Centre (stable centre or middle), in ancient government, religion, and symbolism: Polaris, the centre of axial energy, 22, 30;

centre of the Cosmos, among Zuñis, Mayas, Mexicans and Peruvians, 41;

symbols of, 46;

on shell gorgets, 49;

divergence from idea, 52;

represented by recumbent stone figure, 96;

among Incas, 136, 142, 144;

and Four Quarters represented on carved slab from Santa Lucia, 172;

in ancient American game, 178;

in Féjérvary Codex, 178;

in social organization, 180;

on sculpture of Lord of Above, 186;

colors associated with, 192;

among the Zuñi, 202;

in Copan Swastika, 222, 224, 225;

on Tablet of the Cross at Palenque, 236, 243;

union with Four Quarters in Mexican calendar-stone, 250, 258;

on Mexican monolith “Divine Twin,” 260, 262, 264;

symbolized by pyramid, 273, 274;

words and symbols connected with, 277;

associated with swastika, 280;

expressed by pyramid, 282;

typified by cross-legged human figure, 283;

expressed in flower symbol, 284;

Chinese “Middle kingdom,” 286, 287, 288, 291, 294, 299;

in America, symbolized by human heart and navel, in China by stomach, 296;

in Chinese religion, 306;

Japan called “Centre of the Earth,” 310;

represented by statue of Buddha, 314;

Nirvana, 315;

in Hindu religion, 317;

in religion of Arabia, 323, 324;

of Persia, 325;

of Babylonia, 330, 333;

Jerusalem, sacred spot marking the centre of the world, 352;

in Babylonia-Assyria 364;

in Egypt, 376, 379, 380, 381, 384, 385, 386, 394;

expressed by mummy-shaped object, also by cone, 410;

by a crown, 412;

by a flower, 415;

in Egyptian feast, Tekhu, 439;

in ancient government of Crete, 457;

in ancient Rome, 463;

in ancient Ireland, Britain and Wales, 468-471;

in Scandinavia, 472;

in cross-symbolism, 511;

in religious ideas of Old and New World, 517, 535;

summary and conclusions, 544.

Century Dictionary, 452, 464.

Cezalcouatl, name for Kukulcan, 69.

Chaac Mool or Lord Tiger, name given by Le Plongeon to the recumbent figure bearing circular vessel, found in Chichen-Itza, 95

(see “Recumbent stone figure”).

Chac (Maya) red color;

also rain, storms, thunder and Lightning;

title of Lord of Below, 185.

Chac-noui-tan, name for Yucatan, 210.

Chalchihuitl=jade, 34, 91;

jade beads, 81.

Chalmers, John, 511.

Chambers' Encyclopædia, 452, 462, 463, 465, 484, 564.

Chamberlain, Basil Hall, 565, 568, 571, 574, 575.

Chariot, symbolism of, 313, 500, 501.

Chavero, A., 33, 61, 253, 256.

Ché, Maya word for tree;

in names of tribes, 199, 234.

Checker-board (or tartan) design, formed by taus, 122, 123, 124.

Ch'en, Maya day sign, 110.

Cheles, one of the Yucatan tribes, 217.

Cherokees, 196.

Chess board, in Egypt, 124.

Chiapas, the present home of the Tzendals;

native calendar system, 180, 182;

migrations from, 210;

numerical divisions, 528.

Chichen-Itza, culture-hero ruled in, 68, 69;

recumbent stone figure bearing circular vessel, 93, 185, 214;

connection established with Mexico by Kukulcan (Quetzalcoatl), 93;

Caracol or Round Temple, 97;

bas-relief illustrating navigation by boats, 160;

tradition about settlement of, 207;

evidence of Aztec influence, 212;

classification of ruins, 216;

tablet in house of “Tennis-court” 259.

Chichimecs, sacrifices by, 66.

Chicome-coatl, literally, seven-serpents, title of earth mother, 181.

China, cosmical symbol compared with those of Copan and Mexico, 114;

symbols of Above and Below, 118;

sound of words, in symbolism, 276;

pole-star worship, 284;

the emperor at Pekin termed the Son of Heaven and the [pg 581] Empress inhabits the palace of Earth's repose;

Above and Below, etc., 286;

reason of deformation of feet, 287;

Chow Dynasty, fourfold plan of cities, linguistic affinities with Mexicans and Mayas, “Quadriform constitution,” 288;

calendar system, social and religious organization compared with that of ancient America, 291, 292, 293;

tables showing the agreement and divergence in ancient systems of China and America, 293;

assignment of colors and of parts of human body to cardinal points, 294;

comparative study of symbolism, 296;

social organization, etc., 297;

calendar and numerical system, 297, 298;

origin of civilization, 299;

astronomical system, 300, 301;

Buddhism, 301, 303, 315;

primitive calendar, 301;

Taouism, 301;

Chinese language said to be the same as Akkadian, 302;

civilization not indigenous, emigration into, 303;

Dowager Empress Ling, 304;

Israelites, 303-306;

Christians, 306;

fundamental principles of religion identical with that of ancient America, but later, divergent, 306, 307, 308, 309;

Heaven and Earth cult practised at the present time, 344;

summary of numerical divisions, 483;

use of wheel from earliest times, 501-502;

use of Cross symbol with idea of central power, 511;

resemblances and differences, Chinese and Maya, Mexican, 533, 534;

doubt about extreme age of governmental scheme, 533;

celestial kingdom dates from first century, 541, 542;

summary and conclusions, 546.

Cholula, contains largest pyramid in America, 268;

built as place of refuge from inundations, 271, 272;

place of sanctity, 275;

also called Cholola or Colola, 275;

marks site of great and ancient Tollan, 275, 276, 529.

Cholollan, pyramid, a venerated sanctuary, 269;

tradition concerning, 270;

native name is “tollan,” 275

(see Tullan Cholollan).

Christianity, in China, 305, 306;

period of growth, persecution of pagans, 530, 531;

St. Augustine states that it has existed from the beginning, 536, 537, 538, 539, 541.

Chuen, Maya day-sign, 112.

Cib, Maya day-sign, 109, 110, 111.

Cibola, seven cities of, 203.

Cicero, 488, 526, 527.

Cieza de Leon, 132, 150.

Cihuacoatl, the earth mother, flint knife in wrappings, symbol of, 55;

the Woman serpent (or twin), 60;

name of Quilaztli, 60;

female ruler, 62, 63, 64;

Mexican ruler, 67;

personification of Earth, 76;

Montezuma's substitute, 77;

duties of, agents of, 78;

offered sacrifice to god of Underworld, 79;

compared with serpent in Maya Codex, 111;

emblem of, 128;

female title of lord of the night, 181.