Some Rules on the Conjugation of the Verb
in the Written Language

If the final u is removed from the negative present it becomes an affirmative verb; e.g., oracio vo tçutomen toqi va 'when I say my prayers,' xosa no tçutomen tame ni va 'in order to execute the work,' michibiqi tamavan to voboximexi 'thinking of leading forth.'^[202]

For the affirmative future beqi is added to the affirmative form with the ru removed; for the future negative becarazu is added to the affirmative form; e.g., mǒsu beqi 'you will speak,' mósu becarazu 'you will not speak.' When the sentence ends in the future, beqi is changed to bexi.

The infinitive for the future is formed by adding coto to the future tense; e.g., iomu beqi coto. The subjunctive is formed by adding qereba to the root of the verb; e.g., sugure qereba.

The gerund in Do is formed by adding te to the root of the verb; e.g., qiqi tamaite.

The substantive verb in the written language is nari,u or qeri,u. If it comes at the end of the sentence it takes the root form;^[203] e.g., sadame naqi io no ixei nari 'it is the dignity of a world without stability.'

The preterit is formed by adding ari,u [tari,u] to the root; e.g., suguretaru. If the form comes at the end of a sentence ari,u (75 [tari,u] is retained in the root form; e.g., suguretari.

Works Consulted

Alvarez, Manuel (Emmanuel Alvarus), De Institutione Grammatica, Libri III, Lisbon, 1572. (Also Amakusa, 1594. Cf. Laures #14.)

Collado, Diego, O.P., Ars Grammaticae Iaponicae Linguae, Rome, 1632. (Trans. by Ōtsuka Takanobu as Koiyaado-chō Nippon bunten, 1934 and revised as Koryaado Nihon bunten, 1957. Cf. Laures #54.)

Collado, Diego, O.P., Dictionarium sive Thesauri Linguae Iaponicae Compendium, Rome, 1632. (Edited by Ōtsuka Mitsunobu as Koryaado Ra-Su-Nichi jiten, 1966. Cf. Laures #56.)

Collado, Diego, O.P., Niffon no cotõba ni yô confesion, Rome, 1632. (Transcribed by Ōtsuka Mitsunobu as Koryaado zangeroku, 1957. Cf. Laures #56.)

Doi Tadao [Japanese], Kirishitan gogaku no kenkyū [Japanese], Tokyo, 1971.

Doi Tadao [Japanese], "Koryaado Nihon bunten no seiritsu [Japanese]," Nihon gogaku shinkō iinkai kenyū hōkoku, #3, 1941.

Doi Tadao [Japanese], ed., Nippo jisho [Japanese], Tokyo, 1960. (Japanese edition of the Vocabulario.)

Doi Tadao [Japanese], trs., Rodorigesu Nihon daibunten [Japanese] Tokyo, 1955. (Trans. of Rodriguez' Arte.)

Fukushima Kunimichi [Japanese], Kirishitan Shiryō to kokugo kenkyū [Japanese], Tokyo, 1973.

Hashimoto Shinkichi [Japanese], Kirishitan kyōgi no kenkyū [Japanese], Tokyo, 1928.

Iwai Yoshio [Japanese], Nihongohō-shi: Muromachi-jidai hen [Japanese] Tokyo, 1973.

Laures, Johannes, S.J., Kirishitan Bunko, Tokyo, 1957.

Lebrija, Antonio (Antonius Nebrissensis), Introductiones Latinae, Salamanca, 1481.

Moran, Joseph F., A Commentary on the Arte Breve da Lingoa Iapoa of João Rodriguez, S.J.: With Particular Reference to Pronunciation, Unpublished doctoral thesis, Oxford, 1971.

Ōtomo Shin'ichi [Japanese], Muromachi-jidai no kokugo-onsei no kenkyū [Japanese], Tokyo, 1963.

Ōtsuka Mitsunobu [Japanese], ed., Koryaado Ra-Su-Nichi jiten [Japanese], Tokyo, 1966. (Japanese edition of Collado's Dictionarium.)

Ōtsuka Mitsunobu [Japanese], ed., Koryaado zangeroku [Japanese], Tokyo, 1957. (Japanese edition of Collado's Confesion.)

Ōtsuka Takanobu [Japanese], tr., Koiyaado-chō Nihongo bunten [Japanese], Tokyo, 1934. (Revised as Koryaado Nihon bunten [Japanese], Tokyo, 1957. Translation of Collado's Ars Grammaticae.)

Rodriguez, João, S.J., Arte Breve da Lingoa Iapoa, Macao, 1620. (Cf. Laures #35.)

Rodriguez, João, S.J., Arte da Lingoa de Iapam, Nagasaki, 1604-1608. (Translated by Doi Tadao as Rodorigesu Nihon daibunten, 1955. Cf. Laures #28.)

Rodriguez, João, S.J., ed., Vocabulario da Lingoa de Iapam, Nagasaki, 1603-1604. (Edited by Doi Tadao as Nippo Jisho, 1960. Cf. Laures #27.)

Thurot, Charles, Extraits de divers manuscrits Latins pour servir a l'historie des doctrines grammaticales au moyen-age, Paris, 1869.

Yuzawa Kōkichirō [Japanese], Muromachi-jidai gengo no Kenkyū [Japanese], Tokyo, 1958.

Index To Grammatical Categories

The list which follows refers to the location of the general categories defined by Collado's description of Japanese. A broader classification of the grammar will be found in the table of contents while the specific grammatical elements are listed in the index which follows.

Index to Grammatical Elements

There follows a list of those elements which Collado describes in his grammar. To a certain degree I have regularized his morphophonological analysis. For example, the preterit permissive form, described by Collado as redomo after a preterit verb, is cross-listed as -ta redomo in order to bring together morphologically similar forms. All forms occurring in the text with the honorific gozaru, etc. are indexed as aru, etc. For example, the element found in aguenande gozaru 'I have not offered' will be indexed under -nande aru. As a general rule in this index items beginning with a hyphen are classified as endings, while the remaining items are particles.

The spelling used in this index is that of the original. Those readers more familiar with the modified Hepburn system of romanization, as reflected in Kenkyūsha's Dictionary, will find the following simplified chart of help. Syllables presented in Kenkyūsha as beginning with the following initial letters will have the corresponding spellings in Collado's grammar:

The citations are numbered according to their location in the translation and are limited to those places where the element is explained or used to demonstrate a grammatical point.

The following abbreviations are used: