The Project Gutenberg eBook of Modern Machine-Shop Practice, Volumes I and II

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Title: Modern Machine-Shop Practice, Volumes I and II

Author: Joshua Rose

Release date: March 21, 2012 [eBook #39225]

Language: English

Credits: Produced by Ben Beasley, Harry Lamé and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MODERN MACHINE-SHOP PRACTICE, VOLUMES I AND II ***

Please see Transcriber’s Notes at the end of this document.

Large image (399 kB).VOL. I.	MODERN MACHINE‑SHOP PRACTICE.	FRONTISPIECE

Copyright, 1887 by Charles Scribner’s Sons.
MODERN AMERICAN FREIGHT LOCOMOTIVE.

Modern
Machine-Shop Practice

JOSHUA ROSE, M.E.

ILLUSTRATED WITH MORE THAN 3000 ENGRAVINGS

VOLUME I.

NEW YORK
CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS
1887

Press of J. J. Little & Co.
Astor Place, New York.

PREFACE.

Modern Machine-Shop Practice is presented to American mechanics as a complete guide to the operations of the best equipped and best managed workshops, and to the care and management of engines and boilers.

The materials have been gathered in part from the author’s experience of thirty-one years as a practical mechanic; and in part from the many skilled workmen and eminent mechanics and engineers who have generously aided in its preparation. Grateful acknowledgment is here made to all who have contributed information about improved machines and details of new methods.

The object of the work is practical instruction, and it has been written throughout from the point of view, not of theory, but of approved practice. The language is that of the workshop. The mathematical problems and tables are in simple arithmetical terms, and involve no algebra or higher mathematics. The method of treatment is strictly progressive, following the successive steps necessary to becoming an intelligent and skilled mechanic.

The work is designed to form a complete manual of reference for all who handle tools or operate machinery of any kind, and treats exhaustively of the following general topics: I. The construction and use of machinery for making machines and tools; II. The construction and use of work-holding appliances and tools used in machines for working metal or wood; III. The construction and use of hand tools for working metal or wood; IV. The construction and management of steam engines and boilers. The reader is referred to the Table of Contents for a view of the multitude of special topics considered.

The work will also be found to give numerous details of practice never before in print, and known hitherto only to their originators, and aims to be useful as well to master-workmen as to apprentices, and to owners and managers of manufacturing establishments equally with their employees, whether machinists, draughtsmen, wood-workers, engineers, or operators of special machines.

The illustrations, over three thousand in number, are taken from modern practice; they represent the machines, tools, appliances and methods now used in the leading manufactories of the world, and the typical steam engines and boilers of American manufacture.

The new Pronouncing and Defining Dictionary at the end of the work, aims to include all the technical words and phrases of the machine shop, both those of recent origin and many old terms that have never before appeared in a vocabulary of this kind.

The wide range of subjects treated, their convenient arrangement and thorough illustration, with the exhaustive Table of Contents of each volume and the full Analytical Index to both, will, the author hopes, make the work serve as a fairly complete ready reference library and manual of self-instruction for all practical mechanics, and will lighten, while making more profitable, the labor of his fellow-workmen.

CONTENTS.

Table of
contents
for
Volume II.

Volume I.

CHAPTER I.
THE TEETH OF GEAR-WHEELS.
PAGE
Gear-Wheels. Spur-wheels, bevel-wheels, mitre-wheels, crown-wheels, annular or internal wheels			1
	Trundle-wheels, rack and pinion-wheel and tangent screw, or worm and worm-wheel		1
	The diameter of the pitch circle of		1
Gear-Wheel Teeth. The face, the flank, the depth or height			1
	The space, the pitch line, the point, the arc pitch, the chord pitch, the line of centres		2
	Rules for finding the chord pitch from the arc pitch; table of natural sines; diametral pitch; finding the arc from the diametral pitch; table of arc and diametral pitches		3
Gear-Wheels. The driver and follower, a train of gears			3
	Intermediate gears		3
	The velocity of compounded wheels		4
	Finding the diameters of the pitch circles of		4
	Considered as revolving levers		5
	Calculating the revolutions of, and power transmitted by		5
	The angular velocity of		6
Gear-Wheels. Hunting tooth in, stop motion of			7
Gear-Wheel Teeth. The requirements and nature of the teeth curves			7
	Cycloidal curves for the faces of; epicycloidal and involute curves; the hypocycloidal curve; method of forming or generating the epicycloidal and hypocycloidal curves for the faces and flanks of gear teeth		8
	Applications of the epicycloidal and hypocycloidal curves in the formation of gear teeth		9
	The diameter of the circle for generating the epicycloidal and hypocycloidal curves; graphical demonstration that the flank curves are correctly formed to work with the face curves of the other wheel		10
	Graphical demonstration that the curves are correct independent of either the respective sizes of the wheels, or of the curve generating circles		11
Gear-Wheels. Hand applications of the rolling or generating circle to mark the tooth curves for a pair of wheels			12
Gear-Wheel Teeth. The variation of curve due to different diameters of wheels or of rolling circles			12
	Tracing the path of contact of tooth upon tooth in a pair of gear-wheels; definition of the “arc of approach;” definition of the “arc of recess;” demonstration that the flanks of the teeth on the driver or driving-wheel have contact with the faces of the driven wheel during the arc of approach, and with the flanks of the driven wheel during the arc of recess		13
	Confining the action of the teeth to one side only of the line of centres, when motion rather than power is to be conveyed		13
	Demonstration that the appearance or symmetry of a tooth has no significance with regard to its action		14
	Finding how many teeth will be in constant action, the diameter of the wheels, the pitch of the teeth, and the diameter of the rolling circle being given		15
	Example of the variation of tooth form due to variation of wheel diameter		15
Gear Teeth. Variation of shape from using different diameters of rolling circles			16
	Thrust on the wheel shafts caused by different shapes of teeth		16
Gear-Wheels. Willis’ system of one size of rolling circle for trains of interchangeable gearing			16
	Conditions necessary to obtain a uniform velocity of		16
Gear Teeth. The amount of rolling and of sliding motion of			16
	The path of the point of contact of		16
	The arcs of approaching and of receding contact		16
	Lengths of the arcs of approach and of recess		16
	The influence of the sizes of the wheels upon the arcs of contact		17
	Influence of the size of the rolling circle upon the amount of flank contact		18
	Demonstration that incorrectly formed teeth cannot correct themselves by wear		18
	The smaller the diameter of the rolling circle, the less the sliding motion		18
	Influence of the size of the rolling upon the number of teeth in contact in a given pair of wheels		19
	Demonstration that the degrees of angle the teeth move through exceed those of the path of contact, unless the tooth faces meet in a point		19
	Influence of the height of the teeth upon the number of teeth in contact		20
	Increasing the arc of recess without increasing the arc of approach		20
	Wheels for transmitting motion rather than power		21
	Clock wheels		21
	Forms of teeth having generating or rolling circles, as large or nearly as large as the diameters of the wheels		21
Gear-Wheels. Bevel			21
	The principles governing the formation of the teeth of bevel- wheels		22
	Demonstration that the faces of the wheels must be in line with the point of intersection of the axis of the two shafts		22
Gear Teeth. Method of finding the curves of, for bevel gear			22
Gear-Wheels. Internal or annular			23 to 27
	Demonstration that the teeth of annular wheels correspond to the spaces of spur-wheels		23
Gear-Wheels Internal. Increase in the length of the path of contact on spur-wheels of the same diameter, and having the same diameter of generating or rolling circle			23
	Demonstration that the teeth of internal wheels may interfere when spur-wheels would not do so		23
	Methods of avoiding the above interference		23
	Comparison of, with spur-wheels		23
	The teeth of: demonstration that it is practicable to so form the teeth faces that they will have contact together as well as with the flanks of the other wheel		24
	Intermediate rolling circle for accomplishing the above result		24
	The application of two rolling circles for accomplishing the above result		24
	Demonstration that the result reached by the employment of two rolling circles of proper diameter is theoretically and practically perfect		24
	Limits of the diameters of the two rolling circles		25
	Increase in the arc of contact obtained by using two rolling circles		25
	Demonstration that the above increase is on the arc of recess or receding contact, and therefore gives a smooth action		25
	Demonstration that by using two rolling circles each tooth has for a certain period two points of contact		25
	The laws governing the diameters of the two rolling circles		25
	Practical application of two rolling circles		26
	Demonstration that by using two rolling circles the pinion may contain but one tooth less than the wheel		26
	The sliding and rolling motion of the teeth of		27

CHAPTER II.
THE TEETH OF GEAR-WHEELS (Continued).

Worm and Worm-Wheel, or wheel and tangent screw			28 to 31
	General description of		28
	Qualifications of		28
	The wear of		28
Worm-Wheel Teeth, the sliding motion of			28
	When straight have contact on the centres only of the tooth sides		28
	That envelop a part of the worm circumference		28
	The location of the pitch line of the worm		28
	The proper number of teeth in the worm-wheel		29
	Locating the pitch line of the worm so as to insure durability		29
	Rule for finding the best location for the pitch line of the worm		29
	Increasing the face of the worm to obtain a smoother action		29
Worms, to work with a square thread			29
Worm-Wheels, applications of			30
Gear-Wheels with involute teeth			31 to 34
Gear Teeth. Generating the involute curve			31
	Templates for marking the involute curve		32
Involute Teeth, the advantages of			34
Gear Teeth, Pratt and Whitney’s machine for cutting templates for			35

CHAPTER III.
THE TEETH OF GEAR-WHEELS (Continued).

Gear Teeth, revolving cutters for			37
	Pantagraph engine for dressing the cutters for		38
	Numbers of cutters used for a train of wheels		39
Gear-Wheel Teeth. Table of equidistant value of cutters			41
	Depth of, in the Brown and Sharpe system		42
	Cutting the teeth of worm-wheels		42
	Finding the angle of the cutter for cutting worm-wheels		43
	The construction of templates for rolling the tooth curves		43
	Rolling the curves for gear teeth		43
	Forms of templates for gear teeth		44
	Pivoted arms for tooth templates		44
	Marking the curves by hand		45
	Former or Template of the Corliss bevel gear-wheel engine or cutting machine		45
	The use of extra circles in marking the curves with compasses		46
	Finding the face curves by geometrical constructions		47
	The Willis odontograph for finding the radius for striking the curves by hand		47
	The method of using the Willis odontograph		48
	Professor Robinson’s odontograph		49
	Method of using Professor Robinson’s odontograph		49
	Application of Professor Robinson’s odontograph for trains of gearing		51
	Tabular values and setting numbers for Professor Robinson’s odontograph		51
	Walker’s patent wheel scale for marking the curves of cast teeth		51
	The amount of side clearance in cast teeth		53
	Filleting the roots of epicycloidal teeth with radial flanks		53
	Scale of tooth proportions given by Professor Willis		54
	The construction of a pattern for a spur-wheel that is to be cast with the teeth on		54
	Template for planing the tooth to shape		54
	Method of marking the curves on teeth that are to be glued on		55
	Method of getting out the teeth of		56
	Spacing the teeth on the wheel rim		56
	Methods of accurately spacing the pattern when it has an even number of teeth		58
	Method of spacing the wheel rim when it has an odd number of teeth		58
Gear-Wheels, Bevel Pinion, drawings for			59
	Getting out the body for a bevel-wheel		59
	Template for marking the division lines on the face of the wheel		59
	Marking the lines of the division on the wheel		60
Gear-Wheels, Pinion, with dovetail teeth			60
	Testing the angle of bevel-wheels while in the lathe		60
Gear-Wheels, Skew Bevel. Finding the line of contact			61
	Marking the inclination of the teeth		61
Gear-Wheels, Bevel, drawing for built up			61
Gear-Wheels, Worm, or endless screw			62
	Constructing a pattern from which the worm is to be cast		62
	Tools for cutting the worm in a lathe		62
	Cutting the teeth by hand		62
Gear-Wheels, Mortise or cogged			63
	Methods of fastening cogs		63
	Methods of getting out cogs for		63
Gear-Wheel Teeth, calculating the strength of epicycloidal			64
	Factors of safety for		64
	Tredgold’s rule for calculating the strength of		65
	Cut, calculating the strength of		65
Gear-Wheel Teeth. The strength of cogs			66
	The thickness of cogs		66
	The durability of cogs		66
	Table for calculating the strength of different kinds of		67
	The contact of cast teeth		67
	Table for determining the relation between pitch diameter, pitch, and number of teeth in gear-wheels		68
	Examples of the use of the above table		68
	With stepped teeth		69
	Angular or helical teeth		69
	End thrust of angular teeth		69
	Herring-bone angular teeth		69
	For transmitting motion at a right angle by means of angular or helical teeth		69
	Cutting helical teeth in the lathe		69
	For wheels whose shaft axes are neither parallel nor meeting		70
	Elliptical		70
	Elliptical, marking the pitch lines of		70
	Elliptical, drawing the teeth curves of		73
	For variable motion		74
	Form of worm to give a period of rest		74
	Various applications of		74
Gear-Wheels, arrangement of, for periodically reversing the direction of motion			75
	Watt’s sun and planet motion		75
	Arrangements for the rapid multiplication of motion		75
	Arrangement of, for the steering gear of steam fire-engines		75
	Various forms of mangle gearing		79
Gear-Wheel and Rack, for reciprocating motion			77
Friction Wheels.			77
	The material for		77
	Paper		78
	For the feed motion of machines		78
	The unequal wear upon grooved		79
	Form of, for relieving the journals of strain		79
Cams, for irregular motion			80
	Finding the pitch line of		80
	Finding the working face of		80
	The effect the diameter roller has upon the motion produced by a cam		80
	Demonstration of the different motion produced by different diameters of rollers upon the same cam		80
	Diagram of motion produced from the same cam with different diameters of rollers		81
	Return or backing		82
	Methods of finding the shape of return or backing		82
Cam Motion, for an engine slide valve without steam lap			83
	For a slide valve with steam lap		83
Groove Cams, proper construction of			84
	The wear of		84
	Brady’s improved groove cam with rolling motion and adjustment for wear		84

CHAPTER IV.
SCREW-THREADS.

	Screw Threads, the various forms of		85
	The pitch of		85
	Self-locking		85
	The Whitworth		86
	The United States standard		86
	The Common V		86
	The requirements of		86
	Tools for cutting		87
	Variation of pitch from hardening		87
	The wear of thread-cutting tools		88
	Methods of producing		88
	Alteration of shape of, from the wear of the tools they are cut by		89
Screw Thread Cutting Tools. The wear of the tap and the die			89
	Improved form of chaser to equalize the wear		90
	Form of, to eliminate the effects of the wear in altering the fit		90
	Originating standard angles for		91
	Standard micrometer gauge for the United States standard screw thread		91
	Standard plug and collar gauges for		91
	Producing gauges for		92
	Table of United States standard for bolts and nuts		93
	Table of standard for the V-thread		93
	United States standard for gas and steam pipes		93
	Taper for standard pipe threads		95
	Tables of the pitches and diameters at root of thread, of the Whitworth thread		95
	Table of Whitworth’s screw threads for gas, water, and hydraulic piping		96
	Whitworth’s standard gauges for watch and instrument makers		96
	Screw-cutting hand tools		96
Thread-Cutting Tools. American and English forms of stocks and dies			97
	Adjustable or jamb dies		98
	The friction of jamb dies		98
	The sizes of hobs that should be used on jamb dies		99
	Cutting right or left-hand thread with either single, double, or treble threads with the same dies		99
	Hobs for hobbing or threading dies		100
	Various forms of stocks with dies adjustable to take up the wear		101
	Dies for gas and steam pipes		101
Thread-Cutting Tool Taps. The general forms of taps			102
	Reducing the friction of		102
	Giving clearance to		102
	The friction of taper		103
	Improved forms of		103
	Professor J. E. Sweet’s form of tap		104
	Adjustable standard		104
	The various shapes of flutes employed on taps		105
	The number of flutes a tap should have		105
	Demonstration that a tap should have four cutting edges rather than three		106
	The position of the square or driving end, with relation to the cutting edges		106
	Taper taps for blacksmiths		106
	Collapsing taps for use in tapping machines		107
	Collapsing tap for use in a screw machine		107
	The alteration of pitch that occurs in hardening		108
	Gauging the pitch after the hardening		108
	Correcting the errors of pitch caused by the hardening		109
	For lead		109
	Elliptical in cross section		109
	For very straight holes		109
	Tap wrenches solid and adjustable		110
Thread-Cutting. Tapping			110
	Appliances for tapping standard work		111

CHAPTER V.
FASTENING DEVICES.

Bolts, classification of, from the shapes of their heads			112
	Classification of, from the shapes of their bodies		112
	Countersunk		112
	Holes for, classification of		112
	For foundations, various forms of		113
	Hook bolts		113
	The United States standard for finished bolts and nuts		113
	The United States standard for rough bolts and nuts, or black bolts		114
	The Whitworth standard for bolts and nuts		114
Screws			114
Studs			115
Set Screws			115
Bolts for quick removal			116
	That do not pass through the work		117
	That self-lock in grooves and are readily removable		117
	Heads and their bedding		117
Nuts, the forms of, when they are to be steam tight			118
	Various forms of		118
	Jamb nuts and lock nuts		119
Differential Threads for locking purposes			119
	For fine adjustments		119
Nuts, taking up the wear of			120
	Securing devices		120
	Securing by taper pins		121
	Securing by cotters		121
	Securing by notched plates		121
Pins. Securing for exact adjustments			121
	And double eyes fitting		121
	Fixed		122
	Working		122
Bolts, removing corroded			122
Nuts, removing corroded			122
Washers, standard sizes of			122
Wrench, the proper angles of			123
	Box		124
	Monkey		125
	Adjustable, various forms of		125
	Sockets		125
	Novel for carriage bolts		125
	Pin		126
		Improved form of	126
Keys, the various kinds of			126
	The bearing surfaces of		126
Set Screws, application of, to hubs or bosses			127
Keys, with set-screws			127
	The draught of		127
Feathers, and their applications			127
Keys, for parallel rods			128
Taper Pins, proper position of, for locking purposes			128
	Improved method of fitting		128

CHAPTER VI.
THE LATHE.

Lathe, the importance and advantages of			129
	Classification of lathes		129
	Foot		130
	Methods of designating the sizes of		130
	Bench		130
	Power		130
	Hand		130
	Slide Rest for		131
		American form of, their advantages and disadvantages	132
		English forms of	132
		For spherical work	132
		Methods of taking up lost motion of	133
Engine Lathe, general construction of			133
	The construction of the shears of		134
	Construction of the headstock		134
	Construction of the bearings		134
	Construction of the back gear		135
	Means of giving motion to the feed spindle		135
	Construction of the tailstock		135
	Method of rapidly securing and releasing the tailstock		136
Lathe Tailstock, setting over for turning tapers			136
Engine Lathe, construction of carriage			137
	Feed motion for carriage or saddle		137
Lathe Apron, Construction of the feed traverse			138
	Construction of the cross-feed motion		138
Engine Lathe, lead screw and change wheels of			139
	Feed spindle and lead screw bearings		139
	Swing frame for lead screw		139
	Lead screw nuts		140
	With compound slide rest		140
	Construction of compound slide rest		141
	Advantages of compound slide rest		141
	For taper turning		142
	Taper-turning attachments		142
	With compound duplex slide rest		143
	Detachable slide rest		143
	Three-tool slide rest for turning shafting		143
	With flat saddle for chucking work on		143
The Sellers Lathe			143
	Construction of the headstock and treble gear		144
	Construction of the tailstock and method of keeping it in line		145
	Construction of the carriage and slide rest		145
	Methods of engaging and disengaging the feed motions		146
Car Axle Lathe, with central driving motion and two slide rests			147
	The feed motions of		148
Self-Acting Lathe, English form of			148
Pattern Maker’s Lathe			148
	Brake for cone pulley		149
	With wooden bed		149
	Slide rest for		149
Chucking Lathe, English			149
	Feed motions of		150
Pulley Lathe			150
Gap or Break Lathe			151
Extension Lathe			151
Wheel Lathe			151
Chucking Lathe for boring purposes			152
Lathe for turning crank axles			152
	Construction of the headstock		153
	Construction of the feed motions		154
	For turning crank, Arrangements of the slide rests		154
	Application of the slide rest to a crank		155

CHAPTER VII.
DETAILS IN LATHE CONSTRUCTION.

Live Spindle of a lathe, the fit of			157
	With coned journals		157
	Methods of taking up the end motion of		158
	Arranging the swing frame for the change gears		158
	Taking up the wear of the back bearing		158
	The wear of the front bearing of		158
The Taper for the live centre			159
Methods of removing the lathe centres			159
Tapers for the live centres			159
Methods of removing the dead centre			159
Driving Cone, arranging the steps of			159
	Requirements of proportioning the steps of		159
	Rules for proportioning the diameters of the steps of, when the two pulleys are exactly alike and are connected by an open belt		159 to 161
		When the two pulleys are unlike	161 to 164
Back Gear, methods of throwing in and out			165
Conveying motion to the lead screw			165
Attaching the swing frame			166
Feed Gear. Arrangement for cutting worm threads or tangent screws			167
Feed Motion for reversing the direction of tool traverse in screw cutting			168
	For lathe aprons		168
Slide Rest, weighted elevated			168
	Double tool holder for		169
	Gibbed elevating		169
Examples of feed motions			170
Feed Regulators for screw cutting			171
	The star feed		172
Ratchet Feeds			173
Tool Holding devices, the various kinds of			173
Tool Rest swiveling			174
Tool Holder for compound slide rests			174
	For octagon boring tools		175
Lathe Lead and Feed Screws			175
	Lead screws, supporting, long		176
	Position of the feed nut		177
	Form of threads of lead screws		177
	The effect the form of thread has in causing the nut to lock properly or improperly		177
	Example of a lead screw with a pitch of three threads per inch		177
	Example of a lead screw with five threads per inch		178
	Example with a lead screw of five threads per inch		179
	Device for correcting the errors of pitch of		179
Table for finding the change wheels for screw cutting when the teeth in the change wheels advance by four			180
	For finding the change wheels when the teeth in the wheels advance by six		180
	Constructing a table to cut fractional threads on any lathe		181
	Finding the change wheels necessary to enable the lathe to cut threads of any given pitches		181
	Finding the change wheels necessary to cut fractional pitches		181
Determining the pitches of the teeth for change wheels			182
Lathe Shears or beds			182
	Advantages and disadvantages of, with raised V-guide-ways		182
	Examples of various forms of		183
Lathe Shears with one V and one flat side			183
	Methods of ribbing		184
	The arrangement of the legs of		184
Lathe Tailblock			185
	With rapid spindle motion		185
	With rapid fastenings and releasing devices		185
	The wear of the spindles of		185
	Spindles, the various methods of locking		186
	Testing, various methods of		187

CHAPTER VIII.
SPECIAL FORMS OF THE LATHE.

Watchmaker’s Lathes			188
	Construction of the headstock		188
	Construction of chucks for		188
	Expanding chucks for		188
	Contracting chucks for		188
	Construction of the tailblock		189
	Open spindle tailstocks for		189
	Filing fixture for		189
	Fixture for wheel and pinion cutting		189
	Jewelers’ rest for		189
Watch Manufacturers’ Lathe			190
	Special chucks for		190
	Pump centre rest		190
Lathe, hand			191
	Screw slotting		192
	With variable speed for facing purposes		192
	Cutting-off machine		193
	Grinding Lathes		193
		With elevating rest	194
		Universal	195
		Special chucks for	196
	The Morton Poole calender roll grinding lathe		196
	The construction of the bed and carriages		197
		Principles of action of the carriages	197, 198
		Construction of the emery-wheel arbors and the driving motion	198, 199
		The advantages of	199
		The method of driving the roll	200
		Construction of the headstock	200
		The transverse motion	200
The Brown and Sharpe Screw Machine, or screw-making lathe			200
	Threading tools for		203
	Examples of the use of		203
The Secor Screw Machine, construction of the headstock			204
	The chuck		205
	The feed gear		205
	The turret		205
	The cross slide		205
	The stop motions		206
Pratt and Whitney’s Screw Machine			206
	Parkhurst’s wire feed, construction of the headstock, chuck and feed motion		207
	Box tools for		208
	Applications of box tools		208
	Threading tool for		208
	Cutting-off tool for		208
Special Lathe for wood working			208
	The construction of the carriage and reducing knife		209
	Construction of the various feed motions		209
	Construction of the tailstock		209
Lathes for irregular forms			210
	Axe-handle		210
	Back knife gauge		210
	Special, for pulley turning		211
Boring and Turning mill or lathe			211
	Construction of the feed motions		213
	Construction of the framing and means of grinding the lathe		214
	Construction of the vertical feed motions		215
The Morton Poole roll turning lathe			215
	Construction of the slide rest		216
	The tools for		216
Special Lathes for brass work			216, 217
Boring Lathe with traversing spindle			218
	For engine cylinders		219
	Cylinder, with facing slide rests		219
	With double heads and facing rests		220
Lathe for turning Wheel hubs			221

CHAPTER IX.
DRIVING WORK IN THE LATHE.

Drivers, carriers, dogs, or clamps, and their defects			222
	Lathe clamps		222
	Equalizing drivers		223
	The Clements driver		223
	Driver and face plate for screw cutting		223
	Forms of, for bolt heads		224
	Adjustable, for bolt heads		224
	For threaded work		225
	For steady rest work		225
	For cored work		225
	For wood		225
Centres for hollow work			226
	For taper work		226
Lathe Mandrels, or arbors			227
	Drivers for		227
	For tubular work		227
	Expanding mandrels		227
	With expanding cones		228
	With expanding pieces		228
	Expanding, for large work		228
	For threaded work		228
	For nuts, various forms of		229
	For eccentric work		229
Centring devices for crank axles			230
The Steady Rest or back rest			231
	Steady rest, improved form of		232
	Cone chuck		232
	Steady rest for square and taper work		233
	The cat head		233
	Clamps for		233
	Follower rests		234
Chucks and Chucking			234
	Simple forms of chucks		234
	Adjustable chucks for true work		235
	Two-jawed chucks		236
	Box body chucks		237
	Reversible jawed chucks		237
	Three and four-jawed chucks		237
	Combination chucks		237
	The wear of scroll chuck threads		237
	Universal chucks		238
	The wear of chucks		240
	Special forms of chucks		241
	Expanding chucks for ring-work		241
	Cement chuck		241
	Chucks for wood-working lathes		242
Lathe Face Plates			243
	Face plates, errors in, and their effects		243
	Work-holding straps		244
	Face plate, clamping work on		245
		Forms of clamps for	245
	Examples of chucking work on		246, 247
	For wood work		247
Special Lathe Chuck for cranks			248
Face Plate Work, examples of			249
	Errors in chucking		250
	Movable dogs for		250
	The angle plate		251
		Applications of	251
	Angle plate chucking, examples of		251
	Cross-head chucking		251-253

CHAPTER X.
CUTTING TOOLS FOR LATHES.

Principles governing the shapes of lathe tools			254
Diamond-pointed, or front tool			254
Principles governing use of tools			254
	Front rake and clearance of front tools		254
	Influence of the height of a tool upon its clearance and keenness		255
	Tools with side rake in various directions		256
	The effect of side rake		256
	The angle of clearance in lathe tools		257
	Variation of clearance from different rates of feed and diameters of work		257
Round-nosed tools			258
Utmost Duty of cutting tools			258
	Judging the quantity of the tool from the shape of its cutting		259
Square-nosed tools			260
	The height of lathe tools		260
	Side tools for lathe work		261
	Cutting-off or grooving tools		262
	Facing tools or knife tools		262
	Spring tools		263
Brass Work, front tools for			264
	Side tools for		264
Threading tools			264
	Internal threading tools		264
	The length of threading tools		265
	The level of threading tools		265
	Gauges for threading tools		266
	Setting threading tools		266
	Circular threading tools		267
	Threading tool holders		267
Chasers			268
	Chaser holders		268
	Setting chasers		268
Square Threads, clearance of tools for			269
	Diameter at the roots of threads		269
	Cutting coarse pitch square threads		269
	Dies for finishing square threads		269
Tool Holders for outside work			270
	For circular cutters		272
	Swiveled		273
	Combined tool holders and cutting-off tools		273
Power Required to drive cutting tools			273

CHAPTER XI.
DRILLING AND BORING IN THE LATHE.

The Twist Drill			274
	Twist drill holders		274
	The diametral clearance of twist drills		274
	The front rake of twist drills		275
	The variable clearance on twist drills as usually ground		275
	Demonstration of the common error in grinding twist drills		276
	The effects of improper grinding upon twist drills		276
	Table of speeds and feeds for twist drills		277
	Grinding twist drills by hand		279
	Twist drills for wood work		279
Tailstock Chucks for drilled work			279
Flat Drills for lathe work			280
	Holders for lathe work		281
Half-round bit or pod auger			281
	With front rake for wrought iron or steel		281
	With adjustable cutter		281
	For very true work		281
Chucking Reamer			281
	The number of teeth for reamers		282
	Spacing the teeth of reamers		282
	Spiral teeth for reamers		282
	Grinding the teeth of reamers		282
	Various positions of emery-wheel in grinding reamers		282
	Chucking reamers for true work		283
	Shell reamers		283
	Arbor for shell reamers		283
	Rose-bit or rose reamers		283
	Shell rose reamers		284
	Adjustable reamers		284
	Stepped reamers for taper work		285
	Half-round reamers		285
	Reamers for rifle barrels		285
Boring Tools for lathe work			285
	Countersinks		285
	Shapes of lathe boring tools		285
	Boring tools for brass work		286
	The spring of boring tools		286
	Boring tools for small work		287
	Boring tool holders		287
Boring Devices for Lathes			288
Boring Heads			288
Boring Bars			289
	Boring bar cutters		289
	Three versus four cutters for boring bars		290
	Boring bars with fixed heads		290
		With sliding heads	290
		Bar cutters, the shapes of	291
	Boring head with nut feed		291
	Boring bars for taper work, various forms of		292
	Boring double-coned work		293
	Boring bar, centres for		293
Cutting Speeds and feeds for wrought iron			294
	Examples of speeds taken from practice		295

CHAPTER XII.
EXAMPLES IN LATHE WORK.

Technical Terms used in the work			296
Lathe Centres			296
	Devices for truing		297
	Tools for testing the truth of, for fine work		298
	Shapes of, for light and heavy work		299
Centre Drilling, attachment for lathes			300
	The error induced by straightening work after		300
	Machine		300
	Combined centre-drill and countersink		300
	Countersink with adjustable drill		300
	Centring square		300
	Centre-punch		300
	Centre-punch guide		301
	Centring work with the scribing block		301
	Finding the centre of very rough work		301
	Centre-drill chuck		302
	The proper form of countersink for lathe work		302
	Countersinks for lathe work		302
	Various forms of square centres		303
	The advantage of the square centre for countersinking		303
	Novel form of countersink for hardened work		303
	Chucks for centre-drilling and countersinking		303
	Recentring turned work		304
Straightening Work. Straightening machine for bar iron			304
	Hand device for straightening lathe work		305
	Chuck for straightening wire		305
Cutting Rods into small pieces of exact length, tools for			305
Roughing cuts, the change of shape of work that occurs from removing the surface by			306
	Feeds for		306
	Rates of feed for		307
Finishing Work, the position of the tool for			307
	Finishing cast-iron with water		307
	Specks in finished cast-iron work		307
	Scrapers for finishing cast-iron work		307
	Method of polishing lathe work		308
	Filing lathe work		308
	The use of emery paper on lathe work		308
	The direction of tool feed in finishing long work		309
	Forms of laps for finishing gauges or other cylindrical lathe work		310
	Forms of laps for finishing internal work		311
	Grinding and polishing clamps for lathe work		311
	Burnishing lathe work		311
Taper Work, turning			312
	The wear of the centres of		312
	Setting over the tailstock to turn		312
	Gauge for setting over		313
	Fitting		313
	Grinding		313
	The order of procedure in turning		313
	The influence of the height of the tool in producing true		314
Special Forms. Curved work			314, 315
	Standard gauges for taper work		316
	Methods of turning an eccentric		317
	Turning a cylinder cover		318
	Turning pulleys		318
	Chucking device for pulleys		318
Cutting Screws in the lathe			319
	The arrangement of the change gears		319
	The intermediate wheels		319
	The compounded gears		320
	Finding the change wheels to cut a given thread		320
	Finding the change wheels for a lathe whose gears are compounded		321
	Finding the change gears for cutting fractional pitches		321
	To find what pitch of thread the wheels already on the lathe will cut		322
	Cutting left-hand threads		322
	Cutting double threads		322
	Cutting screws whose pitches are given in the terms of the metric system		322
	Cutting threads on taper work		323
	Errors in cutting threads on taper work		324

CHAPTER XIII.
EXAMPLES IN LATHE WORK (Continued).

Ball Turning with tubular saw			325
	With a single tooth on the end of a revolving tube		325
	With a removable tool on an arbor		325
	Tool holder with worm feed		325
	By hand		325
Cams, cutting in the lathe			326
	Improved method of originating cams in the lathe		326
	Motions for turning cams in the lathe		326, 327
	Application of cam motions to special work		327
	Cam chuck for irregular work		328
Milling or knurling tool			328
	Improved forms of		328
Winding Spiral Springs in the lathe			329
Hand Turning			330
	The heel tool		330
	The graver and its applications		330, 331
	Hand side tools		331
	Hand round-nosed tools for iron		331
	Hand finishing tool		331
Hand Tools, for roughing out brass work			332
	Various forms and applications of scrapers		332, 333
	Clockmakers’ hand tool for special or standard work		334
	Screw cutting with hand tools		334
		Outside and inside chasers	334
		Hobs and their uses	335
		The application of chasers, and errors that may arise from the position in which they are presented to the work	336
		Errors commonly made in cutting up inside chasers	337
		V-tool for starting outside threads	337
		Starting outside threads	338
		Cutting taper threads	338
	Wood turning hand tools		338
	The gauge and how to use it		338
	The chisel and its use		339
	The skew chisel and how to use it		339
	Wood turners’ boring tools for lathe work		340

CHAPTER XIV.
MEASURING MACHINES, TOOLS AND DEVICES.

Standards of Measurements, in various countries			341
	Use of, by sight and by the sense of feeling		341
	Variations in standard gauges		341
	The necessity for accurate standards		341
	The Rogers Bond standard measuring machine		342
		Details of construction of	343, 344
		The principle of construction of	344
		The methods of using	345
	The Whitworth measuring machine		345
	The Betts Machine Company’s measuring machine		346
	Professor Sweet’s measuring machine		347
	Measuring machine for sheet metal		348
Circle, division of the			348
	Troughton’s method of dividing the circle		348, 349
	Ramsden’s dividing engine		349
		The construction of	350, 351
	Pratt and Whitney’s dividing device		352
		Practical application of	353
	Index wheel, method of originating, by R. Hoe & Co.		353
		Application of the index wheel (Hoe & Co.’s system)	353
Classification of the measuring tools used by workmen			354
Micrometer Caliper and its principle of construction			354, 355
Gauges. Standard plug and collar gauges			356
	Methods of comparing standard plug and collar gauges		356
	The effects of variations of temperature upon standard gauges		356
	Plug and collar gauges for taper work		357
	The Baldwin standards for taper bolts		359
	Workmen’s gauges for lathe work		359
Calipers, outside, the various forms of			360
	Inside calipers		360
	Calipers with locking devices		360
	Spring calipers		360
	The methods of holding and using		361, 362
	Keyway calipers		363
	The advantages of calipers		363
Fitting. The four kinds of fit in machine work			363
	The influence of the diameter of the work in limiting the application of standard gauges		363
	The wear of tools and its influence upon the application of the standard gauge system		364
	The influence of the smoothness of the surface upon the allowance to be made for drilling or hydraulic fits		365
	Examples of allowance for hydraulic fits		365
	Parallel holes and taper plugs for hydraulic fits		365
Fitting. Practicable methods of testing the fit of axle brasses forced in by hydraulic pressure			366
	Shrinkage or contraction fits		366
		Allowances for	366
		Gauge for	367
		The shrinkage system at the Royal Gun Factory at Woolwich	367
		Experiments by Thomas Wrightson upon the shrinkage of iron under repeated heatings and coolings	368 to 374
		Shrinking work, to refit it	374, 375

CHAPTER XV.
MEASURING TOOLS.

End Measurements of large lathe work			376
	Template gauges for		376
	Trammels or Trains		377
	Adjustable gauges for		377
Compasses—Dividers			377
	Compass calipers		378
Key Seating rule			378
Surface Gauge			378
	Pattern makers’ pipe gauge		379
Squares. The try square			379
	The T square		379
	Various methods of testing squares		379, 380
	Bevel squares		380
Bevel Protractors			380
Hexagon Gauge			381
Straight Edge and its applications			381, 382
	Winding strips and their application		382
Surface Plate or planimeter			383
Templates for curves			384
Wire Gauges, notch			384
	Standard gauges for wire, &c.		384, 386
	Gauge for music wire		386
	Brown and Sharpe wire gauge		387
	Birmingham wire gauge for rolled shell silver and gold		387
	Sheet iron gauge, Russian		387
	Galvanized iron		387
	Belgian sheet zinc		387
	American sheet zinc		387
Rifle Bore gauge			387
Strength of Wire, Kirkaldy’s experiments			387, 388

CHAPTER XVI.
SHAPING AND PLANING MACHINES.

General description of a shaping machine			389
Construction of swivel head			389
	Slide		390
	Vice chuck		390
	Feed motion		390
Hand shaping machine			392
Quick Return Motion, Whitworth’s			392
Vice Chucks, the principles of construction of plain, for planing machine			392
	The proper methods of chucking work in		393
	Holding taper work in		394
	Various forms of		394
	Swiveling		395
	Rapid motion		396
	For vice work		396
Centres for shaping machines			397
Traveling Head in shaping machine			397
Planer Shapers or shaping machines, having a tappet motion for reversing the direction of motion			398, 399
Quick Return Motion shaping machines, link			399
	The Whitworth		400
	Comparisons of the link motion and Whitworth		401
Simple Crank, investigating the motion of			401
Planing Machines, or planer			402
	The various motions of		402, 403
	The table driving gear		404
	Planing machine with double heads		404
	Rotary planing machine		405

CHAPTER XVII.
PLANING MACHINERY.

The Sellers planing machine			406
	The belt shifting mechanism		406, 407
	The automatic feed motions		408
Sliding Head			408
Cross Bar			409
Slides of Planers, the various forms of construction of			410
Wear of the Slides of planer heads, various methods of taking up the			410
Swivel Heads			411
Tool Aprons			411
Swivel Tool-holding devices for planers			411
Planer Heads, graduations of			412
	Safety devices for		413
	Feed motions for		414
	V-guideways for		414
	Flat guideways for		415
	Oiling devices for		415
Planing Machine Tables			415
	Slots and holes in planing machine tables		416
	Forms of bolts for planer tables		417
	Supplementary tables for planer tables		417
	Angle plates for planer tables		418
	Chucking devices for planer tables		418
Planer Centres			418
Planer Chucks			419
	For spiral grooved work		419
	For curved work		420
	Chucking machine beds on planer tables		420
	For large planing machines		422
	Chucking the halves of large pulleys on a planer		423
Gauges for planing V-guideways in machine beds			421
	Planing guideways in machine beds		422
	Gauge for planer tools		424
Planer Tools, the shapes of			424
	For coarse finishing feeds		424
	The clearance of		424
	For slotted work		424
Planer Tool Holder, with tool post			425
	Various applications of		425
	Simple and advantageous form of		426
	Examples of application of		426

CHAPTER XVIII.
DRILLING MACHINES.

Drilling Machines. General description of a power drilling machine			428
	Lever feed		428
	With automatic and quick return feed motions		428
	Improved, with simple belt and uniform motion, two series of rates of automatic feed, and guide for boring bar		429, 430
	Radial		430, 431
	For boiler shells		436
	Cotter or keyway		438
	Drilling Machine, three-spindle		434
		Four-spindle	434
Drilling and Boring machine			431
	Feed motion of		432
Combined Drilling Machine and lathe			433
Boring Machine, horizontal			433
	For car wheels		438
	For pulleys		438
Quartering Machine			434
Drilling and Turning Machine for boiler makers			435
	Feed motions of		436

CHAPTER XIX.
DRILLS AND CUTTERS FOR DRILLING MACHINES.

Jigs or Fixtures for drilling machines			439
	Limits of error in		439
	Examples of, for simple work, as for links, &c.		440
	Considerations in designing		440
	For drilling engine cylinders		440 to 441
	For cutting out steam ports		441
Drills and Cutters for drilling machines			442
	Table of sizes of twist drills, and their shanks		442
	Flat drills for drilling machines		442
	Errors in grinding flat drills		443
	The tit-drill		443
	The lip drill		443
	Cotter or keyway drills		446
Drilling holes true to location with flat drills			444
	Drilling hard metal		444
	Table of sizes of tapping holes		445
Drill Shanks and sockets			445
	Improved form of drill shank		446
	Square shanked drills and their disadvantages		446
Drill Chucks			446
Stocks and Cutters for drilling machines			447
	Tube plate cutters		448
Stocks and Cutters. Adjustable stock and cutter			448
	Facing tool with reamer pin		449
	Counterbores for drilling machines		449
	Drill and counterbore for wood work		449
	Facing and countersink cutters		449
	Device for drilling square holes		450
	Device for drilling taper holes in a drilling machine		451

CHAPTER XX.
HAND-DRILLING AND BORING TOOLS, AND DEVICES.

The Brad-awl			452
Bits. The gimlet bit			452
	The German bit		452
	The nail bit		452
	The spoon bit		452
	The nose bit		453
	The auger bit		453
	Cook’s auger bit		453
	Principles governing the shapes of the cutting edges of auger bits		453
	Auger bit for boring end grain wood		453
	The centre bit		454
	The expanding bit		454
Drills. Drill for stone			454
	The fiddle drill		455
	The fiddle drill with feeding device		455
	Drill with cord and spring motion		455
	Drill stock with spiral grooves		455
	Drill brace		455
	Drill brace with ratchet motion		456
	Universal joint for drill brace		456
	Drill brace with multiplying gear and ratchet motion		456
	Breast drill with double gear		456
	Drilling levers for blacksmiths		457
	Drill cranks		457
	Ratchet brace		457
	Flexible shaft for driving drills		458
	Drilling device for lock work		459
	Hand drilling machine		459
Slotting Machine			459
	Sectional view of		460
	Tool holders		460, 461
	Tools		461, 462

CHAPTER XXI.
THREAD-CUTTING MACHINERY AND BROACHING PRESS.

Pipe Threading, die stock for, by hand			463
	Die stock for, by power		463
	Pipe threading machines, general construction of		463
Bolt Threading hand machine			464
	With revolving head		465
	Power threading machine		465
	With automatic stop motion		466
		Construction of the head	466
		Construction of the chasers	466
		Bolt threading machine with back gear	467
		Single rapid bolt threading machine	467
		Double rapid bolt threading machine	467
		Construction of the heads of the rapid machines	468
	Bolt threading machinery, the Acme		468
		Construction of the head of	468 to 470
		Capacity of	470
Cutting Edges for taps, the number of			471
	Examples when three and when four cutting edges are used, and the results upon bolts that are not round		471, 472
	Demonstration that four cutting edges are correct for bar iron		472
Positions of Dies, or chasers in the heads of bolt cutting machine			473
Dies, methods of hobbing, to avoid undue friction			473
	The construction of, for bolt threading machines		473
	Method of avoiding friction in thread cutting		474
	Hob for threading		474
	Cutting speeds for threading		474
Nut Tapping machine			475
	Automatic socket for		475
	Rotary		475
	Three-spindle		475
Pipe Threading Machine			475 to 477
Tapping Machine for steam pipe fittings			478
Broaching Press			478
	Principles of broaching		478
	Examples in the construction of broaches		479

Modern Machine-Shop Practice, Volumes I and II

About This Book

The Project Gutenberg eBook of Modern Machine-Shop Practice, Volumes I and II

Modern Machine-Shop Practice

PREFACE.

CONTENTS.

Volume I.

Modern
Machine-Shop Practice