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The Sanskrit drama

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About This Book

A scholarly study traces the origins, development, theory, and practice of classical Indian drama written in Sanskrit and Prākrit, examining ritual and Vedic antecedents, the Nāṭyaśāstra’s account of divine origin, and debates prompted by newly discovered early fragments. It analyzes major dramatists and representative plays through the first millennium, outlines technical principles of poetics and stagecraft—such as rasa, characterization, metre, and performance conventions—and distinguishes theoretical prescriptions from later imitative works. The author confines discussion to literary-dramatic traditions, omitting vernacular theatre, and emphasizes how textual confusion in sources complicates but also illuminates understanding of classical dramatic art.

[Contents]

PRINTED IN
GREAT BRITAIN
AT THE
UNIVERSITY PRESS
OXFORD
BY
CHARLES BATEY
PRINTER
TO THE
UNIVERSITY

Colophon

Availability

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This eBook is produced by the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at www.pgdp.net.

The new cover art included with this eBook is hereby granted to the public domain.

Metadata

Encoding

Apparent errors in this book have been corrected (with those corrections listed in the colophon).

The Sanskrit transliteration in this book uses the ç for and for where modern conventions use ś and respectively. This has not been changed.

In addition to the sources given in the list of abbreviations, the following works have also been referenced:

BEFEO. Bulletin de l’École Française d’Extrême-Orient.
BKM. Bṛhatkathāmañjarī.
DKC. Daçakumāracarita.
ERE. L. H. Gray, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics.
KSS. Kathāsaritsāgara.
NS. Nirṇaya Sāgara (Press).

As well as the following:

  • Bendall, Brit. Mus. Catal.: C. Bendall, Catalogue of the Sanskrit manuscripts in the British Museum.
  • Bhandarkar, R. G., Report (1897): R. G. Bhandarkar, Report on the search for Sanskrit Manuscripts in the Bombay Presidency, during the years 1887–88, 1888–89, 1889–90 and 1890–91 (publ. Bombay, 1897).
  • Bhandarkar, Report (1907): S. R. Bhandarkar, Report of a second tour in search of Sanskrit manuscripts made in Rajputana and Central India in 1904–5 and 1905–6.
  • Epigr. Ind.: Epigraphia Indica.
  • Haraprasād, Nepal Catal.: Hara Prasād Śāstri, A Catalogue of palm-leaf and selected paper Mss. belonging to the Durbar Library, Nepal.
  • Haraprasād, Report (1901): Report on the search of Sanskrit manuscripts (1895 to 1900).
  • Hultszch, Reports: E. Hultszch, Reports On Sanskrit Manuscripts In Southern India.
  • India Office Catal.: Catalogue of the Sanskrit Manuscripts in the library of the India Office.
  • Keith, Sansk. Lit.: A. B. Keith, A history of Sanskrit literature.
  • Lassen, Anth. Sanscr.: Ch. Lassen, Anthologia Sanscritica glossario instructa.
  • Peterson, Reports: P. Peterson, Three Reports on a search for Sanskrit manuscripts, with a Index of Books.
  • Peterson, Subhāṣitāvali: The Subhâshitâvali Of Vallabhacharya, edited by P. Peterson and Pandit Durgâprasâda.
  • Rājendralālamitra, Bikaner Catal.: Rájendralála Mitra, A Catalogue of Sanskrit Manuscripts in the Library of His Highness the Mahárájá of Bikáner.
  • Regnaud, Rhétorique sanskrite: P. Regnaud, La Rhétorique sanskrite exposée dans son développement historique et ses rapports avec la rhétorique classique.
  • Ridgeway’s Dramas, &c.: W. Ridgeway, The dramas and dramatic dances of non-European races in special reference to the origin of Greek tragedy, with an appendix on the origin of Greek comedy.
  • Seshagiri, Report for 1896–97: Seshagiri Sastri, Report on a search for Sanskrit and Tamil manuscripts for the year 1896–97.
  • Wilson: H. H. Wilson, Select Specimens of the Theatre of the Hindus (2nd ed.), 2 vols.
  • Windisch, Sansk. Phil.: E. Windisch, Geschichte der Sanskrit-Philologie und indischen Altertumskunde.

Revision History

  • 2024-07-26 Started.

Corrections

The following 172 corrections have been applied to the text:

Page Source Correction Edit distance
18, 22, 149, 267, 306, 333, 334, 335, 348, 350, 363, 377, 385, 385, 391, 396, 396, 398 [Not in source] . 1
22 Pali Pāli 1 / 0
24, 49 role rôle 1 / 0
26 pantomic pantomimic 2
29, 107, 149, 167, 222, 244, 286, 314, 394, 401, 403 [Not in source] , 1
29 hugh huge 1
33, 371 [Not in source] the 4
44 Ajaṇṭā Ajantā 2 / 0
51 Vidūṣaka Vidûṣaka 1 / 0
51, 187 Cimmini Cimmino 1
51 et e 1
52 Nisiḳâṅta Niṣikânta 3 / 0
62 permitsthe permits the 1
67, 326, 386 . , 1
69 Levi Lévi 1 / 0
69 north west north-west 1
70 Amarakosa Amarakoça 1
74 40f. 40 f. 1
83 Venīsaṁhāra Veṇīsaṁhāra 1 / 0
83 Çariputraprakaraṇa Çāriputraprakaraṇa 1 / 0
91 Gaüdavaha Gaüḍavaha 1 / 0
95, 316 Nāṭyaçastra Nāṭyaçāstra 1 / 0
102 Le La 1
102 Bṛhaṭkathā Bṛhatkathā 1 / 0
103 Tis. Trs. 1
107 is in 1
108 thst that 1
117 father father’s 2
118, 396 Açvaghosa Açvaghoṣa 1 / 0
120 Ūrūbhan̄ga Ūrubhan̄ga 1 / 0
120, 223 [Not in source] 1
122 form forms 1
122 ahakam ahakaṁ 1 / 0
123 Vaitalīya Vaitālīya 1 / 0
124 of of of 3
124 shows show 1
137 dṛṣṭapūrvajanasaṁgamaviṣmṛtānām dṛṣṭapūrvajanasaṁgamavismṛtānām 1 / 0
142 Vidūsaka Vidūṣaka 1 / 0
142 Takkī Ṭakkī 1 / 0
149, 293, 347 [Not in source] ; 1
152 Kālīdāsa’s Kālidāsa’s 1 / 0
155 13f or 13 for 2
155 strategems stratagems 1
160 Duḥsanta’s Duḥṣanta’s 1 / 0
160 Abhijñānaçākuntala Abhijñānaçakuntalā 2 / 0
162 asyāabhilāṣi asyām abhilāṣi 2
162 vāstuṣu vastuṣu 1 / 0
163, 165, 230 [Not in source] 1
164 . : 1
164, 181 , [Deleted] 1
166 Vasantatilakā Vasantatilaka 1 / 0
173 Vatsas’s Vatsa’s 1
174 hasinduced has induced 1
187 Osservacioni Osservazioni 1
191 lay slay 1
191 Gan̄ga Gan̄gā 1 / 0
192, 257 Mālatimādhava Mālatīmādhava 1 / 0
213 fued feud 2
213 Pāṇdavas Pāṇḍavas 1 / 0
216 Dḥrtarāṣṭra’s Dhṛtarāṣṭra’s 2 / 0
221 at as 1
232 Mahendrapala Mahendrapāla 1 / 0
232 Çārdūlavikrīdita Çārdūlavikrīḍita 1 / 0
240 Māhārāṣṭri Māhārāṣṭrī 1 / 0
248 Vidyānatha Vidyānātha 1 / 0
249 Mīlacchīkāra Mīlacchrīkāra 1
250 succes success 1
253 bḥakti bhakti 1 / 0
257 Çivanārāyanabhañjamahodaya Çivanārāyaṇabhañjamahodaya 1 / 0
259 [Not in source] is 3
261 Nepa Nepal 1
262 chaplin chaplain 1
262 [Not in source] they 5
266 p. no. 2
269 Kumārapala Kumārapāla 1 / 0
270 Arjuna’a Arjuna’s 1
284 Hiuan Tsang Hiuan-Tsang 1
286 Vikramā-kadevacarita Vikramān̄kadevacarita 2 / 1
292 Dāçarūpa Daçarūpa 1 / 0
294 Bhūpala Bhūpāla 1 / 0
295 Dima Ḍima 1 / 0
308 Kāmasūtrā Kāmasūtra 1 / 0
308 equivoque equivoke 2
314 DMG ZDMG 1
314 . i. 1
315, 365, 374, 375 Nātyaçāstra Nāṭyaçāstra 1 / 0
327 Sugriva Sugrīva 1 / 0
335 Chaklardar Chakladar 1
338 Saindhāva Saindhava 1 / 0
339 a à 1 / 0
339 Naṭyaçāstra Nāṭyaçāstra 1 / 0
344 Anargharaghāva Anargharāghava 2 / 0
347 Utṣṛṣṭikān̄ka Utsṛṣṭikān̄ka 1 / 0
367 conkitions conditions 1
368 Harivaṅca Harivaṅça 1 / 0
371 Mẹcchakaṭikā Mṛcchakaṭikā 1
374 Nārāyan Nārāyaṇa 2 / 1
374 Bhariavānanda Bhairavānanda 2
375 ; , 1
375 Ummattarāghava Unmattarāghava 1
375 Bhtūas Bhūtas 2
376 : ; 1
378, 386 , ; 1
380 Hiuen Tsang Hiuan-Tsang 2
380 Karṇāta Karṇāṭa 1 / 0
381 J vasiddhi Jīvasiddhi 1
381 Kāñci Kāñcī 1 / 0
381 . [Deleted] 1
384 Nārāyaṇ Nārāyaṇa 1
386 Mṛcchakaṭika Mṛcchakaṭikā 1 / 0
386 when where 2
387 Puṣyamtia Puṣyamitra 2
388 Gosrāmin Gosvāmin 1
388 Çambhūka Çambūka 1
388 Rasasudhārṇava Rasārṇavasudhākara 8
388 Veḍāntasāra Vedāntasāra 1 / 0
389 , . 1
390 Narāyaṇa Nārāyaṇa 1 / 0
390 know knew 1
391 auditorinm auditorium 1
392 roles rôles 1 / 0
393 Yavanānī Yavananīs 2 / 1
394 Abhijñānaçakuntala Abhijñānaçakuntalā 1 / 0
395 Āçvaghoṣa’s Açvaghoṣa’s 1 / 0
395 Dhīroddhatta Dhīroddhata 1
397 Dhakkī Ḍhakkī 1 / 0
405 Haragaurivivāha Haragaurīvivāha 1 / 0