Southern Cross, 162.

South, Acatl=cane, blue, Mexican emblem and color of, 42.

South Kensington Museum, 216, 227, 234, 239, 313.

Spamer, 332, 428, 457.

Spear-throwers, on tablet at Chichen Itza, and on Mexican Tribute Stone, 259.

Speed, John, 470.

Sphinx, Egyptian, 373, 379.

Spider, a symbol of Mictlantecuhtli, 37;

tradition about Tezcatlipoca's descent from the sky by a spider's thread, 44;

in Nahuatl=tocatl. In Maya=am;

symbol originated in Yucatan, 47;

on shell-gorgets from Illinois, Tennessee and Missouri, 47, 49;

in ancient MSS., 90, 202;

in Zuñi symbolism, 201;

Maya symbol of the North, 278;

web of, use as symbol of numerical divisions, 293, 535, note.

Spindle, as symbol of axial rotation, in connection with cross symbols on terra cotta spinning whorls, 498.

Spinning tops, 547, note.

Spinning whorls, symbolic of rotary motion, in Troy, 498;

in Mexico, 504, 508.

Square form, associated with Earth in native American symbolism and architecture, 115, 260, 284;

in Egypt, 371.

Stadaconé, same as Canada, 197.

Stanley, Dean, 514, note.

Star symbol, a black dot, 35;

an eye, 36, note, 50, 116, 155, note, 269, 279;

suspended by thread, symbol of night (Egyptian), 387;

plain circle in Chinese symbolism, 391;

expressed numeral five in Egypt, 398

(see Polaris).

Star-cult

(see Polaris).

Star god, in Babylonia, Bel;

in Asia Minor, Ah-baal, identified with pole-star, 329

(see Polaris).

Star-map, Piazzi Smyth's, 20.

Star-names in Maya, 278.

Stelæ, purpose of erection, marked periods of time, 216;

at Copan and Quirigua, 219-240;

correspond with Ahua-ka-tun, the 20-year memorial stone, 221;

of Assyrian kings, having seven symbols, seven circles, etc., 337-360;

Esar-haddon of Sendschirli, 342, 359;

Bavian, 357, 358, 359;

of Sargon, 357, 359;

trilingual stela of Canopus, preserved at Gizeh, 378;

funeral stela at Bûlâk, 421;

at Quirigua and Copan memorial stones of high priest rulers, with title “Divine Four”;

built over hidden cruciform vaults, compared with the Egyptian “star of Horus,” 512, 513.

Stevenson, 150.

Stolpe, Hjalmar, 48, 121, 224.

Stoll, Otto, 79, 85, 164, 173.

Stomach, symbolized the Centre or Middle, in China, 296.

Stone, rough or worked, emblem of Earth mother, buried with the dead, 106.

Stone of Tizoc, compared with Altar K of Copan, 226.

Stone collar, from Porto Rico, analogous to stone yokes of Mexico, 118.

Stone figures, recumbent, bearing circular vessels, 93;

figured, 94

(see Recumbent stone figure).

Stone knives, flint knife in wrappings, Mexican and Maya symbol of Earth mother, 55, 56;

among California Indians, 105.

Stone monuments, of Peru (Tiahuanaco), 164-169;

Central America, 154, 218-233;

Yucatan, 234-244;

Mexico, 245-275.

Stone “seats,” found in Ecuador, analogous to vase or earth symbols, 107.

Stone tiger with human head and depression in back, found in Mexico and Yucatan, 95.

Stone tables, at Chichen Itza, 212;

Maya name for=Mayac-tun, 213;

used as drums in sacred ceremonies, 213.

Stone tablet at Sippar, 331, 332.

Stone vessels, found in Mexico and Yucatan, 213.

Stone “yokes,” compared with symbolic vase;

pertained to cult of earth-mother;

in use among Indians of Southern California, 104;

in connection with burial of priestesses of Below, 107.

Strabo, 329.

Strebel, Hermann, 104, 153, 156, 157, 165, 172.

Stübel, A., 167, 169.

Sturlesson, Snorri, 471.

Sumerians, inhabited the South=Sumer, 334.

Summary, of study of ancient American symbols,—cross, serpent, tree, flower, etc., 279-284;

use of human and animal figure in symbolism, 296;

of countries in which are found the “Quadruple Organization,” pole-star worship, etc., 480-494;

and Conclusions, 544-562;

and tables of words used in the Old and New World in connection with a certain culture based on pole star worship, Appendix I, 548; and Appendix III, 562.

Sun cult, Nahuatl word for sun applies equally to the stars;

day sun and night sun;

Ollin, symbol of, 13;

superseded by star cult, 22;

associated with star-cult, 53, 54;

Black Sun in B. N. MS.,

myth concerning, 54, 55;

emblem of Montezuma, 72;

Montezuma, high priest of, 74;

mirror of polished pyrites, symbol of, 83;

rival of star-cult, 83;

sacrifices to, in Mexico, 117, 118;

in Peru, 134;

superseded by belief in Creator, among the Incas, 135;

temple of, at Cuzco, 138;

upper class maidens in Peru, dedicated to, 143, 145, 148, 149, 170;

among Muyscas of Bogota, 171;

astronomical attainments of priests of, 180;

“Virgins of the Sun” and sun-priests in Mexico and Peru, 194;

Sun-father of the Zuñi, 200, 201, 204, note;

on Copan sculpture, 222;

in Mexican calendar-stone, 249;

four movements of, 252;

golden effigy of, associated with Incas in Peru, 264;

Enclosure of, name of pyramid at Teotihua-Can, 264, 267;

tablet of the sun, in China, 285;

temple of, 286;

altars, 387;

sun-goddess of Japan, 311;

among the Hindu, 312;

in religion of Persia, 325;

in Babylonia and Assyria, 332;

in Egypt, 382;

king of Egypt associated with, 389, 424;

Egyptian goddess Hathor-Isis was called the female sun, 432;

development of cult in Egypt, 438;

Cæsar called son of the sun, 440.

Supreme being

(see Creator or Supreme Being).

Sut-staw-ra-tse, the leader of the “Kingdom of Hochelaga,” 197.

Swastika, in Mexican Calendar, 9, 18, 41;

origin of symbol;

formed by positions of Ursa Major, 15, 16, 18;

various forms of, illustrated, 17, 19;

geographical distribution of, 19;

date when first used as symbol, 20, 21;

sign for a year or cycle of time, 23;

suggests axial rotation, 24, note;

formed by four serpents in Codex Borgia, 27;

associated with triskelion, on spearhead from Brandenburg;

on bronze brooch from Scandinavia, 28;

formed by combination of star groups, 29, 30;

suggested by star-symbol on pottery from Nicaragua and Arizona, 51, 52;

origin of the idea of dividing everything into four parts, 76;

represented by Zuñi idol, 129;

rounded and square forms of, at Tiahuanaco, 166;

terminating in four puma heads, symbol of central ruler, 209;

“The Copan Swastika,” 222, 223, 224;

the pyramid, a later development of same idea, 274;

in different parts of the world, accompanied with pole-star worship, etc., 276-280;

in Mexico and Ohio valley, linked with serpent;

in Copan, with Middle and Four Quarters, 280;

Christian cross compared with, 305;

use of symbol in China, 309;

in Japan, 311;

meaning conveyed by figure of Buddha 315;

in Egypt, 409;

on Egyptian seal, 459;

on coin from island of Crete, 457;

on coin from Syracuse;

on coin from Corinth;

on vases from Troy, 459;

in Greece, 459, 460;

on Cyprian and Carian pottery;

on Greek vases found at Naukratis;

on Coptic grave cloths;

on mummy case from Hermopolis;

on whorls from Troy, 460;

date of its use as symbol, 461;

later development of the cross symbol, 461;

in Scandinavia, 474;

on image found in Troy, 496;

identical in significance in Old and New World, 510;

symbolized “Four in One,” and stable centre, 511;

in some parts of Germany and Bohemia is still the sign of the stone-mason's guild, 516;

or cross-symbol, same meaning in all countries, 534, 538;

summary and conclusions, 544.