FOOTNOTES:
1 This epithet given to the springs from which the Nile rises, was borrowed from a very elegant English poem that appeared in Dr Maty’s Review for May 1786. It was sent to me by my friend Mr Barrington, to whom it was attributed, although from modesty he disclaims it. From whatever hand it comes, the poet is desired to accept of my humble thanks. It was received with universal applause wherever it was circulated, and a considerable number of copies was printed at the desire of the public. Accident seemed to have placed it in Dr Maty’s book with peculiar propriety, by having joined it to a fragment of Ariosto, then first published, in the same Review. It has since been attributed to Mr Mason.
2 He was long a slave to the Bey of Constantina, and appears to have been a man of capacity.
3 This will be explained afterwards.
4 Ludolf, lib. i. cap. 15.
5 This is a running figure cut through the middle like the check of a bank note.
6 Hippo. Reg. from Ptol. Geog. lib. iv. p. 109.
7 Hippo. Reg. id. ib.
8 Aphrodisium. id. ib.
9 Thabarca, id. ib.
10 Plin. Ep. xxxiii. l. 9.
11 Liv. Epit. xxx. l. 9.
12 Strabo lib xvii. p. 1189. It signifies the river of Cows, or Kine. P. Mela lib. i. cap. 7. Sil. It. lib. vi. l. 140.
13 Ptol. Geog. lib. iv. Procop. lib. vi. cap. 5. de Ædif.
14 Val. Max. lib. ii. cap. 6. § 15.
15 Ptol. Geog. lib. iv.
16 Ptol. Geog. lib. iv. p. 106.
17 Ptol. Geog. lib. iv. p. 111.
18 Ptol. Geog. lib. iv. p. 108.
19 Vide Itin. Anton.
20 Procop. Bell. Vand. lib. ii. cap. 13.
21 Ptol. Geog. lib. iv. p. 111.
22 Shaw’s Travels, chap. viii. p. 57.
23 Shaw’s Travels, cap. v. p. 119.
24 Sal. Bel. Jug. § 94. L. Flor. lib. iii. cap. 1.
25 Shaw’s Travels, chap. v. p. 118.
26 Itin. Anton. p. 3.
27 Itin. Anton, p. 3.
28 Shaw’s Travels, cap. v. p. 115.
29 Cel. Geog. Antique, lib. iv. cap. 4. and cap. 5. p. 118.
30 Itin. Anton. p. 2.
31 Ptol. Geog. lib. iv. p. 110.
32 This fountain is called El Tarmid. Nub. Geog. p. 86.
33 Sal. Bell. § 94.
34 Itin. Anton, p. 4.
35 Shaw’s Travels, cap. v. p. 126.
36 Itin. Anton. p. 4.
37 Id. Ibid.
38 Shaw’s Travels, p. 117. cap. 5.
39 Boch. Chan. lib. i. cap. 25. Shaw’s Travels, cap. iv. p. 115.
40 Itin. Anton. p. 104.
41 Ptol. Geog. p. 4.
42 Shaw’s Travels, sect. vi. p. 156.
43 Jerboa, see a figure of it in the Appendix.
44 Itin. Anton. p. 4.
45 The north boundary of the Holy Land.
46 It is a post where a party of men are kept to receive a contribution, for maintaining the security of the roads, from all passengers.
47 Ezek. chap. xxvi. ver. 5.
48 Mrs Bruce died in 1784.
49 The nucta, or dew, that falls on St John’s night, is supposed to have the virtue to stop the plague. I have considered this in the sequel.
50 Strabo, lib. xiv. p. 781.
51 It is called Mamilho.
52 Newton’s Chronol. p. 183.
53 Strabo, lib. xiv. p. 684.
54 Strabo, lib. xiv. p. 780.
55 This is an old prejudice. See Herodotus, lib. ii. p. 90. sect. 5.
56 Berytus.
57 Laodicea ad mare.
58 Herod. lib. ii. p. 90.
59 Strabo, lib. xvii. p. 922.
60 Strabo, lib. xvii. p. 922.
61 Strabo, lib. xvii. p. 920. Q. Curt. lib. iv. cap. 8.
62 Plin. lib. v. cap. 10. p. 273.
63 We see many examples of such leaves both at Palmyra and Baalbec.
64 Marmol, lib. xi. cap. 14. p. 276. tom. 3.
65 Strabo, lib. xvii. p. 922.
66 A peasant Arab.
67 Means a narrow or shallow entrance of a river from the ocean.
68 Herod, p. 108.
69 Shaw’s Travels, p. 293.
70 See a figure of this animal in the Appendix.
71 See Appendix.
72 Shaw’s Travels, p. 294.
73 The Mamaluke Beys.
74 Vid. Introduction.
75 Ptol. Geograph. lib. 4 Cap. 5.
76 Shaw’s travels p. 294.
77 Herod. lib. 2. cap. 8.
78 This has been thought to mean the Convent of Figs, but it only signifies the Two Convents.
79 See Mr Irvine’s Letters.
80 Herod. lib. ii. p. 99.
81 Herod. lib. ii. cap. 8.
82 See the Chart of the Nile.
83 Pococke, vol. I. cap. v. p. 39.
84 Plin. lib. 5. cap. 9.
85 Plin. lib. 36. cap. 12.
86 Diod. Sic. p. 45. § 50.
87 Shaw’s Travels, p. 296. in the latitude quoted.
88 Shaw’s Travels, cap. 4. p. 298.
89 Id. ibid. 299.
90 Id. ibid.
91 Id. ibid.
92 Ptol. Geograph. lib. iv. cap. 5.
93 Herod. lib. ii. p. 141. Ibid. p. 168. Ibid. p. 105. Ibid. p. 103. Edit. Steph.
94 Herod. lib. ii. § 97. p. 123.
95 Shaw’s Travels, cap. 4.
96 Strabo. lib. vii. p. 914.
97 Id. ibid.
98 Id. ibid.
99 Strabo, ibid.
100 Id. ibid.
101 Named Binny. See Appendix.
102 Strabo, lib. xvii. p. 936.
103 Norden’s travels, vol. ii. p. 19.
104 Herod. lib. ii, cap. 19.
105 Dagjour.
106 Norden’s Travels, vol. ii. p. 17.
107 I cannot here omit to rectify another small mistake of the translator, which involves him in a difference with this Author which he did not mean.—
Mr Norden, in the French, says, that the master of his vessel being much frightened, “avoit perdu la tramontane;” the true meaning of which is, That he had lost his judgment, not lost the north wind, as it is translated, which is really nonsense.
108 Strabo, lib. xvii. p. 936.
109 Signifies the Narrow Passage, and is meant what Phylæ is in Latin.
110 Messoudi
111 Itin. Anton. p. 14.
112 It is called Hamseen, because it is expected to blow all Pentecost.
113 Theophrast. Hist. Plan. lib. iii. cap. 8—lib. iv. cap. 2.
114 Strabo lib. vii. p. 941.
115 A poor saint.
116 Diod. Sic. lib. I.
117 Plin. lib. 26. cap. 14.
118 See Norden’s views of the Temples at Esné and Edfu. Vol. ii. plate 6. p. 80.
119 This inclined figure of the sides, is frequently found in the small boxes within the mummy-chests.
120 Diod. Sic. lib. 1.
121 See the figure of this Insect in Paul Lucas.
122 Gen. xxxi. 27, Isa. chap. xxx. ver. 32.
123 Eccles. chap. i. ver. 10.
124 Ezek. chap. xxviii. ver. 13.
125 Nay, prior to this, the harp is mentioned as a common instrument in Abraham’s time 1370 years before Christ, Gen. chap. xxxii. ver. 27.
126 Diod. Sic. Bib. lib. i. p. 42. § d.
127 Strabo, lib. 17. p. 943.
128 Nah. ch. 3. ver. 8, & 9.
129 A similar instrument, erected by Eratosthenes at Alexandria, cut of copper, was used by Hipparchus and Ptolemy.—Alm. lib. I. cap. II. 3. cap. 2. Vide his remarks on Mr Greave’s Pyramidographia, p. 134.
130 Signior Donati.
131 Diod. Sic. Bib. lib. I. p. 45. § c.
132 Vide Norden’s map of the Nile.
133 Juven. Sat. 15. ver. 76.
134 Idris Welled Hamran, our guide through the great desert, dwelt in this village.
135 The ancient Adei.
136 The Bishareen are the Arabs who live in the frontier between the two nations. They are the nominal subjects of Sennaar, but, in fact, indiscreet banditti, at least as to strangers.
137 They were Shepherds Indigenæ, not Arabs.
138 Qui Ludit in Hospite fixo—Was a character long ago given to the Moors.
139 This kind of oath was in use among the Arabs, or Shepherds, early as the time of Abraham, Gen. xxi. 22, 23. xxvi. 28.
140 Strabo, lib. xvii. p. 944.
141 This word, improperly used and spelled by M. de Volney, has nothing to do with these Ansaris.
142 Cicero de Somnio Scipronis.
143 Pliny, lib. ii. cap. 73.
144 Strabo, lib. xvii. p. 944.
145 Strabo, lib. ii. p. 133.
146 Spectacle de la Nature.
147 Strabo, lib. 17. p. 944.
148 L’histoire d’astronomie, de M. de la Lande, vol. i. lib. 2.
149 Vide Mr Norden’s Voyage up the Nile.
150 It is no town, but some sand and a few bushes, so called.
151 Ptol. Almag. lib. 4. Geograph. pag. 104.
152 The Arabs call these narrow passes in the mountains Fum, as the Hebrews did Pi, the mouth. Fum el Beder, is the mouth of Beder; Fum el Terfowey, the mouth or passage of Terfowey; Piha Hhiroth, the mouth of the valley cut through with ravines.
153 Ptolem. Geograph. lib. 4. p. 103.
154 That is, I am under your protection.
155 On the east coast of Arabia Felix, Syagrum Promontorium.
156 Itin. Anton. a Carth. p. 4.
157 So the next stage from Syené is called Hiera Sycaminos, a sycamore-tree, Ptol. lib. 4. p. 108.
158 Plin. lib. xxxvii. cap. 5.
159 Ditto.
160 Tavernier vol. II. Voyag.
161 Theophrastus Περιλιθων.
162 Clamps.
163 It is a Keratophyte, growing at the bottom of the sea.
164 Vide the track of this Navigation laid down on the Chart.
165 Ezek. chap. xxvii. 6th and 29th verses.
166 Ajam, in the language of Shepherds, signifies rain-water.
167 Vide his Journal published by Abbé Vertot.
168 Gen. chap. xiii. ver. 17th.
169 Gen. chap. xiii. ver. 6th. Exod. chap. xiii. ver. 17th.
170 Exod. ch. xii. 33.
171 Such is the tradition among the Natives.
172 Diod. Sic. Lib. 3. p. 122.
173 Dionysii Periegesis, v. 38. et Comment. Eustathii in eundem. Strabo, lib. xvi. p. 765. Agathemeri Geographia, lib. ii. cap. 11.
174 Jerome Lobo, the greatest liar of the Jesuits, ch. iv. p. 46. English translation.
175 I saw one of these, which, from a root nearly central, threw out ramifications in a nearly circular form, measuring twenty-six feet diameter every way.
176 Anciently called Pharos.
177 The Koran is, therefore, called El Farkan, or the Divider, or Distinguisher between true faith and heresy.
178 See the article Ashkoko in the Appendix.
179 2 Chron. chap. xx. ver. 37th.
180 See the Map.
181 El Har signifies extreme heat.
182 Vide Irvine’s letters.
183 Levit. chap. xvi. ver. 5.
184 Native of Tripoli; it is Turkish.
185 See the article Balessan in the Appendix.
186 Cape Fever.
187 This is a common sailor’s phrase for the Straits of Babelmandeb.
188 Captain of the port.
189 Philosoph. Transact. Vol. 27. p. 186.
190 A late publication of Dr Madan’s, little understood, as it would seem.
191 Sovereign of Arabia Felix, whose capital is Sana.
192 Gen. xv. 18.
193 Gen. xvi. 12.
194 The island of the Shepherds.
195 Or Porcupine.
196 Yemen, or the high land of Arabia Felix, where water freezes.
197 Arabia Deserta.
198 Deregé, from that word in Hebrew.
199 It signifies Pharaoh’s worm.
200 Ligustrum Ægyptiacum Latifolium.
201 Arabia Felix, or Yemen.
202 That is, the Peek of Arabia Felix, or Yemen.
203 Governor of the Province of Tigré in Abyssinia.
204 See the article Pearl in the Appendix.
205 Jibbel Teir, the Mountain of the Bird; corruptly, Gibraltar.
206 Millet, or Indian corn.
207 See the article Tortoise in the Appendix.
208 A Subaltern Governor.
209 Poncet’s Voyage, translated into English, printed for W. Lewis in 1709, in 12mo, page 121.
210 This must not be attributed wholly to the weather. We spent much time in surveying the islands, and in observation.
211 Exod. xxxviii 39.
212 Lib. 21. cap. 6.
213 These are far from being synonymous terms, as we shall see afterwards.
214 See the article papyrus in the Appendix.
215 Gen. xxxvii. 3 and 2 Sam. xiii. 18.
216 Prov. vii. 16.
217 Vide Appendix, where this tree is described.
218 The quantity of similar drugs brought from the New World.
219 Boch. lib. 4. cap. 3.
220 Herod. lib. 2. cap. 29.
221 Joseph. antiquit. Jud.
222 At Gerri in my return through the desert.
223 It is very probable, some of these words signified different degrees among them, as we shall see in the sequel.
224 Diod. Sic. lib. 1. cap.
225 This was the name of the king of Amalek; he was an Arab shepherd, slain by Samuel, 1 Sam. xv. 33.
226 Ludolf lib. 1 cap. 4.
227 That is, they shall cut off from the cattle their usual retreat to the desert, by taking possession of those places, and meeting them there where ordinarily they never come, and which therefore are the refuge of the cattle.
228 Gen. chap. xxxvii. ver. 25. 28.
229 Ezek. chap. xxvii. ver. 13.
230 Rev. chap. xviii. ver. 13.
231 Gen. vi. 14.
232 Gen. xxxv. 4.
233 2 Kings, xvii. 4.
234 Nahum, chap. iii. 8.
235 Misphragmuthosis.
236 Manethon, Apud. Josephum Apion. lib. 1. p. 460.
237 Eight years less than the Greeks and other followers of the Septuagint.
238 Isaiah, chap. xviii. ver. 2.
239 Joshua, iii. 16.
240 Procop. de bello vind. lib. 2. cap. 10.
A Moorish author, Ibn el Raquique, says, this inscription was on a stone on a mountain at Carthage. Marmol. lib. 1. cap. 25.
241 Gen. ix. 25, 26, and 27. verses.
242 These people likewise call themselves Agaazi, or Agagi, they have over-run the kingdom of Congo south of the Line, and on the Atlantic Ocean, as the Galla have done that part of the kingdom of Adel and Abyssinia, on the Eastern, or Indian Ocean. Purch. lib. ii. chap. 4. Sect. 8.
243 Jerem. chap. xiii. ver. 23.—id. xxv. 24.—Ezek. chap. xxx. ver. 5.
244 Numb. chap. xii. ver. 1.
245 Exod. chap. iv. ver. 25.
246 2 Chron. chap. xiv. ver. 9.
247 Gen. chap. 21. ver. 30.
248 Gen. chap. 13. ver. 6. and 9.
249 Isa. chap. xlv. ver. 14.
250 Ezek. chap. xxx. ver. 8. and 9.
251 Ezek. chap. xxix. ver. 10.
252 Ezek. chap. xxx. ver. 4.
253 Jerem. chap. xiii. ver. 23.
254 Jerem. chap. xxv. ver. 24.
255 Ezek. chap. xxx. ver. 5.
256 Isa. chap. xviii. ver. 2.
257 Uranologion. P. Petau.
258 Banbridge, Ann. canicul.
259 An astronomer greatly above my praise.
260 Jamblich. de Myst. sect. 8. cap. 5.
261 Sozomen, Eccles. Hist. lib. 7. cap. 15.
262 Herw. theolog. Ethnica, p. 11.
263 I apprehend this is owing to the circumstances of the climate, in the four months, the time of the inundation, the heavens were so covered as to afford no observations to be recorded.
264 Porpyhry Epist. ad Anebonem.
265 Exod. chap. xxviii. ver. 21.
266 Exod. chap. xxviii. ver. 36.
267 Deut. chap. xxxi. ver. 24.
268 Vide the hieroglyphics on the drawing of the stone.
269 Ezek. chap. xxix. ver. 11.
270 Psalm. chap. lx. ver. 9. and Psal. cviii. ver. 10.
271 2 Sam. chap. viii. ver. 14. 1 Kings chap. xi. ver. 15, 16.
272 1 Kings, chap. ix. ver. 26. 2 Chron. chap. viii. ver. 17.
273 1 Chron. chap. xxii. ver. 14, 15, 16. Chap. xxix. ver. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,—Three thousand Hebrew talents of gold, reduced to our money, amount to twenty-one millions and six hundred thousand pounds Sterling.
274 The value of a Hebrew talent appears from Exodus, chap. xxxviii. ver. 25, 26. For 603,550 persons being taxed at half a shekel each, they must have paid in the whole 301,775; now that sum is said to amount to 100 talents, 1775 shekels only; deduct the two latter sums, and there will remain 300,000, which, divided by 108, will leave 3000 shekels for each of these talents.
275 2 Chron. chap. viii. ver. 17.
276 1 Kings, chap. x. ver. 22.
277 1 Kings, chap. x. ver. 22. 2 Chron. chap. ix. ver. 21.
278 Vid. Voyage of Dos Santos, published by Le Grande.
279 See the map of this voyage.
280 Apud Euseb. Prœp. Evang. lib. 9.
281 Dionysii Periegesis, ver. 38. and Comment. Eustathii in eundem. Strabo, lib. 16. p. 765. Agathemeri Geographia, lib. 2. cap. 11.
282 Ezek. chap. xxvii. ver. 6.
283 Ezek. chap. xxvii. ver. 26.
284 Dr Douglas, Bishop of Carlisle.
285 Vide L’Esprit des Loix, liv. xxi. cap. 6. p. 476.
286 Plin. lib. vi. cap. 22.
287 Strabo, lib. xv.
288 I know there are contrary opinions, and the junks might have been various. Vide Salm.
289 Pto. Geog. lib. 4. cap. 7.
290 id. ibid.
291 Agath. p. 60.
292 1 Kings, chap. xxii. ver. 48. 2 Chron. chap. xx. ver. 36.
293 2 Kings, chap. viii. ver. 22. 2 Chron. chap. xxi. ver. 10.
294 2 Kings, chap. xiv. ver. 22. 2 Chron. chap. 26. ver. ii.
295 2 Kings, chap. xvi. ver. 6.
296 2 Kings, chap. xvi. ver. 6.
297 Ezek. chap. xxvi. ver. 7.
298 2 Kings, chap. xxiv ver. 13. and 2 Chron. chap. xxxvi. ver. 7.
299 Dan. chap. vi. ver. 8. and Esther, chap. i. ver. 19.
300 Ezra, chap. v. ver. 14 and chap. vi. ver. 5.
301 Dan. chap. v. ver. 30.
302 Lucan lib. x. ver. 280.
303 Vide Montesq. liv. 21. chap 8.
304 Lucan, lib. 9. ver. 515.
305 Athen. lib. 5.
306 This is probably from Atbara, or the old name of the island of Meroë, which had received that last name only as late as Cambyses.
307 Plin. lib. 6. cap. 23.
308 Strabo, lib. 17. p. 932.
309 Mon. Aduli.
310 Strabo, lib. ii. p. 98.
311 Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. 2. cap. 67.
312 Dodwell’s Dissertat. vol. I. Scrip. Græc. Min. ld. Ox. 1698. 8vo.
313 Plut. Vita. Ant. p. 913. tom. 1. part 2. Lubec. 1624. fol.
314 Strabo, lib. 3.
315 Plin. lib. vi. cap. 23.
316 Strabo, lib. 2. p. 81.
317 Strabo, lib. ii. p. 98.
318 Ptol. lib. iv. cap. 9. p. 115.
319 Ptol. lib. vii. cap. 3.
320 It should properly be Saba, Azab, or Azaba, all signifying South.
321 Such as Justin, Cyprian, Epiphanius, Cyril.
322 By this is meant the country between the tropic and mountains of Abyssinia, the country of Shepherds, from Berber, Shepherd.
323 Matth. chap. xii. ver. 42. Luke xi. 31.
324 Pin. de reb. Solomon, lib. iv. cap. 14th.—Josephus thinks she was an Ethiopian, so do Origen, Augustin, and St Anselmo.
325 1 Kings, chap. x. ver 1. and 2 Chron. chap. ix. ver. 1.
326 Matt. chap. xii. ver. 43. and Luke, chap xi. ver. 31.
327 1 Kings, chap. x. ver. 9. and 2 Chron. chap. ix. ver 8.
328 2 Chron. chap. xxv. ver. 18. 19.
329 1 Kings, chap. xi. ver. 1.
330 Acts, chap. viii. ver. 27 and 38.
331 This shews the falsehood of the remark Strabo makes, that it was a custom in Meroë, if their sovereign was any way mutilated, for the subjects to imitate the imperfection. In this case, Candace’s subjects would have all lost an eye. Strabo, lib. 17. p. 777, 778.
332 2 Sam. chap. xvi. ver. 22. 1 Kings, chap. ii. ver. 13.
333 What immediately follows will be hereafter explained in the Narrative.
334 The temple which the Queen of Saba had seen built, and so richly ornamented, was plundered the 5th year of Rehoboam, by Sesac, which is 13 years before Menilek died. So this could not but have disgusted him with the trade of his ancient habitation at Saba.
335 Numb. chap. xv. ver. 38, 39. Deut. chap. 22. ver. 12.
336 We see this happened to them in a much shorter time during the captivity, when they forgot their Hebrew, and spoke Chaldaec ever after.
337 I shall have occasion to speak much of this priest in the sequel. He was a most inveterate and dangerous enemy to all Europeans, the principal ecclesiastical officer in the king’s house.
338 Then Prime Minister, concerning whom much is to be said hereafter.
339 Vid. Origen contra Celsum, lib. 5. Tertull. de Idolol. c. 4. Drus in suo Enoch. Bangius in Cœlo Orientis Exercit. 1. quæst. 5. and 6.
340 Gassend in vita Pierisc, lib. 5.
341 The length of these princes reigns are so great as to become incredible; but, as we have nothing further of their history but their names, we have no data upon which to reform them.
342 Caleb el Atsbeha, which has been made Elesbaas throwing away the t.
343 Surius Tom. 5. d. 24. Oct. Card. Baronius. Tom. 7. Annal. A. C. 522. N. 23.
344 Ludolf, vol. 2 lib. iii. cap. 2.
345 Vid. Baron, tom. 4. p. 331. et alibi passim.
346 El Hameesy’s Siege of Mecca.
347 Fetaat el Yemen.
348 El Hameesy.
349 She is also called by Victor, Tredda Gahez.
350 See Alvarez, his relation of this Embassy.