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The Sanskrit drama

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About This Book

A scholarly study traces the origins, development, theory, and practice of classical Indian drama written in Sanskrit and Prākrit, examining ritual and Vedic antecedents, the Nāṭyaśāstra’s account of divine origin, and debates prompted by newly discovered early fragments. It analyzes major dramatists and representative plays through the first millennium, outlines technical principles of poetics and stagecraft—such as rasa, characterization, metre, and performance conventions—and distinguishes theoretical prescriptions from later imitative works. The author confines discussion to literary-dramatic traditions, omitting vernacular theatre, and emphasizes how textual confusion in sources complicates but also illuminates understanding of classical dramatic art.

[Contents]

M

Madana Bālasarasvatī, author of the Pārijātamañjarī, 256.

Madanamālā, a hetaera, 134.

Madanamañjarī, and a Kāpālika, 193, n. 2;
a hetaera, 261.

Madanavatī, a female character, 260.

Madanikā, in the Mṛcchakaṭikā, 135.

Madayantikā, in the Mālatīmādhava, 188, 193.

Mādhava, author of the Subhadrāharaṇa, 268, 342, 357.

Mādhava, hero of the Mālatīmādhava, 62, 139, 187 ff., 306, 308.

Mādhavasena, a prince, 147.

Madhuka, a seer, 99.

Madhusūdana, redactor of the Mahānāṭaka, 270, 271, n. 1, 272.

Madhyama, in the Madhyamavyāyoga, 96.

Madness, of Purūravas, as a dramatic motif, 150.

Magadhavatī, a hetaera, 84.

Māgha, poet (date, Jacobi, SBAW., 1923, p. 214), 284.

Magic, 111, 234.

Magic arts, in the Ratnāvalī, 172, 173;
in the Priyadarçikā, 174;
in the Nāgānanda, 175.

Magic gazelle, in the Rāma legend, 221.

Magic ring, conferring invisibility, 101, 112.

Magicians, tricks of, 112, 172, 173, 176, 234.

Mahādeva, author of the Adbhutadarpaṇa, 246, 247.

Mahādeva, father of Jayadeva, 244.

Mahākāla, deity of Ujjayinī, 186.

Mahākavi, ancestor of Bhavabhūti, 186.

Mahānindaka, a holy man, 262.

Mahārāja Bhāskaradatta, father of Viçākhadatta, 204.

Mahārāṇa Meru, of Raypur, 270.

Māhārāṣṭrī lyric, 146.

Mahāsena, Pradyota, 102, 130.

Mahāvīra, speech of, 87;
idol of, 254.

Mahāvrata rite, relation of, to drama, 21, 24, 26, 37, 39, 45, 51, 73, 112.

Mahāyāna school, 80;
Greek influence on the, 58.

Mahāyātrika, a comic astrologer, 262.

Mahendrapāla, of Mahodaya, 232.

Mahendravikramavarman, an author, 93, 182–5.

Maheçvara, father of Çan̄karalāla, 270.

Mahiman Bhaṭṭa, writer on poetics, 294, 322.

Mahīpāla, of Mahodaya, 232.

Māhiṣas, colour of, 366.

Māhiṣmatī, capital of the Kalacuris, 226.

Mahomedan influence on decadence of Hindu drama, 242, 371.

Maitreya, a character in the Kaumudīmitrāṇanda, 259.

Maitreya, Cārudatta’s Vidūṣaka, 139.

Makaranda, in the Mālatīmādhava, 188, 193, 308, 338.

Makaranda, friend of Mitrāṇanda, 259.

Mālatī, in the Mālatīmādhava, 187 ff., 308.

Mālava era, 144.

Mālavikā, heroine of the Mālavikāgnimitra, 62, 63, 148, 149, 158, n. 1, 159, 165, 309.

Malayaketu, in the Mudrārākṣasa, 205 f.

Malayavatī, heroine of the Nāgānanda, 174, 306.

Mallikā, heroine of the Mallikāmāruta, 257, 258.

Mallinātha, commentator on Kālidāsa, 145.

Mālyavant, minister of Rāvaṇa, 189, 190, 194, 227, 228, 229, 233, 246.

Mammaṭa, writer on poetics, 171, 295, 323, 324.

Man about town, 285.

Man of taste, 318, 368, 370.

Mandākinī, a magician, 257, 258.

Maṇḍaleçvara Bhaṭṭa, father of Mādhava, 268.

Mandara, Mount, 98.

Mandārikā, a friend of a Viṭa, 264.

Mandārikā, a servant, 313.

Mandasor Praçasti (A.D. 473), imitates Kālidāsa, 146.

Mandodarī, wife of Rāvaṇa, 190, 246.

Maṇicūḍa, legend of, 168.

Manifestation of affection (narmasphoṭa), 327.

Maṇika, author of the Bhairavānanda, 248.

Man̄kha, poet, 75, n. 3, 225, 259.

Manners or styles (vṛttis), 12, 331, 332;
in relation to types of dramas, 346–51.

Manoramā, an attendant in the Priyadarçikā, 174, 362.

Manovatī, acts part of Rambhā, 49.

Mantharā, a slave woman, 189, 227, 228.

Mantragupta, and Kanakalekhā, 193, n. 2.

Manu, censures actors, 363.

Māra, enemy of the Buddha, 180, 284.

Mārīca, in the Çakuntalā, 126, 154, 158;
in the Rāma legend, 271. [384]

Mārkaṇḍeya, Prākrit grammarian, 336.

Marriage, celebrated by painting scene of it, 102, 203.

Māruta, hero of the Mallikāmāruta, 257, 258.

Maruts and Indra, dialogue of, 14, 19, 20.

Mārwār, use of Apabhraṅça in, 287.

Masks, possible use of, 365, n. 1.

Mātali, charioteer of Indra, 154, 157, 160, 303, 325.

Matan̄ga, enemy of Jīmūtavāhana, 178.

Māthura, in the Mṛcchakaṭikā, 135.

Mathurā, as home of drama, 41, 70, 74.

Mathurādāsa, author of the Vṛṣabhānujā, 257.

Mātṛgupta, a poet, 291, n. 2, 232, 315, n. 1, 360.

Mātrarāja, see Anan̄gaharṣa.

Matrona, of Greco-Roman drama, 65.

Mattavilāsa, epithet of Mahendravikramavarman, 182.

Matters unfit for stage representation, 300, 301.

Maudgalyāyana, a disciple of the Buddha, 81, 84.

Maukhari king, Avantivarman, 204.

Max Müller, theory of origin of the drama, 15.

May-day merriment, in England, 41.

Māyurāja, author of Udāttarāghava, 221, 223, 297.

Māyūrāja, variant of Māyurāja, 221, n. 1.

Megasthenes, refers to the Kordax, 42, n. 1.

Meghanāda, son of Rāvaṇa, 190, 229, 246.

Meghaprabhācārya, dramatist, 55, 269.

Mekhalā, a maidservant, 235.

Melanthos, legend of, 37, 38.

Men, play women’s parts, 36, 362.

Menakā, mother of Çakuntalā, 152.

Menander, comedy of, 60.

Menander, king, conquests of, 59, 60.

Mercenary soldiers, reflected in figure of Çakāra, 66.

Merchants, or guildsmen, speech of, 87, 141, 336;
form of names, 313;
as heroes of the Prakaraṇa, 346;
the Prakaraṇikā, 348.

Meru, Mahārāṇa of Raypur, 270.

Message, as dramatic device, 303.

Messenger, of hero, 311, 312;
of heroine, 313.

Metre, influence of lyrics on, 77;
of Açvaghoṣa, 89, 90;
Bhāsa, 123, 124;
Mṛcchakaṭikā, 142;
Kālidāsa, 167, 168;
Harṣa, 181;
Mahendravikramavarman, 185;
Bhavabhūti, 203;
Viçākhadatta, 212;
Bhaṭṭa Nārāyaṇa, 219;
Rājaçekhara, 234, 236, 238;
Kṣemīçvara, 240;
Jayadeva, 246;
Kṛṣṇamiçra, 253;
Uddaṇḍin, 258;
use of, in accord with sentiments, 331;
in the Samavakāra, 346.

Mewār, defeat of Jayatala of, by the Mahomedans, 249, 250.

Middle, for active, in Bhāsa, 120.

Midsummer Night’s Dream, Sanskrit version of, 251.

Mīlacchrīkāra, a Mahomedan, 250.

Mildness (mṛdava), 329.

Miles gloriosus, of Greco-Roman drama, 65;
Rāvaṇa as a, 105.

Military spectacle, see Vyāyoga.

Mīmāṅsā view of sentiment, 316.

Mime, Greek, alleged influence of, on Indian drama, 67, 68.

Mimes, in India, 49, 57.

Mimesis, Aristotelian doctrine of, 355.

Mimetic art, 12, 296.

Mind, movements of, as related to the sentiments, 320.

Minister, appropriate hero for a Prakaraṇa, 306, 346;
how addressed, 314;
where placed in the auditorium, 370.

Mirror of knowledge, an allegorical character, 254.

Mirth (hāsa), as the basis of the comic sentiment, 323.

Mise-en-scène, 364–9.

Mitrāṇanda, hero of the Kaumudīmitrāṇanda, 258, 259.

Mitrāvasu, prince of the Siddhas, 174, 175, 178.

Miyāṇalladevī, a princess, 256.

Mlecchas, 249, 312.

Mohanadāsa, commentator on the Mahānāṭaka, 270.

Mōkos, compared with Vidūṣaka, 67.

Mokṣāditya, author of the Bhīmavikramavyāyoga, 266.

Monkey, escape of, as a dramatic motif, 175.

Monmohan Chakravarti, on date of Kālidāsa, 144.

Monologue, see Bhāṇa.

Moon of Discrimination, an allegorical character, 254.

Mṛgān̄kalekhā, a hetaera, 262.

Mṛgān̄kāvalī, a princess, 234, 235.

Mṛgarājalakṣman, 212.

Mudgala hymn (RV. x. 102), 18.

Muhammad II, of Gujarāt, 251.

Muktāpīḍa Lalitāditya, of Kashmir, defeats Yaçovarman of Kanyakubja, 186.

Mūlanāçaka, a barber, 261.

Munisuvrata, temple of, 248.

Muñja (A.D. 974–95), a king, of Dhārā, 292, 293.

Muralā, a river, 191.

Murāri, author of the Anargharāghava, 225–31, 242, 244, 259, 271, 352. [385]

Mureçvara, a Çaiva ascetic, 262, 263.

Muṣṭika, slain by Kṛṣṇa, 100, 110.

Music, 16, 25, 44, 49, 50, 291, 292, 339, 350, 351, 352.

Mystery of things, in Bhavabhūti, 195.