Sophistês,
date, i. 305-11,
313,
315,
324-5, iii.
369
n.;
authenticity, i. 307,
316 n.,
iii. 185 n.,
243 n.;
purpose, 188,
190, 223, 253, 261, 267;
relation to Theætêtus, 187;
scenery and personages, 185;
in a logical classification all particulars of equal value, 195;
definition of angler, 189;
sophist compared to an angler, 192;
defined,
191-5, 196
n.;
a juggler, 198,
200;
imitator of the wise man, 216;
classification of imitators, 215;
philosopher lives in region of ens, sophist, of non-ens,
208;
bodily and mental evil, 197;
the worst, ignorance mistaking itself for knowledge, ib.;
Elenchus the sovereign purifier, ib.;
is false thought or speech possible, 172 n.,
199, 249;
falsehood possible, and object of sophists’ profession, 181 n.,
214;
imperfect analysis of propositions, 235, 238;
view of the negative erroneous, 237, 239;
theories of philosophers about ens, 201;
non-ens inconceivable, 200;
is ens one or many, 201;
difficulties about ens and non-ens
equally great,
ib., 206;
the materialists and the idealists, 203;
argument against materialists,
ib., 223, 226, 228;
reply open to materialists, 224,
230;
argument against idealists, 204,
225;
their doctrine the same as Plato’s in Phædon,
&c., 244,
246;
no allusion intended to Megarics or Pythagoreans, 244, 390 n.;
communion implies relativity, 125,
205;
to know and to be known is action and passion, 205, 226, 287 n.;
motion and rest both agree in ens, which is
therefore a tertium quid, 206;
argument against “only identical predication
legitimate,”
ib., 212, 221, 251;
Antisthenes meant, i. 163,
165;
intercommunion of some Forms, iii. 207, 228, 246 n.,
251 n.;
analogy of letters and syllables, 207;
what forms admit of it, determined by philosopher, 208;
of non-ens and of proposition, opinion, judgment, 213, 214, 235;
τὸ μὴ ὄν, meaning, 181 n.;
five forms examined, 208,
231, 233;
Plato’s view of non-ens unsatisfactory, 236, 239, 242 n.,
248 n.;
an approximation to Aristotle’s view, 247;
different from other dialogues, 242;
compared with Phædon, 244, 246;
Phædrus, 18, 257;
Symposion, 19;
Theætêtus, 182 n.,
187, 242, 256, 332;
Kratylus,
ib.;
Philêbus, 369 n.;
Republic, 242,
257.
Sophokles,
Antigone, compared with Apology, i. 429 n.;
its popularity, ii. 135
n.;
as a general, 135.
Σωφροσύνη,
ii. 153 n.;
see Temperance;
derivation, iii. 301
n.;
identical with σοφία, ii. 279;
and αἰδώς, 269 n.
Soul,
derivation of ψυχή, iii. 301 n.;
meaning, iv. 387
n.;
prior to and more powerful than body, 386,
419-20;
the good and the bad souls at work in the universe, 386;
one continuous cosmical, ii. 248 n.;
of the kosmos, iii.
265
n., iv. 220, 421;
affinity to human, iii. 366
n.;
of kosmos, position and elements of, iv. 225;
of plants, 248;
doctrine of Herakleitus, i. 34;
Empedokles, 44;
Anaxagoras, 54;
Demokritus, 75;
Plato’s conception of existence, iii. 205, 226, 229, 231;
not tripartite, antithesis to body, ii. 384;
Hegel on Plato’s view, 414 n.;
a mixture, refuted, 390;
life a struggle between body and, 386, 388, iv. 234, 235 n.;
partial emancipation of, by philosophy, ii. 386;
purification of, 388;
κνῆσις compared to
children’s teething, iii. 399 n.;
pre-existence admitted, ii. 390;
mythe, iii. 12,
15 n.;
Leibnitz on, ii. 248
n.;
pre-existence of, necessary hypothesis for didactic idéal,
iii. 52;
metempsychosis of ordinary men only, ii. 387, iv. 234;
mythe of departed, in Republic, 94;
state after emancipation from body, ii. 416;
yet may suffer punishment, inconsistency,
ib.;
three constituent elements of, iii. 232 n.;
Galen, iv. 258;
are the three parts immortal, ii. 385, iv. 243;
no place for tender and æsthetic emotions in tripartite
division of, 149
n.;
each part at once material and mental, 257;
supremacy of rational, to be cultivated, 251;
Demiurgus conjoins three souls and one body, 233, 243;
Demiurgus prepares for man’s construction, places a soul in
each star, 233;
generated gods fabricate cranium as miniature of kosmos with rational
soul rotating within, ib.;
mount cranium on a tall body, 236;
seat of, 235-7,
243-7, 259 n.;
Littré, 257
n.;
abdominal, function of liver, 245,
259;
seat of prophetic agency, 246;
thoracic, function of heart and lungs, 245, 259 n.;
of spleen, 246;
vision, sleep, dreams, 236;
Aristotle on relation of body to, iii. 389 n.;
Monboddo, iv. 387
n.;
see Body, Immortality,
Mind,
Reason.
Sound,
Zeno’s arguments, i. 96;
pleasures of, true, iii. 356.
Space,
and time comprised in Parmenides’ ens, i. 19;
Zeno’s reductiones ad
absurdum, 94;
contents of the idea of, 20
n.
Sparta,
unlettered community, iv. 278;
law forbids introduction of foreign instruction, ii. 35;
Hippias lectures at, 39;
mixed government, iv. 310;
kings eulogised, ii. 8;
customs of, iii. 24
n.;
peculiar to itself and Krete, iv. 280 n.;
blended with Persian in Cyropædia, i. 222;
influence on philosopher’s theories, iv. 181;
Xenophon’s idéal of character,
147, 148, 182;
Plato’s in Leges, 276, 280 n.,
403;
basis of institutions too narrow, 282;
endurance of pain in discipline of, 285;
public training and mess, 279,
280 n.,
285 n.;
no training for women, censured, 188;
infanticide, 203;
number of citizens, 327
n.;
drunkenness forbidden at, 286;
kryptia, Plato’s agronomi compared, 336.
Specific and generic terms, distinction unfamiliar in Plato’s time, ii. 13.
Speech,
conducted according to fixed laws, iii. 286;
the thing spoken of suffers, 287 n.;
Psammetichus’ experiment, 289 n.;
and music illustrate coalescence of finite and infinite,
340-3.
Spencer, Herbert, abstract names, iii. 78 n.
Spengel,
on Thrasymachus, iv. 7
n.;
Kratylus, iii. 309 n.
Speusippus,
borrowed from Pythagoreans, iii. 390 n.;
on pleasure, 386
n., 389 n.;
on the Demiurgus, iv. 255.
Sphere,
the earth a, early views, i. 25 n.;
Pythagorean music of the spheres, 14;
Sphærus of Empedokles, 39.
Stallbaum,
on Platonic canon, i. 307,
443 n.;
Erastæ, ii. 121;
Theagês, 100 n.;
Euthydêmus, 202;
Protagoras, 314,
iv. 284 n.;
Theætêtus, iii. 158 n.;
Sophistês and Politikus,
196 n.,
257 n.;
Kratylus, 303 n.,
305 n.,
310 n.,
321, 323 n.;
Philêbus, 342 n.,
343 n.,
347 n.,
356 n.,
389 n.,
398 n.;
Menexenus, 408,
409;
Republic iv. 106 n.;
Timæus, 219 n.;
Leges, 188 n.,
272 n.,
410 n.,
431;
theory of Ideas, iii. 69
n.;
Sophists, ii. 209
n.;
Megarics, i. 132
n.
State,
Lewis on idéals, iv. 139 n.;
realisation of idéals, 190 n.;
three ends of political constructor, 328 n.;
influence of Spartan institutions, on theories, 181;
no evidence of Plato’s study of practical working of
different institutions, 397;
Aristeides on, i. 243
n.;
citizens willing to be ruled, idéal of
Plato and Xenophon, iv. 283
n.;
Platonic type of character is Athenian, Xenophontic is Spartan, 147, 148, 182;
its religious and ethical character primary, constitution and laws
secondary, 284;
religion in connection with, 24,
160;
and education combined, 185;
Plato’s ideal, compared with Athens, 430;
the Spartan adopted in Leges, 276, 280 n.,
403;
Plato carries abstraction farther than Xenophon or Aristotle, 183;
more anxious for good treatment of Demos,
ib.;
in Aristotle the Demos adjuncts, not members, of state, 184;
model city practicable if philosophy and political power united, 47;
perpetual succession maintained of philosopher-rulers, 60;
those who have contemplated Ideas are reluctant to undertake active
duties. 70;
as at present constituted, the just man stands aloof from, 90;
ideal, how to be realised, 78,
190 n.;
admitted only partially realisable, 327;
only an outline, 139;
a military bureaucracy, 183;
second, a compromise of oligarchical and democratical sentiment, 333, 337;
Aristotle objects to Plato’s ideal, it is two states, 185;
objection valid against his own ideal, 186 n.;
Plato fails from no training for Demos, 186;
Plato’s state impossible, in what sense true, 189;
from adverse established sentiments, 191;
genesis, common want, ii. 343,
iii. 327,
iv. 20, 111, 112 n.,
133;
historical retrospect of society,
307-314;
analogy of individual and, 11,
21, 37, 79-84, 96;
Hobbes on,
ib.;
parallelism exaggerated, 114,
121, 123;
its
ὑπόθεσις, 328 n.;
basis of Spartan institutions too narrow, 282;
site, 320,
329, 336;
circular form, unwalled, 344;
influence of climate, 330
n.;
wisdom and courage in the guardians, 34;
justice and temperance in all classes, 35;
class of guardians, characteristics, 23;
divided into rulers and soldiers, 29;
same duties and training for women as men, 41, 46, 77,
171-4;
on principle that every citizen belongs to the city, 187;
maintained in Leges, and harmonises with ancient
legends, 195;
contrast with Aristotle, 194;
συσσίτια,
32, 345, 359;
communism of guardians,
ib., 140, 169;
necessary to city’s safety, 32, 34, 44, 140,
170-179;
peculiarity of Plato’s communism, 179;
Plato’s view of wealth, 199 n.;
no family ties, 41,
174, 178;
temporary marriages for guardians, 175-8;
Plato’s and modern sentiments, 192, 194;
influence of Aphroditê very small in Platonic, 197, 359;
citizens should be tested against pleasure, 285;
self-control tested by wine, 289;
healthy, has few wants, enlargement of city’s wants, 22;
from multiplied wants, war,
ib.;
perfection of, each part performing its own function, 97;
one man can do only one thing well, 23, 33, 183, 361;
unity of end to be kept in view, 417;
end, happiness of entire state, 98,
139 n.;
and virtue of the citizens, 417;
three classes in, analogous to reason, energy, appetite, in individual,
39;
fiction as to origin of classes, 30;
four stages of degeneracy, 79-84;
proportions of happiness and misery in them, 83;
in healthy condition, possesses wisdom, courage, temperance, justice, 34;
laws about marriage, 328,
331, 341, 344;
Aristotle, 198-201;
Malthus’ law recognised by Plato and Aristotle, 202;
number of citizens, 178,
326, 328;
limited, Plato and Aristotle, 198-201;
Aristotle, 326
n.;
approximation in Mill, 199
n.;
rearing of children, 43,
44;
infanticide, ib.,
177;
Aristotle, 202;
contrast of modern sentiment, 203;
citizens of Plato’s ideal, identified with ancient Athenians,
266;
division of citizens and land, twelve tribes, 329;
perpetuity of lots of land, 320,
360;
Aristotle, 326
n.;
succession, 328;
orphans, guardians, 404,
406;
limited inequality tolerated as to movable property, 330;
no private possession of gold or silver, no loans or interest, 331;
distribution of annual produce, 361;
state importation of necessary articles,
ib.;
regulations for retailers, 21,
361, 401;
admission of Metics, 362,
i. 238;
of strangers, and foreign travel of citizens, iv.
414;
slavery, 342;
Aristotle differs, 344
n.;
direct taxation, according to wealth, 331;
four classes, property classification for magistracies and votes,
ib.;
thirty-seven nomophylakes, 332;
military commanders and council,
ib.;
monthly military muster of whole population, 358;
electoral scheme, 333;
the council, and other magistrates, 335;
Nocturnal Council to comprehend and carry out the end, 418, 425, 429;
and enforce orthodox creed, 419;
most important magistrate, minister of education, 338;
defence of territory, rural police, 335;
Spartan kryptia compared, 336;
Xenophon’s ideal of an active citizen, i. 214;
he admires active commerce and variety of pursuits, 236;
encouragement of metics, 238;
training of citizens, 226;
formation of treasury funds, 238;
distribution among citizens, three oboli each, daily, 239;
its purpose and principle, 240,
241 n.;
see Government,
Political Art,
&c.
Statesmen,
ignorant of the true, the ideal, ii. 89;
incompetent to teach. 100,
357, 360, 369;
the philosopher the fully qualified practitioner, 114, 116, 118;
disparagement of half-philosophers, half-politicians, 224;
dislike of Sokrates and Sophists, 256;
their right opinion, from inspiration, 242;
defects of best Athenian, 360;
considered by Sokrates as spiritual teachers and trainers, 362;
Plato’s idéal, 363;
relation of philosopher to practical, iii. 179, 183, 273;
definition of, 263.
Steinhart,
on Platonic canon, rejects several, i. 309;
τὸ ἐξαίφνης,
iii. 103 n.;
Parmenidês, 109 n.,
245 n.;
Theætêtus, 167 n.;
Sophistês, 245 n.;
Kratylus, 307 n.;
Menexenus, 412 n.
Steinthal, no objective absolute, iii. 296 n.
Stewart, Dugald,
on the beautiful, ii. 50
n.;
relativity of knowledge, iii. 156 n.;
Berkeley, iv. 243
n.
Stilpon,
nominalism of, i. 167;
only identical predication possible, 166, 168;
of Megara, 148.
Stoics,
influenced by Herakleitus, i. 27,
34 n.;
developed Antisthenes’ doctrines, 198;
practical life preferable, 181 n.;
πάντα
αὑτοῦ
ἕνεκα
πράττειν,
iv. 106 n.;
all-sufficiency of virtue, germ of doctrine in Republic,
102;
fate, i. 143
n.;
view of Dialectic, 371
n.;
style of their works, 406;
doctrine of one cosmical soul, ii. 248 n.;
notion of time, iii. 101
n.;
natural rectitude of signification of names, 286 n.;
etymologies, 308
n.;
sophisms of, i. 128
n., 138;
minute reasons of, 130
n.;
Cicero on, 157.