Price of provisions there, 240. Its productions, 241. Superstitions of its inhabitants, 242, 243. Itinerary thence to Bilma, 244. The Author’s return there, 245. Itinerary thence to Bilma, 265.
  • Telemsen, desert of, 148.
  • Tembuctoo, account of, 145. Its reputed immense population accounted for, ibid. Notice of its port, Kabra, ibid. Manufactures and dress of the people, 146. Government, 147.
  • Temedd, brackish well at, 324.
  • Temenhiut, or Temenhint (village), notice of, 85. Singular mode of barter practised there, 302.
  • Temesheen, Wadey of, 308.
  • Tents, Arab, described, 41.
  • Terboo (village), notice of, 220. Wretched condition of its inhabitants, ibid.
  • Terfaas, a species of root, notice of, 37.
  • Terhoona, Arabs of, 37.
  • Tessouwa (town), notice of, 189.
  • Teweewa, desert of, 211.
  • Tghrasat, Bazaar of, 32.
  • Theft, how punished at Tripoli, 17, 64.
  • Tibboo, or Slave Traders in the interior of Africa, account of, 120, 121. Articles of commerce between them and Bornou, 159. Dress and character of the Tibboo women, 225—227, 232; and of the men, 227, 228. Notice of the animals produced in their country, 231. Distance thence to Waday, 230, 231. Vocabulary of the Tibboo language, 233. Tibboo forms of courtesy, 232. Music of this people, 234. Their mode of preparing tar, 235, 236.
  • Tibboos of Borgoo, account of, 251, 252, 254. Arab mode of making them captives, 255. Anecdotes of a Tibboo boy, 308, 309.
  • Tibesty (region), notice of, 230.
  • Touela (village), notice of, 209.
  • Trade of the Tuarick, 114. Of the Tibboo, 120—122. Between Fezzan, Soudan, Bornou, and Waday, 152—157. Between Fezzan and Egypt, 157—159. Between Bornou and the Tibboo country, 159. Between Tuat and the Tuarick, ibid. 160.
  • Traghan, date groves of, 205. Modesty of a Marāboot there, 206. Account of the castle and town, 207, 208.
  • Travelling, mode of, across the deserts, 91—93. On camels, extraordinary mode of, 114.
  • Tribute, how collected in Fezzan, 74.
  • Tripoli, markets of, 12. Bazaars, ibid. Schools, ibid. Prevalence of drunkenness there, 13. Filthy practice of eructation, in all classes, 14. All offices held by Mamlukes, ibid. Description of the public baths, 14, 15. The Bashaw’s guards, 16. The punishment of hanging, how performed, ibid. Torture in use there, ibid. Bastinado, how performed, 17. Marriages and burials of, 18, 19. Adventures of a Tripoline woman, 321. The Author’s interview with the Bashaw of, on his return from his mission to the interior, 349. Geological observations on the mountains and rocks of, 361—369.
  • Tripolines, dress of, described, 6, 7, 17, 18.
  • Tsād, a river of Bornou, account of, 124, 125. Extraordinary mode of crossing it, 124. Notice of the inhabitants in its vicinity, 125.
  • Tuarick (an African tribe), costume of, 109, 110. Arms, 110. Superstitions, 111. Language, ibid. Their extraordinary aversion to washing, ibid. Religion, 112. Notice of their chief towns, 113. Their government, ibid. Trade, 114. Their extraordinary mode of travelling on camels, 114, 115. Articles of commerce between them and Tuat, 159, 160. Anecdote of one, 197.
  • Tuat (country), situation, productions, and trade of, 143. Itinerary from Morzouk thither, 144.
  • Tubbel, or drum of Fezzan, account of, 248, 249.
  • Usadena, villages of, 32. Their distressed state, ibid.
  • Vocabulary of the language of Bornou, 122. Of Sakkatoo, 135—138. Of Tembuctoo, 146, 147. Of Soudan, or the Haousa tongue, 149—151. Of the Tibboo dialect, 232. Of Sockna, 314—316.
  • Wadan, (a town of Fezzan), notice of, 76. Character of its inhabitants, ibid.
  • ———, (an animal and chain of mountains so called), account of, 76.
  • Waday country, articles of export to, from Fezzan, 152—154. Articles given in exchange, 154—157. Distance from the Tibboo country to, 230, 231. Itinerary to, from Borgoo, 267.
  • Wad el Nommel, or the valley of ants, wretched village of, 87.
  • Wadey, a species of desert, notice of, 346.
  • ——— Shirghi, chief towns in, 300.
  • ——— Ghrarbi, chief towns in, ibid. Character and manners of the inhabitants of, ibid, 301.
  • Wajunga people, notice of, 252. Account of their country, 266.
  • Waled Suliman, an Arabian tribe, account of, 54—56.
  • Warr, a species of desert, notice of, 345.
  • Warral, a species of lizard, notice of, 184, 185.
  • Washing, singular aversion to, of the Tuarick, an African tribe, 111.
  • Water, Arab mode of carrying across the deserts, 93. How raised for irrigating the land near Morzouk, 169. How obtained from the stomach of camels, to satisfy the thirst of almost perishing travellers, 305.
  • Wells of the great desert, observations on, 348.
  • Werda, itinerary to, from Yen, 265.
  • Wishek, a species of desert, notice of, 345
  • Women of Tripoli, dress of, described, 17, 18. Arabian dress of, 39, 40. Conditions and dress of the women of Bornou and Soudan, 161. And of the Tibboo women, 224—227. Of the women in Fezzan, 287.
  • Wudakaire, wells of, 223.
  • Yemyem, inhabitants of, cannibals, 142, 143. Notice of this country, 143.
  • Yen, (town), notice of, 265. Itinerary thence, to Werda, ibid.
  • Yussuff, a Moor, benevolent conduct of, towards the author and his companions, 192—194, 203.
  • Zaizow, (village), notice of, 205. Hospitable reception of the author at, 258.
  • Zeighan, (village), notice of, 85.
  • Zgar, wadey of, 81.
  • Zibboon, an article of Tripoline dress, described, 6.
  • Zleetun, castle of, arrival at, 334. Notice of Roman ruins in its vicinity, ibid. Notice of the village, 335. Impudence of a Marāboot there, ibid. Markets and commerce, ibid. 336.
  • Zuela, arrival of the author at, 212. His reception there, ibid. 213. Character of the inhabitants, 213. Singular instance of their ignorance, ibid. Description of a Mosque and other ancient Arabic buildings in its vicinity, 214—216. Ruins of the castle, 217. Hospitality of several Shreefs at, to the author, 217, 218.
  • Zumeeta. an Arabian dish, how prepared, 50.