Language,
natural rectitude of, ii. 89;
origin of, iii. 326
n., 328 n.,
329 n.;
Leibnitz on a philosophical, 322 n.;
see Names.
Lassalle,
on Herakleitus, iii. 101
n., 159 n.,
309 n.,
324 n.;
Homo Mensura, 297 n.;
Kratylus, 306 n.,
307 n.;
Timæus, iv. 228 n.
Lavoisier, discovery of composition of water, ii. 164 n.
Law, its
various meanings, ii. 91,
92 n.;
our idea of, less extensive than Nomos (q. v.), i. 380 n.,
382 n.,
ii. 92 n.;
and Nature, antithesis of, 333,
338, i. 197;
also in Indian philosophy, 162;
Sokrates’ disobedience of, 434 n.;
the lawful is the profitable, ii. 36;
the consecrated and binding customs, the decree of the city, social or
civic opinion, 76;
objection, discordance of, 78;
is good opinion of the city, true opinion, or
finding out of reality, 77;
real things are always accounted real, analogies, 79;
of Cretan Minos divine and excellent, extant, 80, 90;
to Plato only what ought to be law, is,
88-90, iii. 317
n.;
reality found out by the Expert, ii.
87-88;
fixed, recognised by Demokritus, i. 73;
all proceedings of nature conducted according to fixed, iii. 286;
of nature, Mill on number of ultimate, 132 n.;
no laws to limit scientific governor, 269;
different view, iv. 319;
government by fixed, the second-best, iii. 270;
test of, goodness of ethical purpose and working, iv. 384;
proëm to every important, 321;
Cicero coincides, 322
n.;
the proëms, didactic or rhetorical homilies, 322;
to serve as type for poets, 323;
proëm to laws against heresy, 383;
of Zaleukus and Charondas, 323 n.
Law-administration,
objects of punishment, to deter or reform, ii. 270, iv. 408;
general coincidence of Platonic and Attic, 363 n.,
374, 374 n.,
403, 406, 430;
many of Plato’s laws are discharges of ethical antipathy, 411;
penalties against contentious litigation, 410;
oaths for dikasts, judges, and electors only, 413;
thirty-seven nomophylakes, 332;
many details left to nomophylakes, 341;
assisted by select Dikasts, 362;
limited power of fining, 360;
necessity of precision in terms of accusation, 413 n.;
public and private causes, 339;
public, three stages, 340,
415;
criminal procedure, 362;
distinction of damage and injury, 365;
witnesses, 409;
abuse of public trust, 412;
evasion of military service, ib.;
varieties of homicide, 370-2;
penalties, 370;
wounds and beating, 372,
374, 408;
heresy, and ὕβρις to divine things
or places, 375-386;
neglect of parents, 399
n., 407;
testaments, 404;
divorce, 408;
lunacy, 407;
poison and sorcery,
407;
libels, 409;
fugitive slaves, 400;
theft, 364,
409;
property found, 398;
fraudulent traders, 402;
mendicants, 409;
Benefit societies, 399;
suretyship, 415;
funerals, ib.
Lectures,
Plato’s revealed solution of difficulties, an untenable
hypothesis, i. 401;
differ from dialogues in being given in his own name, 402;
of Protagoras, ii. 301;
contrasted with cross-examination, 277, 303;
dialectic a test of the efficacy of the expository process, i. 358;
worthless for instruction, ii. 136,
233 n.,
iii. 33-5,
49,
52, 54, 337 n.;
difference in Timæus and Kritias,
53.
Leges,
authenticity,
i. 304, 306, 338, iv. 325 n.,
389 n.,
429;
date, i. 313,
315, 324, iv. 272, 413 n.;
scene and persons, 272,
277;
change in Plato’s circumstances and feelings, 273, 320;
analogous
to Euripides’ Bacchæ and
Aristophanes’ Nubes, 277;
Xenophon compared, i. 244;
Plato’s purpose, to remedy all misconduct, iv. 369;
no evidence of Plato’s study of practical working of
different institutions, 397;
large proportion of preliminary discussions and didactic exhortation, 281;
soul prior to and more powerful than body, 386, 419;
the good and the bad souls at work in universe, 386;
all things full of gods, 388;
Manichæanism in, 389 n.;
good identical with maximum of pleasure and minimum of pain, 292-297,
299-303;
at least an useful fiction, 333;
justice a good per se and from its consequences,
294;
what constitutes injustice, 367-9;
no man voluntarily wicked, 365,
367;
three causes of misguided proceedings, 366;
punishment, to deter or reform, ib.,
408;
threefold division of good, 428;
virtue fourfold, 417;
the four virtues the highest, and source of all other, goods, 428;
unity of state’s end to be kept in view, 417;
the end is the virtue of the citizens, ib.;
Nocturnal Council to comprehend and carry out this end, 416, 418, 425, 429;
and enforce orthodox creed, 419;
training of counsellors in Epinomis, 420, 424;
basis of Spartan institutions too narrow, 282;
Plato’s state, a compromise of oligarchical and democratical
sentiment, 333,
337;
historical retrospect of society, 307-315;
frequent destruction of communities, 307;
difficulties of government, seven distinct natural titles to, 309;
view of the lot, 310;
imprudent to found government on any one title only, ib.;
illustrated by Argos, Messênê, Sparta, ib.;
Persia and Athens compared, 312;
monarchy and democracy the mother-polities, ib.;
bad training of king’s sons, ib.;
the Magnetic community, origin of, 274 n.;
its
ὑπόθεσις, 328 n.;
site and settlers, 320,
329, 336;
circular form, unwalled, 344;
defence of territory, rural police, 335;
Spartan Kryptia compared, 336;
test of laws, goodness of ethical purpose and working, 284;
general coincidence of Platonic and Attic law, 363 n.,
374, 374 n.,
403, 406, 430;
many of Plato’s laws are discharges of ethical antipathy, 411;
state’s laws, with their proëms, 321;
the proëms, didactic or rhetorical homilies, 322;
Cicero on,
ib. n.;
to serve as type for poets, 323;
training of the emotions through influence of the Muses, Apollo and
Dionysus, 290,
347;
endurance of pain in Spartan discipline, 285;
drunkenness forbidden at Sparta, how far justifiable, 286;
citizens tested against pleasure, 285;
Dionysiac banquets, under a sober president, 289;
elders require stimulus of wine, 297;
precautions in electing minister of education, 338;
age, and matter of teaching, 348,
350;
the teaching simple and common to both sexes, 351;
music and dancing, 291;
three choruses, youths, mature men, and elders, 296, 305;
elders, by example, to keep up purity of music, 297;
prizes at musical and gymnastic festivals, 292, 337;
but object of training, war, not prizes, 358;
importance of music in education, 305;
musical and literary education,
fixed type, 292,
338, 349;
poets to conform to ethical creed, 292-7;
change for worse at Athens after Persian invasion, 313;
this change began in music, 314;
contrast in Demosthenes and Menexenus, 315 n.,
318;
dangers of change in national music, doctrine also of Damon, 315;
Plato’s aversion to dramatic poetry of Athens, 316, 350;
peculiar to himself, 317;
value of arithmetic, 330
n.;
purpose of teaching astronomy, 354;
planets, Plato’s idea of motions of, ib.;
circular motion best, 388,
389;
hunting, meaning of, 356;
hunting, how far permitted, 355;
for religion, oracles of Dodona and Delphi to be consulted, 325, 337;
temples and priests, 337;
number of sacrifices determined by lawgiver, 357;
only state worship allowed, 378;
contrast with Sokratic teaching, iii. 148;
Milton on, iv. 379
n.;
necessity of enforcing state religion, 378;
ὕβρις to divine things or places, 375;
proëm to laws against, 383;
impiety, from one of three heresies, 376;
punishment, 376-9;
majority of Greek world would have been included in one of the three
varieties, 381;
first heresy confuted, 386;
argument inconsistent and unsatisfactory, 388;
second confuted, 389;
the third the worst, 384;
confuted, 391;
incongruity of Plato’s doctrine, 393;
dissent of Herodotus and Sokrates, 394;
opposition to Plato’s doctrine in Greece, 395;
general Greek belief, 392,
394;
division of citizens and land, twelve tribes, 329;
four classes, property qualification for magistracies and voters, 331;
perpetuity of lots of land, 326,
360;
Aristotle on, 326
n.;
succession, 328;
number of citizens, 326,
328;
Aristotle on, 326
n.;
syssitia, 344,
359;
same duties and training for women as men, 195;
family ties mischievous, but cannot practically be got rid of, 327;
to be watched over by magistrates, 328;
marriage,
ib., 332, 342, 344, 359, 405, 406;
board of Matrons, 345;
divorce, 406;
treatment of infants, 346;
orphans, guardians, 404,
406;
limited inequality tolerated as to movable property, 330;
modes of acquiring property, 397;
length of prescription for ownership, 415;
no private possession of gold or silver, no loans or interest, 331;
slavery, 342,
400;
Aristotle differs, 343
n.;
distribution of annual produce, 361;
each artisan only one trade, ib.;
retailers, regulations about, ib.,
401;
punishment for fraud, 402;
Benefit Societies, 399;
Metics, 362;
strangers and foreign travel of citizens, 414;
electoral scheme, 333;
thirty-seven nomophylakes, 332;
assisted by select Dikasts, 362;
many details left to, 341;
the council, and other magistrates, 335;
limited power of fining, 360;
military commanders and council, 332;
monthly military muster of whole population, 358;
oaths for dikasts, judges, and electors only, 413;
penal ties against contentious litigation, 410;
judicial duties, public and private causes, 339;
public, three stages, 340,
415;
witnesses, 409;
distinction of damage and injury, 365;
sacrilege and high treason the gravest crimes, 363;
abuse of public trust, 412;
evasion of military service, 412;
homicide, penalties, 370;
varieties of, 370-2;
wounds and beating, 372,
373, 408;
poison and sorcery, 407;
neglect of parents, ib.;
lunacy, ib.;
libels, 409;
theft, 364,
409;
suretyship, 415;
mendicants, 409;
funerals, 415;
compared with earlier works, 275,
280;
Cyropædia, 319;
Protagoras, 301;
Gorgias, ii. 362, iv.
301-2, 324;
Phædrus, ib.;
Philêbus, 301;
Republic, 298 n.,
302, 319, 327, 390, 429;
Timæus, 389 n.
Leibnitz,
interdependence of nature, ii. 248 n.;
agreement with Plato’s metaphysics,
ib.;
pre-existence of soul,
ib.;
natural significant aptitude of letters, iii. 313 n.;
on a philosophical language, 322 n.
Leukippus, i. 65, 66, iii. 243 n.
Lewis, Sir G. C., ancient astronomy, iv. 355 n., 424 n.
Liberty, excess of, at Athens, iv. 312.
Libraries,
ancient, i. 270,
278 n.,
280, 286;
copying by librarii and private friends, 281 n.,
284 n.;
official MSS., ib.;
see Alexandrine,
Lykeum, Academy.
Lichtenstädt, iv. 256 n.
Light, Plato’s theory, iv. 236.
Like
known by like, i. 354
n., ii. 359 n.;
friend to like, 359.
Littré,
the soul, iv. 257
n.;
synthetic character of ancient medicine, 260 n.
Lobeck, iii. 304 n., 311 n., 312 n.
Locke,
atomic doctrine of primary and secondary qualities, i. 70;
good identical with pleasure, ii. 306 n.
Logic,
influence of Herakleitus on development of, i. 37;
of a science, Plato’s different from Aristotelic and modern
view, 358
n.;
objects of perception and of conception, comprised in Plato’s
ens, iii. 229,
231;
concepts and percepts, relative, 75;
in Sokrates, the subordination of terms, i. 455;
position of Megarics in history of, 131 n.;
negative, of Antisthenes’ school, 149;
Kyrenaic theory, 197;
elementary distinctions unfamiliar in Plato’s time, ii. 13, 34 n.,
235, 319, iii. 190, 222, 229, 241;
the dialogues of search are lessons in method, 177, 188;
collection of sophisms necessary for a theory of, i. 131;
Aristotle first distinguished
ὁμώνυμα,
συνώνυμα,
and
κατ’
ἀναλογίαν,
iii. 94 n.;
generalisation and division, ii. 27;
process of classification not much attended to, iii. 344;
definition and division illustrated in Phædrus
and Philêbus, 29, 344;
names relative and non-relative, 232;
connotation of a word, to be known before its accidents and
antecedents, ii. 242;
logical subject has no real essence apart from predicates, i. 168 n.;
logical and concrete aggregates, ii. 52, 53;
concrete, its Greek equivalent, 52 n.;
opposites, only one to each thing, 13 n.;
contraries, the Pythagorean “principia of existing
things,” i. 15
n.;
Herakleitus’ theory, 30,
31;
are excluded in nothing save the self-existent Idea, ii. 7 n.;
judgment, akin to proposition, and may be false by partnership with
form non-ens, iii.
213-4;
implied in every act of consciousness, 165 n.;
Plato’s canon of belief, iv. 231;
contradictory propositions not possible, i. 166 n.;
principle of contradiction, not laid down in Plato’s time,
iii. 99;
logical maxim of, 239;
function of copula, i. 170
n.;
misconceived by Antisthenes, iii. 221, 232 n.,
251 n.;
Plato’s view of causal reasoning, ii. 253;
modern views on à priori reasonings,
difference of Plato’s, 251;
see Fallacies,
Predication,
Proposition.
Logographers, iii. 27 n., 36 n.
Lot, principle of the, iv. 309, 310 n.
Love, a
moving force in Empedokles, i. 38;
cause of, desire for what is akin to us or our own, ii. 182;
see Eros.
Lucian,
worthlessness of geometry, i. 384 n.;
on time wasted in philosophic training, 404 n.
Lucretius,
on Anaxagorean homœomeries, i. 52 n.;
origin of language, iii. 329 n.;
on pleasure, 379
n., 387 n.,
i. 163 n.;
on justice, iv. 130
n.;
appearances of gods to men, 155 n.;
theology of, 162
n.
Λυσιτέλουν, derivation, iii. 301 n.
Lykeum,
Peripatetic school, i. 269;
the library, founded for use of inmates and special visitors, 279 n.;
loss of library, 270.
Lykurgus, relation to Plato, i. 344 n.
Lysias,
rhetorical powers, iii. 48 n.;
Isokrates compared, 35,
37;
unfairly treated in Phædrus, 47-8;
rivalry with Plato, 408,
410 n.,
411 n.;
oration against Æschines, i. 112.
Lysis, authenticity,
i. 306,
ii. 184 n.;
date, i. 308-10,
313,
326, ii. 184 n.;
subject suited for dialogue of search, 185;
problem of friendship too general, 186;
debate partly real, partly verbal, 188;
scenery and personages, 172;
mode of talking with youth, 173;
servitude of the ignorant, 176;
lesson of humility, 177;
illustrates Sokratic manner, ib.;
what is a friend, 178;
appeal to maxims of poets, 179;
likeness and unlikeness, ib.,
188 n.;
the Indifferent, friend to Good, 180, 189;
anxious to escape from felt evil, 180;
illustrated by philosopher’s condition, 181, 190;
the primum amabile, ib., 191;
cause of friendship, desire for what is akin to us or our own, 182;
good akin, evil alien, to every one, 183;
the Good and Beautiful as objects of attachment, 194;
failure of enquiry, 184;
compared with Cicero De Amicitia, 189 n.;
Charmidês, 172, 184 n.