INDEX.
- Aillts and Alltuds (strangers in blood) under Cymric law, 50, 51;
- kindreds of, recognised at fourth generation, 52
- Alamannic Laws, 172-178;
- wergelds, 172-175;
- value of animals, 178
- Alcuin uses Roman currency, 19, 184
- Alfred, K., his laws, 370-377, 392, 396;
- compact with Guthrum, 352-355, 500
- Alod of land, a family holding, 508;
- Lex Salica ‘de alodis,’ 151;
- Ripuarian law, 170;
- Lex Angliorum et Werinorum, 226
- Ancilla as currency, see ‘Cumhal’
- Anglii and Werini, Laws of, 224-228;
- Wergelds of liber 200 sol., 225;
- triple wergeld of the Adaling, 225
- Anglo-Saxon Custom, 321 et seq.;
- from Norman point of view, 321-336;
- from Danish point of view, 337-350;
- from Viking or Northmen’s point of view, 351-368;
- from early custom (Alfred’s Laws), 370-377;
- Archbishop Egbert’s Dialogue, 377-385;
- King Ine’s Dooms, 386-439;
- Kentish Laws, 441-495;
- Twelve-hynde and twy-hynde classes, 406-416;
- Gesithcund and Ceorlisc classes, 417-436;
- Six-hynde stranger class, 371, 392, 396;
- position of wife, 326
- Anglo-Saxon Wergelds, position of paternal and maternal parentes in payment of, 322, 323, 328, 358;
- of thane or twelve-hynde man, 325;
- of ‘freeman,’ Dane and English, 326, 349, 353-55;
- of ‘cyrlisci vel villani,’ 328;
- of ‘villanus et socheman’ in Danelaga, 331-332;
- of ‘ceorl on gafol-land’ and Danish ‘lysing,’ 353, 355;
- how paid, 329, 357-59
- Animals, value of as currency:
- Ripuarian, 171;
- Saxon, 215, 217, 221;
- Alamannic, 178;
- Cymric cow 3 oz., 48, 49;
- Irish bo 1 oz., 97;
- Frisian dog, 202
- Argenteus (silver drachma) of Roman currency.
- See ‘Currency’
- Bavarian Laws, 175-177;
- wergelds, 174
- Beowulf, evidence of, as to feuds, 56-72;
- as ‘sister’s son’ becomes chieftain, 68;
- as to marriage, 71, 72
- Borhbryce, fine for breach of pledge or protection, like mundbryce, 347;
- of various classes, 377
- Bullock as currency in Saxon Laws, 217
- Burgundian Laws, 121-125, 527;
- original wergeld of 160 sol., 167;
- Roman and Christian influence on, 527
- Burh-bryce (Burg-bryce) (breach of fence of precinct), of various classes, 372, 377, 387
- Cæsar, evidence of, as to Gallic wergelds, 115-120;
- and on Gallic landholding, 116;
- as to division of classes, 528
- Canones Hibernenses, 101
- Canones Wallici, 105-109
- Ceorl = man—husband, 482;
- so man with household and flet or precinct, 371, 394, 482—‘who sits on gafol-land’ twy-hynde, 353-355, 361;
- ceorlisc class mostly gafolgeldas, and twy-hynde, 373;
- once could rise to be twelve-hynde, 366, 503;
- accused of theft, 388;
- harbouring a fugitive, 390;
- his mundbyrd in Kent, see ‘Mundbyrd’
- Chamavi, laws of, 229-231;
- wergeld of ingenuus 200 sol., 229;
- triple wergeld of ‘Homo Francus,’ 229
- Charlemagne, conquest of Italy, 181;
- becomes emperor, 19, 181;
- and issues nova moneta in silver solidi of 12d. and at 1:4 with gold, 182-194;
- conquers Frisians and Saxons, 182, 195
- Cnut. His greater Scandinavia, 339;
- his ore of 1/15th lb. or 16d., 341;
- his smaller silver pence, 343
- Compurgation, under Frisian law, 203-205;
- under Anglo-Saxon law, see ‘Hyndens’ and see ‘Werborh’
- Congildones = gegildas, sureties in lieu of kinsmen, 323, 389, 415
- Cows, as currency, 1.
- In Cymric law, 49;
- Irish, 97;
- Alamannic, 178;
- value of, see ‘Animals’;
- Norse, 247-250;
- Bretts and Scots, 307
- Cumhal in Irish currency, 97-98 = female slave and ‘ancilla’ of the Canones Hibernenses and Wallici, 101, 109
- Currency, in oxen: ox-unit of Professor Ridgeway, 2;
- in cows, Cymric, 1, 49;
- Irish, 97;
- Norse, 247-250;
- Bretts and Scots, 307;
- in cumhals, ancillæ or female slaves, 97-98, 101, 109;
- in gold torques, &c., 17;
- Anglo-Saxon in silver sceatts of 28·8 w.g. or 20 to the Roman ounce, 12, 443-455;
- in silver pence of 32 w.g. or 20 to the Frankish and Norman ounce, 12;
- gold and silver mancus of 30d., 18, 329;
- Mercian scilling of 4d., 12, 363;
- Wessex scilling of 5d., 12, 325;
- Kentish scilling of 20d., or two gold tremisses, 443-455;
- Northumbrian thrymsa of 3d., 362-368;
- Danish in marks and half-marks, 16, 353-354;
- Cnut’s in ores of 16d., 306, 341, 343 (see ‘Ore’);
- Imperial in gold solidi and tremisses of 32 w.g., 5, 6;
- in silver sicli (didrachmæ) and argentei (drachmæ), 184, 382;
- Merovingian in gold solidi and tremisses of 28·8 w.g., 9;
- afterwards in silver tremisses, 10, 180, 443-445;
- Charlemagne’s nova moneta in silver solidi of 12d. of 32 w.g., 10, 11, 186, et seq.;
- of Norse laws in gold and silver marks, ores and ortugs at ratio 1:8, 233-238
- Cymric tribal custom as to galanas, 30;
- fiscal unit for food-rents, the tref and treffgordd, 33-42;
- strangers, how treated, 50-54;
- as to marriage, 32;
- galanas of several classes paid in cows, 46-55.
- See ‘Gwely,’ ‘Galanas’
- Danelaga, 331-332, 338, 522
- Ealdorman in judicial position, 387;
- his burgbryce, 387;
- his fightwite, 394;
- his residence, 420
- Egbert, Archbishop, Dialogue of, 377 et seq.;
- uses Roman currency, 20, 379;
- wergeld of his monks, 382, 491;
- value of their oaths, 379
- Eye, hand, and foot, payments for, 175, 222, 225, 252, 300, 465, 489
- Fightwite, fine for fighting within a person’s precinct or jurisdiction, 328-332, 359, 393;
- in a ceorl’s flet, 371, 394, 482
- Firma unius noctis, mode of paying food-rents to chieftain, 41, 431
- Frankish Tribal Custom.
- Wergeld of Lex Salica of 200 sol., 131-146;
- division of classes, 147;
- triple wergeld of officials, 148;
- half wergeld of strangers, 149;
- the Alod or family holding of terra Salica, 150;
- the ‘de alodis,’ 151, 170, 226;
- edict of Chilperic, 159;
- Ripuarian Law, 163-171;
- wergeld of 200 sol., 163;
- division of classes, 165
- Fredus, payment for breach of king’s peace, equivalent to A.S. mundbryce or grithbryce, 488, 489
- Freedman (libertus) under Frankish Law, 168-170, 199;
- under Bavarian Law, 175;
- under Kentish Law, 478, 484.
- And see ‘Læt’ and ‘Leysing’
- Frisian Laws, 194-212;
- wergeld of 160 sol., 167, 195, 201, 210;
- ordeal under, 203-5
- Frith, between Ethelred II. and Olaf, 349;
- between Alfred and Guthrum, 352-355
- Frostathing Law (Ancient Norse), 238-276.
- See ‘Norse Tribal Custom’
- Gafolgeldas, tenants on others’ land paying gafol to their lord, with twy-hynde wergelds, 353-355;
- fighting in gafolgelda or gebur’s house, 394.
- See ‘Twy-hynde’
- Galanas (Cymric death fine or wergeld), 30;
- liability of kindred for, 30-32;
- method of payment, 42-46;
- amount of, 46-49;
- of non-tribesmen goes to the lord, 54
- Gebur, tenant of a yardland doing work and paying gafol to lord for house and oxen, 422-429;
- fighting in house of gafolgelda or gebur, 394
- Gegildas (see ‘Congildones’) sureties in lieu of kinsmen, 323, 389;
- hyndens of frith-gegildas in the city, 415
- Gesithcund class, in direct service to the king and twelve-hynde, 366;
- in landed position with five hides to king’s utware, 369;
- forfeit land if they neglect the fyrd, 391;
- in their connection with land, 417 et seq.;
- sometimes evicted, 433
- Grith, Danish for frith or peace, 344-348;
- grithbryce of English and mundbryce of Kentish law the same, 346;
- extent in area, 348;
- in duration of time, 346;
- of different moots, 345
- Gulathing Law, oldest Norse law, 238-276.
- See ‘Norse Tribal Custom’
- Gwely (Cymric family holding of four generations), 21-30;
- of non-tribesmen, 52
- Halsfang, first part of wergeld paid to those ‘within the knee,’ 328, 329, 359
- Hide in agriculture of four yardlands, 423;
- Mr. Corbett on tribal hidage, 424;
- in pastoral stage, 424;
- = familia of Bede, also = hiwisc, 407;
- also = ‘manentes et tributarii’ of Archbishop Egbert, 381, 408;
- oaths reckoned in hides, 381, 408;
- the 10-hide oath of the twelve-hyndeman, 411;
- oath of himself and hynden of oath-helpers, 120;
- hides, 411
- Hiwisc (family) of land = hide, 364, 381
- Homicide. Within the family unavenged, 30, 63, 66, 164, 176, 241, 336;
- by a slave, 108, 202, 333, 472, 474;
- of a slave, 202, 333;
- between kindreds caused blood-feud, see ‘Beowulf,’ or wergeld in lieu of it.
- See ‘Wergeld’
- Hyndens of oath-helpers, 409;
- of twelve-hynde and twy-hynde class, 409-411;
- of city frith-gegildas, 415
- Ine, K. Laws of, 386-439;
- as to theft, 387-389;
- burgbryce, 387;
- ealdorman, 387-894;
- gesithcund class, 388, 391;
- six-hynde class, 392, 396;
- gafolgeldas and geburs, 393;
- ceorlisc class, 391, 396;
- wealh and wylisc class, 397-405;
- twelve-hynde and twy-hynde classes, 400-417;
- gesithcund and ceorlisc classes, 417-436;
- comparison of Wessex and Mercian with continental wergelds, 436
- Irish Tribal Custom, 73-120;
- the Eric-fine consisting of (1) the coirp-dire, or body-price, of seven cumhals, 74;
- in Irish and Breton canons, 101 et seq.;
- (2) the eneclann, or honour-price, varies with rank, 75, 80-83, 92;
- the hearths or kindreds liable, 76-80;
- gradations in rank, 83-86;
- grades of tenants, 86 et seq.;
- currency, 97
- Kentish Laws, currency in scætts and scillings, 443-455;
- scilling of 20 scætts or two gold tremisses, 450-455;
- laws of Ethelbert, 455-466;
- of Hlothære and Eadric, 467-476;
- of Wihtræd, 477-481;
- division of classes, 481-487;
- Kentish wergelds, 487-492;
- compared with Continental and Anglo-Saxon wergelds 492-495;
- Kentish sulungs and yokes, 514-515;
- gavelkind holdings, 515;
- Kentish læts, 463, 484-486, 502
- Kindred, solidarity of, 30, 45, 157, 276;
- grades of, 22, 30, 76, 318;
- disintegration of, 111, 124, 129, 162, 164;
- emancipation from restraints of, 134, 158, 507;
- power of, in East Anglia and Kent, 415, 416;
- liability of, for wergeld, under Cymric custom, 42, 45;
- Irish, 77-80;
- Breton, 109;
- Burgundian and Wisigothic, 121-130;
- Salic Franks, 144, 164;
- Frisian, 212;
- Saxon, 216;
- Norse, 246-257;
- Scanian, 290, and see ‘Anglo-Saxon wergelds;’
- groups of, holding land, Cymric gwely, 21-30;
- Alod of terra salica, 150-162, 183;
- Ripuarian hereditas aviatica, 171;
- Norse odal-sharers, 271-275;
- Scanian family holdings, 276-288;
- Anglo-Saxon family holdings, 511-516
- King’s thane, oath of, 353, 368, 390
- Læt, in Kentish Law of three grades, 463, 484-486, 502.
- See ‘Leysing’ and ‘Freedman’
- Leases for three successive lives, tribal reason for, 524;
- St. Oswald’s tenants, 525
- Leysing in Norse law, newly made freedman, his rett, 240;
- his wergeld, 259;
- his want of kindred and his rise by steps of three generations into freedom, 260-267
- Leysing’s son, great grandson of leysing in higher social position, 259, 268
- Litus, Ripuarian, 168;
- Frisian, 199, 201-207;
- Saxon, 214, 215, 219, 224;
- of Chamavi, 229
- Lombardic tribal custom compared with Scanian as to family holdings, 292-296
- London, ‘De Institutis Lundonie,’ 337-344;
- Port of the Greater Scandinavia in Cnut’s time, 339;
- ‘Judicia Civitatis Lundoniæ,’ 415
- Lysing (leysing of Norse law), with same wergeld as A. S. ‘Ceorl on gafol land,’ 353-355, 501.
- See ‘Leysing’
- Manbot, payment for value of a man to his lord, 328-332, 359;
- of freeman and of slave compared, 334-335;
- of various classes, 392
- Mancus, weight of 30 dwts., 18, 329
- Mark, Norse gold and silver weight of eight ores or ounces, 234-237;
- used in Frisia, 207;
- half-marks of gold in compact between Alfred and Guthrum, 353;
- 27 marks of Charlemagne= 30 of old Norse and Merovingian, 256
- Marriage, how regarded, 498;
- under Cymric custom, 32;
- in Beowulf, 69-72;
- in Lex Salica, 146;
- under Alamannic law, 177;
- under Lex Saxonum, 216;
- under Scanian law, 276-281;
- under Lombardic law, 294;
- under Laws of Bretts and Scots, 318;
- under Kentish custom, 465-466
- Mercian law, fragments of, 360-369;
- Mercian oaths, 360;
- wergelds, 361;
- rise of ceorl into thane, 366
- Merovingian kings, currency of, mostly in gold tremisses, see ‘Currency’
- Mina, gold value of normal wergeld, 4;
- ancient Eastern of 100 staters, 2, 7;
- of 200 gold solidi, 6;
- Italica of 20 Roman ounces, 14, 491;
- Attica of 16 Roman ounces, 16, 233
- Mundbryce or mundbyrd of king, 346, 377, 451;
- of various classes, 377;
- in Kent, 346, 452, 460, 476, 481, 488
- Norse tribal custom, 238-276;
- personal rett, 240;
- wergelds how reckoned and paid, 242-258;
- wergeld of the hauld odalman or typical freeman, 96;
- cows = 200 sol., 259;
- gradations in rank, 260-270;
- the leysing or freedman, 261-267;
- odal-sharers of odal land, 271-276, 284, 504, 508
- North peoples law, fragments of, 360-369;
- wergelds in thrymsas (of 3d.), 363;
- wergeld of ‘hold’ double that of Saxon thane, 363
- Nova Moneta of Charlemagne, 11, 179-193, and see ‘Currency’
- Ordeal in absence of oaths of kinsmen, 166, 403, 413, 499;
- under Frisian law, 203-205
- Ore or ounce of 20d.;
- Merovingian = Roman ounce of 20 silver tremisses of 28·8 w.g. (1/12 lb. of 6912 w.g.), 10;
- and so also Kentish scilling, 443-455;
- Charlemagne’s and later Anglo-Saxon and Norman ore of 20 pence of 32 w.g. (1/12 lb. of 7680 w.g.), 11-13
- Ore, Cnut’s of 16d. (1/15 Anglo-Saxon lb.), 306, 341;
- divided by him into 20 smaller pence, 343;
- used in Laws of Bretts and Scots, 306
- Ore, Norse, of three ortugs = 1/12 of Roman lb. 6912 w.g., 234-237
- Ortug, of Scandinavia, ⅓ ounce = Greek stater, 233.
- See ‘Ore’
- Ox as currency, 1, 2;
- value of, see ‘Animals’
- Parage, tenancy in, 513, 525
- Pound, Roman of 6912 w.g., 8, 11, 18;
- Charlemagne’s of 7680 w.g., 11, 18;
- Anglo-Saxon and Norman of 7680 w.g., 12;
- Northern lb. of two marks, 234
- Ratio between gold and silver:
- Norse of 1:8, 238;
- Merovingian 1:10, 185;
- Imperial, 1:12, 11;
- Charlemagne’s (attempted), 1:4, 11, 189;
- restored Frankish, 1:12, 11, 191;
- Cymric, 1:12, 49;
- Irish, 98;
- Bretts and Scots, 1:8, 307
- Romanus possessor, half wergeld of, 149, 167;
- his res propria, 158, 162
- Saxon Laws (Lex Saxonum), 213-228;
- wergeld of liber 160 sol., 214;
- wergeld stated in silver, 214;
- gold solidus of 2 tremisses or bullock, 217
- Scæt.
- See ‘Currency’
- Scanian tribal custom. The lex Scania antiqua, family holdings, 276-288;
- Scanian wergeld, 291;
- Scanian and Lombardic custom compared, 292-296
- Scilling.
- See ‘Currency’
- Scotland, tribal custom in ancient laws of, 297-302;
- the Regiam Majestatem, 302-307;
- Leges inter Brettos et Scotos, 307-318;
- wergeld of thane 100 cows, 314;
- rules of kindred, 318, 320
- Siclus, silver didrachma or ¼ oz. of Roman currency, see ‘Currency’
- Six-hynde class, 371, 392, 397
- Soc and sac, 330, 348
- Sochemen in Danelaga, 331-332, 522;
- their services, 332 note
- Solidus (gold) of Constantine of three tremisses, 7, 9;
- of Merovingian kings, 10;
- of Frisian custom (2 and 2½ tremisses), 197;
- of Saxon (2 tremisses), 217;
- (silver) of Charlemagne ‘nova moneta,’ see ‘Currency’
- Strangers in blood, how treated under Cymric custom, 50-54;
- under Irish custom, 90;
- their rights increase with growth of kindred, 51, 90;
- their half wergeld, 401-403;
- galanas and wergeld of, without kindred, goes to the lord, 54, 478;
- ordeal instead of oaths, 166, 403
- Thane = twelve-hyndeman, 325;
- might rise to be an eorl, 368.
- See ‘King’s Thane’
- Thrymsa, Northumbrian unit of currency = 3d., 362-366
- Twelve-hynde and Twy-hynde, 406-416;
- hyndens of oath-helpers, 409;
- full kindred twelve hyndens of oath-helpers, 409-411;
- twy-hynde class, originally the kinless class, as freedmen, 412, 500;
- steps to higher grade, 365-369, 502
- Werborh (wereplegium), 328, 358, and see ‘Hyndens’
- Wergeld, death-fine in substitution for blood feud between kindreds, see ‘Beowulf,’ and 150;
- liability of kindred for, see ‘Kindred;’
- normal of 100 head of cattle or gold mina, 3;
- of 200 gold solidi, 6, 49, 163, 171, 225, 229, 231, 233, 314;
- of 160 gold solidi, 1, 167, 172, 214, 232;
- Wessex and Mercian and Kentish wergelds compared with Continental wergelds, 436-439;
- of various tribes, see names of tribes;
- of clergy, 170, 177, 382
- Wife, see ‘Marriage’
- Wilisc, Wealisc, Wealh, non-Anglo-Saxon people, 364-5;
- with five hides to King’s utware, six hynde, 397;
- Gallo-Roman Wala, 398;
- Wallerwente of Yorkshire, 399;
- with half wergelds, 401-403;
- wealh gafolgelda, 404;
- Servus Waliscus 333;
- Wilisc witetheow, 404;
- theow-wealh, 405
- Wisigothic Laws, 126-130;
- Roman influence on, 527
- Yardlands of gafolgeldas and geburs, 393, 422 et seq.;
- single succession to, 517-521