1010 For the taboo on such spoils, and their destruction, see M. S. Reinach's interesting paper "Tarpeia," in Cultes, mythes, et religions, iii. 221 foll.
APPENDIX IV
(Lecture VIII., page 169 foll.) Ius and Fas
In historical times the two kinds of ius, divinum and humanum, were strongly distinguished (see Wissowa, R.K. p. 318, who quotes Gaius ii. 2: "summa itaque rerum divisio in duos articulos diducitur, nam aliae sunt divini iuris, aliae humani"). But it is almost certain that there was originally no such clear distinction. The general opinion of historians of Roman law is thus expressed by Cuq (Institutions juridiques des Romains, p. 54): "Le droit civil n'a eu d'abord qu'une portée fort restreinte. Peu à peu il a gagné du terrain, il a entrepris de réglementer des rapports qui autrefois étaient du domaine de la religion. Pendant longtemps à Rome le droit théocratique a coexisté avec le droit civil." (See also Muirhead, Introduction to Roman Law, ed. Goudy, p. 15.) Possibly the formation of an organised calendar, marking off the days belonging to the deities from those which were not so made over to them, first gave the opportunity for the gradual realisation of the thought that the set of rules under which the citizen was responsible to the divine beings was not exactly the same as that under which he was responsible to the civil authorities. The distinction took many ages to realise in all its aspects, and is not complete even under the XII. Tables or later, because the sanction for civil offences remained in great part a divine one; on this point Jhering is certainly wrong (Geist des röm. Rechts, i. 267 foll.). As Cuq remarks (p. 54, note 1), one institution of the ius divinum kept its force after the complete secularisation of law, and retains it to this day, viz. the oath.
If there was originally no distinction between religious and civil rules of law, it follows that there were originally no two distinguishing terms for them. The earliest passage in which they are distinguished as ius divinum and humanum (so far as I know) is Cicero's speech for Sestius (B.C. 56), sec. 91, quoted by Wissowa, p. 319: "domicilia coniuncta quas urbes dicimus, invento et divino iure et humano, moenibus cinxerunt." But by all British writers on Roman law, and by many foreign ones, the word fas is used as equivalent to the ius divinum, and sharply distinguished from ius. Thus the late Dr. Greenidge, in his useful work on Roman public life (p. 52 and elsewhere), makes this distinction; he writes of the rex as the chief expounder of the divine law (fas), and of the control exercised by fas over the citizen's life. Cp. Muirhead, ed. Goudy, p. 15 foll., where Mommsen is quoted thus: "Mommsen is probably near the mark when he describes the leges regiae as mostly rules of the fas." But Mommsen, like Wissowa in his Religion und Kultus, does not use the word fas, but speaks of "Sakralrecht." Sohm, on the other hand (Roman Law, trans. Ledlie, p. 15, note), compares fas with Sanscrit dharma and Greek themis, as meaning unwritten rules of divine origin, which eventually gave way before ius, as in Greece before δἱκαιον. (Cp. Binder, Die Plebs, p. 501.) But it is safer in this case to leave etymology alone, and to try to discover what the Romans themselves understood by fas, which is indeed a peculiar and puzzling word. (For its possible connection with fari, effari (ager effatus), fanum, and profanum, etc., see H. Nettleship's Contributions to Latin Lexicography, s.v. "Fas.")
Fas was at all times indeclinable, and is rarely found even as an accusative, as in Virg. Aen. ix. 96:
In the oldest examples of its use, i.e. in the ancient calendar QRCF, on March 24 and May 24, i.e. "quando rex comitiavit fas" (Varro, L.L. vi. 31), and QStDF on June 15, i.e. "Quando stercus delatum fas" (Varro, L.L. vi. 32), it is hard to say whether it is a substantive at all, and not rather an adverb like satis. So, too, in the antique language of the lex templi of Furfo (58 B.C.) we read, "Utii tangere sarcire tegere devehere defigere mandare ferro oeti promovere referre fasque esto" (liceat should probably be inserted before fasque esto). See CIL. i. 603, line 7; Dessau, Inscript. Lat. selectae, ii. 1. 4906, p. 246. In these examples fas simply means that you may do certain acts without breaking religious law; it does not stand for the religious law itself. To me it looks like a technical word of the ius divinum, meaning that which it is lawful to do under it; thus a dies fastus is one on which it is lawful under that ius to perform certain acts of civil government, "sine piaculo" (Varro, L.L. vi. 29). Nefas is, therefore, in the same way a word which conveys a prohibition under the divine law. By constant juxtaposition with ius, fas came in course of time to take on the character of a substantive, and so too did its opposite nefas. The dictionaries supply many examples of its use as a substantive and as paralleled with ius, but the only one I can find that is earlier than Cicero is Terence, Hecyra, iii. 3. 27, i.e. in the work of a non-Roman.
I cannot find that it is so used by Varro, where we might naturally have expected it. Cicero does not call his imaginary ius divinum a fas, but iura religionum, constitutio religionum (de Legibus ii. 10-23, 17-32). Ius is the word always used technically of particular departments of the religious law, e.g. ius pontificium, ius augurale, and ius fetiale (CIL. i. p. 202, is preimus ius fetiale paravit). The notion that fas could mean a kind of code of religious law is probably due to Virgil's use of the word in "Quippe etiam festis quaeddam exercere diebus Fas et iura sinunt," Georg. i. 269, and to the comment of Servius, "id est, divina humanaque iura permittunt: nam ad religionem fas, ad homines iura pertinent."
It is strange to find it personified as a kind of deity in the formula of the fetiales, used when they announced the Roman demands at an enemy's frontier (Livy i. 32): "Audi Iuppiter, inquit, audite Fines (cuiuscunque gentis sunt nominat), audiat Fas." Whence did Livy get this formula? We have no record of a book of the fetiales; if this came from those of the pontifices, as is probable, the formula need not be of ancient date, and the personification of Fines also suggests a doubt as to the genuineness of the whole formula.
APPENDIX V
The Worship of Sacred Utensils (page 436)
There can be no doubt that some kind of worship was paid by the Arval Brethren to certain ollae, or primitive vessels of sun-baked clay used in their most ancient rites. This is attested by two inscriptions of different ages which are printed on pp. 26 and 27 of Henzen's Acta Fratrum Arvalium. After leaving their grove and entering the temple "in mensa sacrum fecerunt ollis"; and shortly afterwards, "in aedem intraverunt et ollas precati sunt." Then, to our astonishment, we read that the door of the temple was opened, and the ollae thrown down the slope in front of it. This last act seems inexplicable; but the worship finds a singular parallel in the dairy ritual of the Todas of the Nilghiri hills.
Dr. Rivers, in his work on the Todas (Macmillan, 1906, p. 453), in summing up his impressions of their worship, observes that "the attitude of worship which is undoubtedly present in the Toda mind is becoming transferred from the gods themselves to the material objects used in the service of the gods." "The religious attitude of worship is being transferred from the gods themselves to the objects round which centres the ritual of the dairy." These objects are mainly the bells of the buffaloes and the dairy vessels; and an explicit account of them, the reverence in which they are held, and the prayers in which they are mentioned, will be found in the fifth, sixth, and eighth chapters of Dr. Rivers' work, which, as an account of what seems to be a religion atrophied by over-development of ritual, is in many ways of great interest to the student of Roman religious experience. The following sentence will appeal to the readers of these Lectures:—
"The Todas seem to show us how the over-development of the ritual aspect of religion may lead to atrophy of those ideas and beliefs through which the religion has been built up; and then how, in its turn, the ritual may suffer, and acts which are performed mechanically, with no living ideas behind them, may come to be performed carelessly and incompletely, while religious observances which involve trouble and discomfort may be evaded or completely neglected."
Whether the worship of the ollae was a part of the original ritual of the Brethren, or grew up after its revival by Augustus, it is impossible to determine. But if we can allow the dairy ritual of the Todas to help us in the matter, we may conclude that in any case it was not really primitive, and that it was a result of that process of over-ritualisation to which must also be ascribed the piacula caused by the growth of a fig-tree on the roof of the temple, and the three Sondergötter Adolenda Commolenda Deferunda. (See above p. 161 foll., and Henzen, Acta Fratr. Arv. p. 147.)
INDEX
- Acca Larentia, 67
- Acolytes, 177
- Adolenda, 162
- Addenda Commolenda Deferunda, 162, 490
- Aedes Vestae: see Vesta
- Aediles, plebeian, 255
- Aemilius Paulus, 340, 362, 433
- Aeneid, the, 119, 206, 230, 250, 251;
- Aesculapius, 260
- Ager paganus: lustration, 80, 213
-
Agriculture, the economic basis of Roman life, 99;
- festivals, see Festivals
- Agrippa, 442, 443
- Alba Longa, 109, 128
- Alban Mount: Latin festival, 172;
- Alexander, Archibald, on faith, 472
- Ambarvalia, procession of the, 214, 218, 442
- Amburbium, 214, 218, 332
- Amulets, 42, 59, 60, 74, 84
- Ancilia, 97;
- Angerona, 117
- Animism, 65, 122, 148, 164, 287
-
Anna Perenna: festival, 65, 105, 346;
- Ovid's account of, 473
- Antoninus Pius, 429
- Apollo, 257, 449;
- Appius Claudius, 300
- Aquaelicium, ceremony of the, 50, 52
- Ara, meaning of, 146
- Ara Maxima in the Forum Boarium 29, 230
- Ara Pacis of Augustus, 177, 437, 448
- Argei: festival, 36, 65;
- Armilustrium, 97
- Army: lustration of, 96, 100, 215, 217
- Arnobius, 51, 52, 459, 461, 465
- Artemis, 235, 443
- Arval Brethren: see Fratres Arvales
- Asclepios, 260
- Astrology, 396-398, 401
- Ateius Capito, 441
- Athene Polias, 234
- Attalus, king of Pergamus, 330
- Atticus, Cicero's letters to, 385
- Attus Navius, soothsayer, 297
- Augurium canarium, 310
- Augurs, 174-176, 193, 271, 276;
- Augustus, 35, 133, 213, 344;
- Aurelius, Marcus, 456
- Auspicia, 175, 214;
- Aust, on religion of the family, 68;
- Aventine: plebeian quarter, 255;
- Beans, used to get rid of ghosts, 85, 107;
- Bellona, connection with Mars, 166
- Bibulus, 305
- Binder, Dr., on the plebs, 23, 86, 242, 289, 393
- Birds, used in augury, 293, 296, 299, 302
- Birth, spirits invoked at, 83, 84, 164
- Blood: taboo on, 33;
- Boissier, G., 391;
- Bona Dea, 484
- Bouché-Leclercq, M., on divination, 310
- Boundary festivals: see Terminalia
- Boundary stones, 81-82, 212;
- Bulla worn by children, 60, 74
- Burial places loca religiosa, 37, 385
- Bussell, F. W., cited, 366, 367
- Caesar, Julius: belief in spells, 59;
- Caesar-worship, 437, 438, 456
- Caird, Professor, 357;
- Cakes: honey, 82;
- Calendar, the ancient religious, 12, 14, 34, 38, 55, 65, 217, 225;
- Calpurnius Piso, L.: see Piso
- Camilli and camillae, 177, 195
- Campus Martius, 34, 447;
- Cannae, religious panic after the battle of, 319
- Cantorelli, on the annales maximi, 290
- Capitolium, 238, 239, 246, 339;
- Caprotinae, Nonae, 143
-
Cardea, 76;
- connection with Janus, 485
- Caristia, 418, 457
- Carmen, meaning of, 186;
- Carmenta, 36, 122, 297
- Carmentalia, 98
- Carna, 117
- Carter, J. B., on cult-titles, 153;
- Cassius Hemina, 349, 356
- Castor and Pollux, 231, 244;
- Cato, the Censor, 121, 132, 182-184, 251, 296, 298, 340
- Catullus, on death, 387
- Censors, lustrum of the, 203, 210, 215, 219
- Census, 215, 218
- Cerealia, 100, 121, 269
- Ceres, 100, 121, 139, 161, 162, 260, 435, 446;
- Cerfius, or Cerus, 158
- Chaldeans, 296;
-
Charms, 59-62;
- see also Amulets
- Chickens, sacred, as omens, 314, 315
- Children: purificatory rites, 28;
- Christianity, early: contributions from the Roman religion, 452-467;
-
Cicero, 58, 178, 296, 309;
- on religiousness of the Romans, 249-250;
- on Titus Coruncanius, 281-282;
- on divination, 299, 312;
- on interest of the gods in human affairs, 360;
- on Stoicism, 365-368, 377;
- on relation of man to God, 370;
- affected by revival of Pythagoreanism, 381, 383, 389;
- turns to mysticism, 384, 388;
- his letters to Atticus, 385;
- his Somnium Scipionis, 383, 386, 412;
- belief in a future life, 389;
- definition of religio, 460
- Claudius, Emperor, 309, 438
-
Claudius Pulcher, P., 315
- Quadrigarius, 39
- Cleanthes, hymn of, 368, 377
- Clusius (or Clusivius), cult-title of Janus, 126
- Coinquenda, 162
- Colonia, religious rites at founding of, 170
- Compitalia, 61, 78, 81, 88, 102
- Concordia, 285
- Conditor, 161
- Confarreatio, marriage by, 83, 130, 274
- Coniuratio, 347, 348, 356
- Consolatio, 388
- Constantius, 430
- Consualia, 101, 139
- Consuls, annual ceremony at the Capitoline temple, 203, 219, 239-240
-
Consus, 285;
- connection with Ops, 482
- Convector, 161
- Conway, Professor, on Quirinus and Quirites, 143
- Cook, A. B., on Jupiter, 128, 141;
- Corn deities, Greek, 255, 259
- Corpus Inscriptionum, 13, 201
- Coruncanius, Titus, 271, 279, 281, 290
- Coulanges, Fustel de, on the Lar, 77
- Crawley, Mr., on the fatherhood of gods, 157;
- Cremation, 382, 395, 398, 401
- Crooke, Mr., on luck in odd numbers, 98
- Cult-titles, invention of, 153
-
Cumont, Professor, on the religion of the Romans, 2;
- on Jupiter, 246
- Cunina, 159
- Cuq, on civil and religious law, 486
- Cura et caerimonia, Cicero's expression, 81, 104, 106, 108, 145, 162, 170, 270, 282, 343, 434, 460
- Curia, 138
- Curiatius, 126
- Cynics, the, 372
-
Days, lucky and unlucky, 38-41;
- see also Dies
- De Marchi, on votive offerings, 201, 202
- Dea Dia, 146;
- Dead: disposal of the, 45, 84, 121, 395, 401;
- Decemviri, 259, 317, 318, 326
- Decius Mus, self-sacrifice of, 206-207, 220, 286, 320
-
Deities, Roman: see also Numen and Spirits;
- sources of our knowledge of, 114-115;
- mental conception of the Romans regarding, 115-117, 122-123, 139-140, 145, 147, 157, 224-225;
- di indigetes, 117, 139, 149, 180, 214;
- functional spirits with will-power, 119;
- the four great gods, 124-134;
- epithets of Pater and Mater applied to, 137, 155-157;
- the question of marriage, 148-152, 166, 350, 481-485;
- fluctuation between male and female, 148-149;
- nomenclature, 118, 149-156, 163;
- compared with Greek gods, 158;
- presence of, at meals, 172-173, 193;
- introduction of new, 96, 229-242, 255-262;
- women's, see Women
- Delphic oracle consulted during Hannibalic war, 323-324, 326
-
Demeter, 255;
- supersession of Ceres by, 100
- Deubner, Professor, his theory of the Lupercalia, 138, 478-480
- Devotio, 206-209, 219-221;
- Di Manes: see Manes
- Di Penates: see Penates
- Diana: associated with Janus, 76, 125, 166;
- Dies comitiales, 103
- Dieterich, on disposal of the dead, 401
- Dill, Professor, on Roman worship, 200
- Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 130, 193, 215, 234, 250
- Dionysus: identified with Liber, 255, 344;
- Dis, black victims sacrificed to, 440
- Dius Fidius, connection with Jupiter, 130, 142
-
Divination, 56, 180;
- a universal instinct of human nature, 292, 306;
- connection with magic, 293, 310;
- views on the origin of, 293;
- formalised by State authorities, 295, 300;
- private, 295;
- quack diviners, 296-298;
- auspicia of family religion, 298-300;
- public, 301;
- duties of the Rex, 302;
- lore preserved in books, 303;
- divination by lightning, 51, 52, 304, 305, 307, 309;
- no lasting value in sphere of religion, 306;
- a clog on progress, 307;
- sinister influence of Etruscan divination on Rome, 307
- Dobschütz, on Christianity, 455
- Dogs: sacrifices: see Sacrifices
- Dolabella, Cornelius, 342
-
Döllinger, Dr., on the Flamen Dialis, 112;
- on prayer, 468
- Domaszewski, von, cited, 99, 110, 154, 167;
- Duhn, Professor von, cited, 31, 89
- Dynamic theory of sacrifice, 177, 184, 190, 194
- Earthquakes, expiation of, 339
- Eilithyia, Greek deity of childbirth, 442, 446, 449
- Ennius, cited, 65, 152, 183, 298, 322, 350, 351, 356
- Epictetus, 369, 372
- Epicurism, 352, 358, 360, 361, 375, 376, 381, 404, 453
- Epicurus, 359
- Epulum Iovis: see Jupiter
- Equirria, 96, 99, 217
- Eschatology, Christian: preparation of the Roman mind for, 454
- Esquiline, 87, 395
- Etruscans, 17;
-
Evil spirits, 11, 29, 75, 76, 84, 93;
- wolf's fat as a charm against, 90
- Evocatio, 58, 206
- Excantatio, 58, 482
- Extipicina, Etruscan rite of, 180
- Fabius Pictor, 161, 261, 318, 320, 323, 326
- Falacer, 122
-
Family (familia): origin and meaning of, 70, 86;
- religion in the, 68, 70, 73, 92, 116, 224, 226-228, 251, 270, 274, 298-300;
- description of the house, 72-73, 87;
- its holy places, 73;
- spirits of the household: see Spirits;
- the Lar familiaris, 77;
- position of slaves, 78;
- religio terminorum, 82;
- marriage, 83;
- childbirth, 83;
- burial of the dead, 73, 92;
- maintenance of the sacra, 274-275
- Fanum, meaning of, 146
- Far, sacred cakes of, 45, 83, 130, 141, 180, 274
- Farnell, Dr., cited, 19, 27, 160, 161, 205;
- Farreus, connection with Jupiter, 130
- Fas, early usage of, 487-488
- Fasti: see Calendar
- Faunalia, 137
-
Faunus, 81, 89, 297, 479;
- connection with Lupercalia, 117
- Februum, meaning of, 210, 222
- Feretrius, cult-title of Jupiter: see Jupiter
- Feriae Iovis, 129
- Feronia, 284, 318
-
Ferrero, on the Carmen saeculare, 431, 450;
- on the ludi saeculares, 440
- Fertility, customs to produce, 100, 106, 143, 210, 222, 479
- Festivals, 78-81, 97, 105;
- Festus, 33, 61, 141, 217
- Fetiales, 31, 130, 143, 157, 251, 434, 488
-
Fides, 154, 446, 450;
- connection with Jupiter, 167
- Fig-tree: sprouting of, on roof of temple, 162;
- Flamen Cerealis, 161, 163
- Flamines, 113, 122, 123, 175, 193, 280, 341, 434;
- Flaminica Dialis, 135, 144;
- Flaminius, 315, 317, 338, 340
- Flora, 122
- Fons, 117, 285
- Forculus, the door spirit, 76
- Fordicidia, 100, 120, 121
- Fornacalia, 173
- Fortuna (Fors Fortuna), 201, 235, 245, 284, 297, 396, 401
- Forum Boarium, human sacrifices, 112, 320
- Fratres Arvales: Acta Fratrum Arvalium, 161, 213, 435;
-
Frazer, Dr. J. G., his definition of religion, 8;
- his theory of divine kingship, 19, 20, 49, 51, 52, 115, 128, 140;
- on totemism, 25, 26;
- on taboo, 30, 34, 47;
- on oscilla, 61, 62, 67;
- on the Parilia, 100, 222;
- on marriage of gods, 144, 149, 150, 152, 155, 156, 165, 350, 481-485;
- on cult of Jupiter, 167;
- on appointment of camillae, 177, 195;
- on Diana, 235;
- on superstition, 264
- Fulgur, cult-title of Jupiter, 129
- Furrina, 18, 117, 122
- Gallus, Aelius, on religiosum, 37
-
Games instituted to divert attention in times of trouble, 262-263;
- Apolline, 326;
- see also Ludi
- Gardner, Professor E., cited, 355
- Gardner, Professor P., on Christianity, 452;
- Gellius, Aulus, on the conjunction of divine names, 150-152;
- Genius: the male principle of life, 30, 92, 154, 317, 332;
- Gennep, M. van, on taboo, 42, 44;
- Gentes, 69, 259
- Georgics, the religious spirit of the, 407
- Ghosts, 75, 85, 91, 92, 107
- Gilds, trade, 230
- Glover, Mr., on Christianity, 456
- God, as represented in the Aeneid, 426
- Gods: see Deities
- Gratitude, not a prominent characteristic of the Roman, 252, 267
- Greek comedy, influence on Roman religion, 351-353
- Greenidge, Dr., on the auspicia and the imperium, 301
- Gregory the Great, 475
-
Gwatkin, Professor, on Augustine, 469;
- on the relation of early Christianity to morality, 471
- Haddon, Professor, on supernaturalism, 21
- Hades, 390, 391
-
Hannibalic War: revival of religio, 315, 317;
- Sibylline books consulted, 316-319, 329;
- sacrifices and offerings made to deities, 318;
- religious panic after battle of Cannae, 319;
- human sacrifices, 320;
- Delphic oracle consulted, 323, 324, 326;
- outbreak of lascivia, 324;
- institution of Apolline games, 326;
- religious history of last years, 327-329;
- gratitude to deities, 329;
- the Magna Mater of Pessinus brought to Rome, 330
- Hardie, Professor, and the double altar in connection with funeral rites, 425
- Hariolus, 297, 298, 311
- Harrison, Miss, on covering the head at sacrifices, 195
-
Haruspices, 296, 313, 337, 338, 397;
- history of the, 307-309
- Hebe, 332
- Heinze, on the Aeneid, 413-415, 419, 426, 427
- Heitland, Mr., on Bacchanalia, 346, 356
- Heracleitus, 257
- Hercules: associated with Diana, 262;
- Hermes, 260
- Hirtzel, Mr., cited, 426
- Homer, religion of, compared with that of Roman patricians, 392
- Honey cakes, 82
-
Honos et Virtus, 285, 446;
- temple, 328
- Horace, 81, 299, 403, 405;
- Hora Quirini, 482-483
-
Horses: lustrations, 96, 215;
- races, 97;
- sacrifice of, see Sacrifices
- Howerth, Ira W., his definition of religion, 8
- Hubert et Mauss, on magic, 64, 65;
- Human sacrifice, 33, 44, 107, 112, 226, 320, 440
- Hut-urns, sepulchral, 87, 477
- Huts or booths, use of, in religious ritual, 473-477
- Huvelin, M., on magic, 64
-
Ides, 39, 65, 95, 251, 484;
- sacred to Jupiter, 129
- Iguvium: ritual, 22, 138, 181, 197;
-
Images and statues of gods, 146, 147, 165, 239, 262, 264, 336, 337;
- statue of Athene, 355
- Immortality, belief in, 69, 386-387, 389, 424
- Imporcitor, 161
- Inauguratio of the priest-king Numa, 174-175, 193
- Incense, 164, 180, 330, 458
- Indigetes, di, 117, 139, 149, 180, 214
- Indigitamenta, 76, 84, 88, 130, 138, 153, 159-161, 163, 165, 168, 281, 286, 291
- Individualism, growth of, 240, 266, 287, 340, 358, 411, 456
- Innocent, Bishop of Rome, 309
- Iron, tabooed in religious ceremonies, 32, 35, 45, 214
-
Isis: religion, 455, 456;
- temple, 433
-
Ius, early usage of, 486-487
- augurale, 296
- civile, 5, 169;
- and the ius divinum, 58, 276-279
- divinum, 13, 24, 33, 38, 49, 68, 104, 106, 107, 128, 146, 227, 228, 241, 271-273, 286, 287, 296, 345;
- and the ius civile, 58, 276-279;
- ritual, 169-191, 467;
- the pontifical books the pharmacopoeia of, 286;
- decay and neglect, 203, 314, 327, 352, 353;
- reaction against, 324, 340-344, 348;
- Augustan revival, 429
- hospitii, 31, 32
- Manium, 387
- Janus: the door spirit, 76, 127, 146;
- Jebb, Professor, on poetry of the Greeks, 424
- Jevons, Dr., 19;
- Jews, proselytising, expelled from Rome, 139 B.C., 397, 402
- Jhering, von, on origin of Roman divination, 293, 294, 311
-
Jordan, H., 13;
- on pairing of deities, 152
- Junius, 315
-
Juno, 121, 479;
- Caprotina, 143;
- Curitis, 144;
- Moneta, 135;
- Populonia, 144;
- Regina, (of Ardea) 318,
- (of the Aventine) 318, 329,
- (of Veii) 135, 206, 284;
- Sospita, 318, 354;
- connection with Hercules, 17;
- with Janus, 126, 135;
- with Jupiter, 136, 144, 166, 443, 444, 446;
- one of the Etruscan trias, 94, 237;
- representative of female principle, 17, 87, 135, 144;
- temples, 135, 172, 237, 328, 329, 354
- Junonius, cult-title of Janus, 126
-
Jupiter, 115, 118, 124, 127, 128, 141, 143, 147, 159, 183, 212;
- difference between Jupiter and Zeus, 141;
- connection with Diana, 76;
- with Dius Fidius, 130, 142, 167, 450;
- with Juno, 136, 144, 166, 443, 444, 446;
- with Juturna, 485;
- with Tellus, 121;
- with Terminus, 82;
- Capitolinus, 120, 129, 204, 205, 237, 238, 240, 241, 318, 319, 333, 367;
- Dapalis, 141;
- Elicius, 36, 50-52, 129, 137;
- Fagutalis, 141;
- Farreus, 130;
- Feretrius, 129, 433;
- Fulgur, 129;
- Grabovius, 187;
- Latiaris, 237, 238;
- Lucetius, 129;
- Sabazius, 402;
- Summanus, 129;
- one of the Etruscan trias, 94, 172, 237, 336;
- cult at Praeneste, 167;
- cult-titles Optimus Maximus, 129, 238;
- Ides sacred to, 129;
- worshipped on Alban Mount, 109, 128, 172;
- epulum Iovis, 172, 263, 268, 336, 338, 353;
- temples, 95, 115, 129, 146, 172, 237-238, 241, 245, 246, 254, 266, 433, 443
-
Juturna, 284, 285;
- connection with Jupiter, 485
- Juventas, in combination with Genius and Hercules, 317, 332
- Kalends, 39, 95, 126, 135, 251, 484
- Kobbert, Maximilianus, on religio, 46
- Kronos, identified with Saturnus, 118
- Lactantius, 156, 165, 388, 459, 461, 462, 469
-
Lang, Mr., 19;
- cited in connection with the calendar of Numa, 105
- Lapis: see Stones
- Laralia: see Compitalia
- Larentia, Acca, 67
- Lar familiaris, 77, 78, 92, 251
- Lares compitales, 61, 117, 132, 186
- Latin Festival: see Feriae Latinae
- Latins, the, 10, 23, 25, 86, 123, 130, 172, 193, 229
- Latona, associated with Apollo, 262
- Laughing, in ritual of Lupercalia, 106, 111
- Laurel branches carried in procession, 265
- Lawson, J. C., on burial and cremation, 91, 400, 401
- Leather, tabooed in the worship of Carmenta, 36
- Lecky, Mr., on Stoicism, 362, 377
- Lectisternium, 263-266, 268, 317-319, 327
- Leges regiae, connection with the ius divinum, 272
- Leland, C. G., 67
-
Lemuria, 40, 85, 98, 107, 401;
- compared with the Parentalia, 393-395
- Lepidus, pontifex maximus, 433, 438
- Liber, 158, 260, 332;
-
Libera, 260;
- identified with Persephone, 255
- Liberalia, 332
- Libitina, 159
- Licinius Imbrex, 151
- Licinius, P., pontifex maximus, 342
- Lightning, divination by, 51, 52, 304, 305, 307, 309
- Limentinus, spirit of the threshold, 76
- Livius Andronicus, 328
-
Livy, cited, 170, 174, 204, 205, 216, 217, 252, 261, 264, 269, 280, 300, 316, 324, 405;
- on Bacchanalia, 346-348
- Lua, 165, 481, 482
- Lucaria, 98
- Lucetius, cult-title of Jupiter, 129
- Lucilius, 156, 183
- Lucretius, cited, 352, 359, 360, 376, 387, 394, 396, 403-406, 453;
- Lucus, meaning of, 146
- Ludi, 44, 95, 122, 204: see also Games
- Lupercalia, 20, 34, 53, 65, 106, 118, 179, 194, 210, 393;
- Luperci, 34, 54, 106, 434, 479
- Lupercus, 478
-
Lustrations: meaning of lustrare, 209-210;
- lustration of the ager paganus, 80, 213;
- of the ager Romanus, 78, 100;
- of ancilia, 96, 217;
- of the army, 96, 100, 215, 217;
- of the arx of Iguvium, 187, 199;
- of cattle and sheep, 100;
- of the city, 214, 317;
- of the farm, 132, 212;
- of horses, 96, 215;
- of people, 31, 216;
- of trumpets, 96, 215;
- animistic conception of, 211;
- ultimately adapted by Roman Church to its own ritual, 211, 218, 457
- Luthard, on Roman religion, 288
- Macrobius, cited, 28, 196, 206, 208, 219, 220, 484
- Macte esto, meaning of the phrase, 182, 183, 197, 442
- Magic: allied to taboo, 27, 47;
- Magna Mater of Pessinus, brought to Rome, 330, 344, 348
- Maia, 165, 166;
- Maiestas, 151, 484
- Mana, the positive aspect of taboo, 27, 30, 42, 48, 60
- Manes, 39, 50, 75, 85, 92, 102, 106, 121, 208, 320, 341, 391, 392;
- Mania, mother of the Lares, 61
- Manilius, his poem on astrology, 396
-
Mannhardt, his theory of the Vegetation-spirit, 19-20, 478;
- on laughing in ritual of the Lupercalia, 111-112
- Marcellus, 315, 328
- Marcius, Latin oracles supposed to be written by, 326
- Marcius Rex, praetor, 339
- Marcus Aurelius, 369, 429
- Marett, Mr., on taboo, 42, 45;
-
Marquardt, on Roman religion, 13, 16;
- on naming of children, 42
- Marriage: a religious ceremony, 83, 177, 274, 279;
- Mars, 124, 129, 147, 204, 208, 215, 246, 319;
- Martianus Capella, 308
-
Masson, Dr., 357, 395;
- on Roman fear of future torments, 391
- Mastarna, Etruscan name of Servius Tullus, 237, 246
- Masurius Sabinus, 90
- Matutinus, cult-title of Janus, 126
-
Meals, sacrificial, 172, 173, 193, 436;
- epulum Iovis: see under Jupiter
- Megalesia, 330
- Mens, 285
- Mercurius (Hermes), 260, 262, 268, 484
- Messor, 161
- Mildew, spirit of the: see Robigus
- Minerva, one of the Etruscan trias, 94, 237;
- Minium, faces painted with, 82, 115, 336
- Minucius Felix, 461
- Mithras, religion of, 455, 456, 464
- Moirae (Parcae), 442, 446
- Mola salsa: see Salt-cake
- Moles, 150, 154, 158
- Mommsen, cited, 200, 440;
- Mucius Scaevola: see Scaevola
- Murus, 94
- Mysticism, 380-398, 404;
- Neo-Pythagoreanism: see Mysticism
- Neptunalia, 474
- Neptunus, 117;
- Nerio: connection with Mars, 150-151, 166;
- Nettleship, Professor, on the phrase macte esto, 197;
- Nigidius Figulus, 299, 384, 397
-
Nones, 39, 95, 251;
- Nonae Caprotinae, 143
- Numa Pompilius, priest-king: Livy's account of his inauguratio, 174-175;
- Numbers, mystic, 98, 328, 334, 441, 449
- Numen, 34, 111, 250, 264, 364, 365, 367, 407;
- Oak-gods, 125, 129, 141, 143
- Oaths: connection of Castor and Pollux with, 232;
- Oberator, 161
- October horse, 20, 34, 65, 106;
- Odd numbers, luck in, 98
- Ollae, worship of, 489-490
- Opalia, 101
- Opiconsiva, 101
- Ops, 156;
-
Oracles, 339, 354;
- see also Delphic oracle
- Orcus, 166;
- Orosius, 333
-
Orphic doctrine, 381;
- tablets, 398
-
Oscilla, 61, 67;
- Dr. Frazer's theory, 61;
- see also Puppets
- Otto, W., on connection of religio with practice of taboo, 46
- Ovid, on Roman gods, 22;
- Paganalia, 61, 62, 67, 102
- Pagus: the familia in relation to, 71;
-
Pais, on Acca Larentia, 67;
- on the Tarquinii and Mastarna, 245
-
Palatine: Carmen saeculare sung on the, 443-447, 450;
- temple of Apollo, 443-445
- Pales, 122, 149
- Panaetius: and the Scipionic circle, 363-364, 453;
- Pantheism, Stoic, 366-368
- Papirius, the consul, 314, 315, 331
-
Parentalia, 40, 107, 387, 401, 418, 457;
- compared with the Lemuria, 393-395
- Parilia, 100, 120, 193, 222, 474
- Pater and Mater, as applied to deities, 155-157
-
Patricians, 259, 304;
- religious system a monopoly of, 229
- Patulcius, cult-title of Janus, 126
- Pax (deity), 446, 451
- Pax deorum, 169, 224, 261, 264, 272, 276, 286, 302, 328, 329;
- Pebble-rain, 316, 329, 332
- Penates, 73, 74, 86, 92, 116, 193
- Persephone, 255
- Peter, R., on Indigitamenta, 160
- Petronius, on ceremony of the aquaelicium, 64
- Philodemus, 359, 375
- Picus, 297
- Pietas, 174, 227, 250, 254, 387, 405, 409-412, 466;
- Piso, L. Calpurnius, 51-53, 484
-
Pius, 63, 462;
- see Pietas
- Plague, Sibylline books consulted at outbreak of, 261
- Plato, 258, 381
- Plautus, 151, 351-352
- Playwrights, their influence on Roman religion, 240, 351, 353
- Plebeians, 105, 170;
- Pliny, 51, 256;
-
Polybius, cited, 250, 253, 316, 363, 369, 390;
- on religion, 336
- Pomoerium, 94, 214, 225, 230, 231
-
Pomona (or Pomunus), 122, 149;
- connection with Vertumnus, 485
- Pompeianus, prefect of Rome, 309
- Pomponius, 278, 289
- Pons sublicius: no iron used in building, 35;
- Pontifex Maximus, 175, 271, 280, 341;
-
Pontifices, 120, 177, 200, 341;
- share in festivals, 106, 139;
- the question of their origin, 180, 195, 271;
- insignia of, 193;
- College of, 271;
- open to plebeians, 268, 271, 279;
- legal side of their work, 272-276;
- the XII. Tables, 58, 276-278, 289;
- self-elected, 276;
- abolition of legal monopoly, 279;
- work of, in third century b.c., 282;
- admission of new deities, 284;
- compilation of annals, 285;
- collection of religious formulae, 287;
- the Pontifical books, 76, 159, 182, 197, 283, 285-286
- Porca praecidanea, rite of the, 121, 183, 191
- Portunus, 118, 122
- Poseidon, identified with Neptunus, 118
- Posidonius, 250, 365, 367, 382-384, 398
-
Prayers, 76, 106, 126, 153, 215, 224, 225, 251;
- at the inauguratio of the priest-king Numa, 175;
- at making of new clearing, 169, 182;
- at sacrifices, 181-191;
- at flowering of the pear-trees, 182;
- when wine is offered, 182;
- for the ceremony of lustration, 183;
- form and manner of Roman, 185, 189, 196;
- magical survivals in, 188-189;
- in ritual of Ludi saeculares, 442, 449, 468
- Precatio, 53, 166
- Priests: see Pontifices
- Processions: of lustratio, adapted to the ritual of the Roman Church, 211, 218, 457;
-
Procuratio, 316, 328;
- fulminis, 115
- Prodigia, 281, 316, 324, 325, 328, 338, 339, 354
- Promitor, 161
- Propertius, 22, 147, 403
- Proserpina, black victims sacrificed to, 440
- Pudor, 446
- Pulvinaria, 337, 338
- Punic War: see Hannibalic War
- Puppets: Argei thrown into Tiber, 54, 105, 321;
- Purification: see Lustrations
- Puticuli, 395, 401
- Pythagoras, legend of a religious connection between Numa and, 349, 381
- Pythagoreanism, 349, 380-381
- Pythagoreans, 98
- Quindecemviri, 440, 442
- Quinquatrus, 217
- Quirinal, 134
- Quirinus, 94, 118, 124, 143, 147, 246;
- Quirites, 134, 143
- Rain-making: see Aquaelicium
- Ramsay, Sir W. M., 465
- Red colouring in sacred rites and its connection with blood, 89, 177, 194
- Redarator, 161
- Regia, 45, 105, 106, 271, 288;
- Regifugium, 99
- Reinach, M. Salomon, cited, 26, 42, 114, 131, 481
- Religio, 9, 28, 30, 36, 38, 72, 76, 83, 85, 93, 104, 106, 174, 223, 227, 241, 248, 261, 263, 267, 270, 273, 282, 287, 294, 364, 405, 407;
- Religio Larium, 79
- Religion, definitions of, 7-9;
-
Roman: a highly formalised system, 3, 63, 103-104, 200, 226, 248-249, 340;
- compared with Roman law, 5;
- a technical subject, 6;
- its difficulties, 13;
- aid from archaeology and anthropology, 16-20, 25;
- primitive survivals in, 24, 30;
- examples of real magic in, 50, 53-54;
- a reality, 62-63, 103, 249;
- in the family, see Family;
- of the State, 93, 105, 226-228, 270;
- the Calendar of Numa the basis of our knowledge of, 94-109;
- moral influence mainly disciplinary, 108, 228;
- Greek influence, 120, 255-262, 346, 350-353;
- Roman ideas of divinity, 115-117, 122-123, 145-164;
- ritual of the ius divinum, 169-222;
- personal purity essential in all worshippers, 178;
- discouraged individual development, 226;
- introduction of new deities, 96, 229-242, 255-262;
- priesthoods limited to patrician families, 229;
- religious instinct of the Romans, 249;
- neglect and decay, 263-265, 287, 314, 429;
- growth of individualism, 240, 266, 287, 340, 358, 411, 456;
- Sibylline influence, 242, 255-262;
- secularisation of, 270-291;
- sinister influence of Etruscan divination, 307-309, 346;
- see Divination;
- used for political purposes, 336;
- attempt to propagate Pythagoreanism, 349-350, 381;
- destitution of Romans in regard to idea of God and sense of duty, 357-358;
- no remedy in Epicurism, 361;
- arrival of Stoicism: see Stoicism and Mysticism;
- belief in future torments, 390;
- religion compared with that of Homer, 392;
- early Christianity, 396;
- religious feeling in Virgil's poems, 403-427;
- Augustan revival, 428-451;
- contributions to the Latin form of Christianity, 452-472;
- see also Prayer and Sacrifice
- Renan, cited, 185
- Renel, M., cited, 26
-
Réville, M. Jean, on the formalism of the Roman religion, 3;
- his definition of religion, 8
- Rex Nemoreusis, 235
- Ridgeway, Professor, on the Flamen Dialis, 112;
- Rivers, Dr., on the ritual aspect of religion among the Todas, 489-490
-
Robertson Smith, Professor, 19, 26, 27, 172, 221;
- on the Feast of the Tabernacles, 476
- Robigalia, 139, 196
-
Robigus, 100, 117, 122, 146, 179, 434;
- Ovid's version of prayer to, 197
- Roman Church, survival of old religious practices in the, 25, 211, 218, 456-458, 469
- Romulus, 51, 130, 135
- Roscher, Dr., 141
- Sacellum, meaning of, 146
- Sacer and sacramentum, 36, 277, 464
- Sacred utensils, worship of, 436, 489-490
-
Sacrifices, 29, 90, 224, 225;
- description of the act, 179-181;
- honorific, 172, 173;
- piacular, 35, 172, 173, 182, 189, 191, 208, 273, 436;
- sacramental, 141, 172;
- vicarious, 208;
- dynamic theory of, 177, 184, 190, 194;
- meals in connection with, 172, 173, 193, 436;
- mystic use of blood, 34, 82;
- victim must be acceptable to the deity, 179;
- women and strangers excluded from rites, 29-31;
- prayers at, 181-191;
- sacrifice of cakes, 82, 83, 180, 183, 184;
- cow, 100, 120, 436;
- dog, 181, 197, 216, 434;
- goat, 54, 106, 179, 479;
- horse, 34, 97, 105, 179;
- lamb, 37, 82, 436;
- ox, 132, 179, 212, 215, 444;
- pig, 82, 132, 170, 179, 212, 215, 436;
- red dog, 179, 310;
- salt-cake, 73, 207;
- sheep, 132, 179, 181, 212, 215, 434;
- sow, 121, 183;
- white heifer, 172, 177, 239;
- wine, 82, 180, 182-184, 196;
- see also Human sacrifice
- Sacrificium, meaning of, 171, 464
- Sacrum, 171, 254
- Saeculum, the old Italian idea of a, 440
-
St. Augustine, cited, 58, 76, 120, 149, 159, 163, 297, 430, 458;
- on Decius, 220
- Sainte Beuve, on Virgil, 404
- St. Paul, 455, 466-468
-
Salacia, 165;
- connection with Neptunus, 483
- Salii, 40, 96, 110, 132, 133, 143, 176, 182, 217, 229, 434;
- Sallust, 405
- Salt-cake, 73, 207
- Salus, 154, 285
- Sanctus, meaning of, 463-464, 470
- Sarritor, 161
- Saturnalia, 81, 99, 101-103, 107, 112
- Saturnus, 101, 111, 118, 318;
- Sayce, Professor, 155
- Scaevola, P. Mucius, 283
- Scipio, the elder, 240, 247, 267, 340, 354;
- Scott, Sir Walter, compared with Virgil, 408
- Sellar, Professor, on Virgil, 404, 406
- Sementivae, festival, 79, 89
- Senatusconsultum de Bacchanalibus, 347, 348, 356
- Seneca, 369, 378, 438, 455
- Septimontium, 110
- Servius, cited, 58, 62, 119, 120, 134, 138, 142, 143, 146, 183, 184, 194, 210
- Sibyl of Cumae, 257-258
- Sibylline books, 173, 242, 255-257, 261, 323;
- Silvanus, 76, 81, 89, 132, 142
- Slaves, 53, 78, 395, 401, 474;
- Sodales Titienses, 434
- Sol, image of, on the Palatine, 445, 447, 450
- Sondergötter, Usener's theory of, 161-164, 168
- Spells, 48, 53, 57-59, 208, 221;
- Spes, 285
-
Spirits, 34, 58;
- agricultural, 161, 251, 285;
- dead, see Ghosts;
- of the doorway, 75-76, 92, 127;
- evil, see Evil spirits;
- household, 11, 68, 73, 74, 77, 83, 84, 86, 92, 104, 193;
- spring, 92;
- water, 285;
- woodland, 76, 81, 83, 92, 132;
- development into dei, 116, 117, 119, 120, 123-124, 161, 165;
- see also Deities and Numen
- Spolia opima, 138, 141, 288;
- Stanley, on religion and morality, 292
-
Statues and busts at Rome, first mention of, 340, 354;
- see also Images
- Stoicism, 359, 377, 381-383;
- Stones: lapis manalis, 50;
- Strangers, fear of, 30-32
- Stubbs, Bishop, 103
- Subrincator, 161
- Subterranean altar, black victims offered at, 440, 445
- Suffimenta, 441, 442, 449
- Sulpicius, consul 211 b.c., 337
- Summanus, cult-title of Jupiter, 129
- Suovetaurilia, 132, 212, 215
-
Superstitio, 106, 355, 361, 405;
- temple of Isis condemned as a centre of, 433
- Supplicatio, 262, 265, 269, 337;
-
Tabernacles, Feast of the, 475, 476
Taboo, 25, 83, 223;
- definition of, 27;
- its ethical value, 28;
- on children, 28;
- on women, 29;
- on strangers, 30-32;
- on criminals, 32;
- on inanimate objects, 32;
- on places, 36;
- on times and seasons, 38-41;
- on iron, 35, 44, 214;
- on leather, 36;
- on the Flamen Dialis, 33-35, 44, 45, 108, 109, 327, 342, 343;
- on the Flaminica Dialis, 35
- Tacitus, 398
- Tarentum, sacrifices on subterranean altar, 440, 445
- Tarquinii, the, 146, 237, 245
- Tellus (Terra Mater), 100, 120, 122, 136, 138, 139, 156, 158, 161, 162, 320, 435, 442, 446;
- Tempestates, 285
-
Temples: absence of, in earliest Rome, 146;
- restored by Augustus, 343; Aesculapius, 260;
- Apollo, on the Palatine, 443-445;
- Bona Dea on the Aventine, 484;
- Castor, 231, 244;
- Ceres, Liber, and Libera, 255-257, 269, 344;
- Consus, 285;
- Dea Dia, 161;
- Diana, on the Aventine, 95, 147, 234, 237, 244;
- Isis, 433;
- Janus, 126;
- Juno Moneta, 135, 328-329;
- Juno Sospita, 354;
- Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva, 146, 172, 237-238, 246, 254, 443;
- Jupiter Feretrius, on the Capitol, 95, 115, 129-130, 146, 147, 203, 245, 266, 433;
- Jupiter Latiaris, on the Alban Hill, 237, 238, 245;
- Mars, 133;
- Minerva, on the Aventine, 233, 234, 244;
- Pales, 285;
- Tellus, 285;
- Vertumnus, 285;
- Vesta, see Vesta: aedes
- Terminalia, 34, 193, 196
- Terminus, 82, 117, 239
- Terra Mater, see Tellus
- Tertullian, cited, 159, 163, 459, 461, 465
- Theodosian code, 430
- Tiberius, 429, 438, 447
- Tibicines, 180, 195, 233, 445
-
Tibullus, cited, 22, 80, 147, 178, 403;
- on use of huts at rural festivals, 474
- Time, religious or mystical conception of, 440-441, 449
-
Toga praetexta, worn by priests and children, 29, 42, 50, 61, 74, 84, 175-177, 194-195, 436
- virilis, 42
- Tombstones, memorial, first mention of, 341
- Totemism, 25-27
- Toutain, M., 26
- Tozer, Mr., on Dante, 419
- Trade: deities brought to Rome by, 230;
- Trasimene, outbreak of religio after the battle of, 318
- Treaties, Jupiter's connection with, 130
- Tripodatio, 187, 198
- Tubilustrium, 96, 217
- Turiae, Laudatio, cited, 389
- Turnus, 483
- Tylor, Dr., 26, 49, 74, 293
- Usener, H., 19, 138, 160;
- Vacuna of Reate, 284, 290
- Valerius Antias, 52, 115, 137
- Varro, cited, 16, 59, 76, 79, 81, 89, 103, 120, 125, 142, 143, 149, 156, 159, 168, 210, 222, 235, 251, 321
- Vates, meaning of, 297-298
- Vedic ritual, 185
- Vegetation-spirit, Mannhardt's theory, 19, 20, 478
- Venilia, 483
- Venus, connection with Volcanus, 166
- Ver sacrum, 196, 204-205, 318
- Verbenarius, 31, 43
- Verrius Flaccus, 16, 30
- Vertumnus, 147, 291;
- Vervactor, 161
- Vesta, 73, 74, 76, 92, 116, 126, 136, 137, 140, 147, 481;
- Vestal virgins, 53, 113, 120, 139, 175, 177, 194, 320;
- Vicus, 71
- Vilicus, 78
- Vinalia, 100
- Virgil, on religio, 37;
- Virites, 150, 158
- Virtus, 446
- Volcanalia, 98, 101
- Volcanus, 118, 122, 124;
- Volturnus, 117, 118, 122, 124
- Vortumnus, 165, 284
- Vows, 188, 226, 286;
- Waltzing, on Roman trades, 233
- Westcott, Bishop, on Augustine, 458
- Westermarck, Dr., cited, 31, 44, 123, 179;
- Williamowitz-Moellendorf, on Hercules, 243
-
Wine, used at sacrifices, 82, 180, 182-184;
- as a substitute for blood, 196
- Winter, J. G., cited, 243
-
Wissowa, Georg, cited, 13, 14, 16-18, 33, 36, 112, 122, 146, 193, 199, 319, 440;
- on dies religiosi, 38-40;
- on the Argei, 54, 55, 65, 111, 321, 322;
- on the ritual of the Salii, 97;
- his list of di indigetes, 117, 139;
- on Faunus, 118;
- on Janus, 126, 141;
- on Mars, 142;
- on the Indigitamenta, 159, 161-163, 168;
- on cult of Jupiter, 167;
- on prayer, 198;
- on Hercules, 243;
- on Hebe, 332;
- on Carmen saeculare, 444, 450
- Wolf's fat, used as a charm against evil spirits, 83, 90
-
Women, 264, 265;
- taboo on, 29;
- excluded from certain sacrificial rites, 29-30;
- at the ceremony of the aquaelicium, 64;
- rites to produce fertility, 54, 106, 143, 479;
- oaths used by, 244;
- excitement among, during Hannibalic war, 324;
- rebellion against the ius divinum, 344;
- festivals, 143, 346, 443, 450;
- deities, 135, 235, 272, 297, 318, 332, 479
- Wordsworth, compared with Virgil, 407
-
Zeller, cited, 351, 356;
- on human law and divine law, 371
- Zeus, 367
- Zosimus, cited, 309, 439, 449, 450