Πολυπράγμων, ii. 362 n.
Polytheism,
early Greek explanation of phenomena by, i. 2;
believed in after genesis of philosophy, 3;
hostile to philosophy, 86;
substitution of physical forces for, ii. 402;
Euripides’ Hippolytus illustrates popular
Greek religious belief, iv. 163 n.
Population,
Malthus’ law of, iv. 201;
recognised by Plato and Aristotle, 202.
Porphyry, on Metempsychosis, ii. 426 n.
Poste, Mr., on Philêbus,
iii. 365 n.,
369 n.,
381 n.,
384 n.,
390 n.,
396 n.,
397 n.;
abstract theories of Plato and Aristotle compared, ib.
Potential
and actual, Aristotle’s distinction, iii. 134;
ens equivalent to, 204.
Power,
controversy of Aristotle with Megarics, i. 135;
Aristotle’s arguments not valid,
136-8;
Aristotle himself concedes the doctrine, 139 n.;
doctrine of Diodôrus Kronus, 140, 143;
defended by Hobbes, 143;
Brown on, 138
n.
Practical
life disparaged, ii. 355,
iii. 329;
and philosophy, ii. 365
n., 368 n.,
ib.,
iii. 179,
183, iv.
51-4, i. 181
n., 182;
uselessness of philosopher in, due to his not being called in by
citizens, iv. 54;
condition of success in, ii. 359;
influence of belief on, i. 180 n.;
Boissier on, 157
n.
Prantl,
objection to Homo Mensura, iii. 151 n.;
Timæus, iv. 255 n.;
Megarics, i. 129
n., 132 n.
Praxiphanes, on Kritias, iv. 265 n.
Prayer,
danger of, for mischievous gifts, ii. 12;
Sokrates on, and sacrifice, 17,
417, 419;
Sokrates prays for undefined favours — premonitions, 28;
Sokrates’ belief, iv. 394;
heresy that gods appeased by, 376,
384;
general Greek belief, 392,
394;
Herodotus, ib.;
Epikurus, 395;
Aristotle, ib.
Predicables, iii. 77 n.
Predication,
predicate not recognised in Plato’s analysis, iii. 235;
only identical, legitimate, 223,
232 n.,
251;
coincidence in Plato, ii. 46 n.;
analogous difficulty in Parmenidês, i. 169;
error due to the then imperfect logic, iii. 241;
misconception of function of copula, 221, i. 170 n.;
arguments against, iii. 206,
212, 221;
Aristotle on, i. 166,
170;
after Aristotle, asserted by Stilpon, 166, 169;
Stilpon against accidental, 167;
logical subject has no real essence apart from predicates, 168 n.;
Menedêmus disallowed negative, 170;
see Proposition.
Pre-existence of all animals, included in Plato’s proof of soul’s immortality, ii. 414.
Pre-Sokratic, see Philosophy.
Priestley, Dr., character of, i. 403 n.
Principle,
march of philosophy up to or down from, i. 403;
of Thales, 4;
Anaximander, 5;
Anaximenes, 7;
Pythagoreans, 9-12, 14;
Parmenides, 24;
Herakleitos, 27;
Empedokles, 38;
Diogenes of Apollonia, 60;
defect of the Ionic philosophers, 38.
Prinsterer, G. van, iii. 412 n.
Prodikus,
as a writer and critic, iii. 304,
308 n.;
less a sophist than Sokrates, 219;
the choice of Herakles, ii. 267 n.
Proëms,
of Zaleukus and Charondas, iv. 323 n.;
didactic or rhetorical homilies, 322;
to every important law, 321,
383;
as type for poets, 323.
Proklus,
borrowed from Rhodian Eudemus, i. 85 n.;
interpretation of Plato, xi;
on Leges, iv. 355 n.;
Kritias, 265 n.;
Parmenidês, iii. 64 n.,
80 n.,
80, 90 n.;
Kratylus, 294 n.,
310 n.,
323 n.;
distinction of divine and human names, 300 n.;
analysis of propositions, 237 n.
Promêtheus, mythe, ii. 267.
Property,
private, an evil, iv. 327,
333;
perpetuity of lots of land, 326;
succession, 405;
modes of acquiring, 397;
length of prescription, 415;
direct taxation according to, 331;
qualification for magistracies and votes, ib.,
333;
limited inequality tolerated as to movable, 330;
no private possession of gold or silver, no loans or interest, 331;
see Communism.
Prophesy,
Plato’s theory of liver’s function, iv. 246;
see Inspiration.
Proposition,
analysis of, iii. 213;
imperfect, 230,
235;
intercommunion of forms of non-ens and of
proposition, opinion, judgment, 213-4;
no analysis or classification of, before Aristotle, 222;
quality of, 235,
248;
Plato’s view of the negative erroneous, 236, 239;
Ideas τῶν
ἀποφάσεων,
238 n.;
are false possible, 232;
Plato undertakes impossible task, 249;
some true, others false, assumed by Aristotle,
ib.;
hypothetical, Diodôrus Kronus on, i. 145;
Philo,
ib. n.;
contradictory, impossible, 166;
the subject, no real essence apart from predicates, 168 n.;
see Copula,
Predication.
Protagoras,
character of, ii. 265
n.;
not represented in Euthydêmus, 202;
less a sophist than Sokrates, iii. 219;
not disparagingly viewed by Plato, ii. 288 n.,
290 n.,
296 n.,
303, 314;
relation to Herakleitus, iii. 159 n.;
Homo Mensura, 113;
see Relativity;
combated by Demokritus, i. 82;
taught by lectures, ii. 203,
301;
Περὶ τοῦ
ὄντος, iii. 153 n.;
as a writer and critic, 304,
308 n.;
treatise on eristic, i. 125
n.;
theory of vision, iv. 237
n.;
on the gods, 233
n.
Protagoras, the, date,
i. 304-7, 308,
77, 312, 315, 321, 327, 328, 331 n.,
ii. 228 n.,
298 n.;
purpose, 277,
278 n.;
two distinct aspects of ethics and politics, 299;
difference of rhetorical and dialectical method, 300;
introduction illustrates Sokrates’ mission, 263;
question unsolved, 297,
316;
scenery and personages, 259;
Hippokrates eager for acquaintance with Protagoras, 260, iii. 217 n.;
not noticed at the close, ii. 298;
Sophists as teachers, 261;
danger of going to sophist, without knowing what he is about to teach, 262;
visit to Kallias, respect for Protagoras, 264;
Protagoras questioned,
ib.;
is virtue, teachable, 266;
intends to train youths as virtuous citizens, ib.;
Protagoras’ mythe, first fabrication of animals by gods, 267;
its value, 276;
social art conferred by Zeus, 268,
iii. 275;
Protagoras’ discourse, ii. 269;
its purpose, 274;
prolix, 275;
parodied by Sokrates, 283;
mythe and discourse explain propagation of established sentiment of a
community, 274,
iii. 274;
justice and sense of shame possessed and taught by all citizens, ii. 269;
virtue taught by parents, &c., 272;
quantity acquired depends on individual aptitude, ib.;
analogy of learning the vernacular, 273;
theory of punishment, 270;
combines the two modern theories, 270 n.;
why genius not hereditary, 271,
272, 274;
Sokrates analyses, 276;
how far is justice like holiness, 278;
intelligence and moderation identical, having same contrary, 279;
Sokrates’ reasons insufficient, ib.;
Protagoras’ prolix reply, 280, 281, 284;
Alkibiades claims superiority for Sokrates, 282, 287;
dialectic superior to rhetoric, 282;
Sokrates inferior in continuous debate, 284;
Sokrates on song, and concealed Sophists at Krete and Sparta, 283;
Protagoras on importance of knowledge of poets, ib.;
interpretation of a song of Simonides, ib.;
forced interpretation of poets, 285;
poets deliver wisdom without knowing it, 285;
Sokrates depreciates value of debates
on poets, ib.;
colloquial companion necessary to Sokrates, 287;
courage differs materially from rest of virtue, 285, 304 n.,
iv. 283 n.;
Sokrates argues that courage is knowledge, ii. 288;
Aristotle on, 170
n.;
courage a right estimate of terrible things, 296, 307;
the reasoning unsatisfactory, 313;
knowledge is dominant agency in mind, 290;
no man does evil voluntarily, 292;
ignorance, not pleasure, the cause of wrongdoing, 294;
pleasure the good, 289,
292, 305, 344-50;
agreement with Aristippus, i. 199-201;
right comparison of pleasures and pains necessary, ii. 293, iii. 391;
virtue a right comparison of pleasures and pains, ii. 293, 305;
actions conducive to pleasure are honourable, 295;
reasoning of Sokrates, 307;
not ironical, 314;
not Utilitarianism, 310
n.;
theory more distinct than any in other dialogues, 308;
but too narrow and exclusively prudential, 309-11, 313, 350 n.;
reciprocity of regard indispensable, 311;
ethical end involves regard for pleasures and pains of others, 312;
permanent and transient elements of human agency, 353-5;
compared with Menon, 245;
Gorgias, 306 n.,
345-8, 349-57, iii. 379;
Politikus, 262,
275, 276;
Philêbus, 380, 391;
Republic, ii. 310, 350 n.;
Timæus, 268 n.;
Leges, iv. 301.
Prudence,
relation to rest of virtue, iv. 426;
a good from its consequent pleasures, Aristippus’ doctrine,
i. 197.
Psammetichus, iii. 289 n.
Ψεῦδος, derivation, iii. 301 n.
Ψυχή,
meaning, iv. 387
n.;
see Mind, Soul, Reason.
Psychology,
defective in Gorgias, ii. 354;
great advance by Plato in analytical, iii. 164;
classification of minds and aptitudes required in true rhetoric, 32, 43.
Ptolemies, i. 279, 284 n., 285.
Punishment,
theory of, ii. 270;
combines the two modern theories,
ib. n.;
a relief to the wrongdoer, 326,
328, 335,
iv. 366;
consequences of theory, ii. 336;
its incompleteness, 363;
analogy of mental and bodily distemper pushed too far, 337;
objects to deter or reform, iv. 408;
corporal, 403.
Pythagoras,
life and doctrines, i. 8;
metaphysical and geometrical rather than physical, 89;
censured by Herakleitus, 26;
Demokritus on, 82
n.;
antipathy of Herakleitus, iii. 316 n.;
see Pythagoreans.
Pythagoreans,
the brotherhood, i. 8,
ii. 374;
absence of individuality, i. 8;
divergences of doctrine, 9
n.,
14 n.;
canon of life, iii. 390
n.;
compared with Chinese philosophers, i. 159 n.;
Number, differs from Plato’s Idea, 10, 348;
modern application of the principle, 10 n.;
fundamental conception applied by Kepler, 14 n.;
Platonic form of doctrine of Monas and Duas, 15 n.;
number limited to ten, 11
n.;
καιρός, the first cause
of good, iii. 397
n.;
music of the spheres, i. 14;
harmonies, 16;
geometrical construction of kosmos, re-appears in Timæus,
349 n.;
vacuum extraneous to the kosmos, iv. 225 n.;
doctrine of one cosmical soul, ii. 248 n.;
metempsychosis, 426
n.;
Contraries, the principles of ὄντα, i. 15 n.;
theory of vision, iv. 237
n.;
not the idealists of Sophistês, iii. 245 n.;
doctrine of classification, enlarged by Plato, 368;
on etymology, 304
n., 316 n.,
323 n.;
doctrines in Plato, i. 11
n.,
16 n.,
88, 344 n.,
346 n.,
347, 349 n.,
ii. 426 n.,
iii. 368,
iv. 424 n.;
Platonists, iii. 390
n.
Qualities,
primary and secondary, i. 70,
iv. 243 n.;
all are relative, ii. 157;
no existence without the mind, iii. 73 n.;
ἀλλοίωσις,
103 n.
Quality of propositions, iii. 235 n., 248.
Quintilian, iii. 311 n.
Ravaisson, M., iii. 242 n.
Realism, first protest against, Antisthenes, i. 164.
Reason,
the universal, of Herakleitus, i. 34;
is the reason of most men as it ought to be, 35;
the individual, worthless, 34;
of Anaxagoras, identical with the vital principle, 54;
alone pure and unmixed, 51;
immaterial and impersonal, 56 n.;
two attributive to move and to know,
ib.;
relation to the homœomeries, 55-7;
originates rotatory movement in chaotic mass, 50;
exercised only a catalytic agency, 89;
compared with Herakleitus’
περιέχον,
56 n.;
not used as a cause, ii. 394;
of Demokritus, produced
by influx of atoms, i. 79;
relation to sense, 68
n.;
alone gives true knowledge, 72;
worlds of sense and, distinct, 403;
varieties of, classified, iii. 358;
dialectic the purest, 360;
two grades of, Nous and Dianoia, iv. 66;
relation to νοητόν, i. 354 n.;
the Universal, assigned as measure of truth, iii. 151 n.;
relation to kosmical soul, iv. 226;
kosmos produced by joint action of necessity and, 237;
in individual, analogous to ruler in state, 39;
temporarily withdrawn under inspiration, ii. 131, iii. 11;
belongs only to gods and a few men, 121 n.,
iv. 234,
235 n.;
is the determining, iii. 348;
a combining cause, 347;
postulated by the Hedonists, 374;
analogy of pleasure and, 360;
more cognate than pleasure with good, 339, 347, 361;
is it happiness, 335,
337;
is good a life of, without pleasure or pain, 338, 349, 372;
pleasure an end, and cannot be compared with intelligence, a means, 373, 377 n.;
all cognitions included in good, 362;
good is not, iv. 62;
implication of emotion and, iii. 374;
knowledge of good identical with, of other things with
δόξα, ii. 30;
perfect state of, the one sufficient condition of virtue, 149;
earliest example of fallacy of Sufficient, i. 6 n.
Reid, on
Berkeley, iv. 243 n.;
atomic doctrine of primary and secondary qualities, i. 70.
Relation, category of, iii. 128 n.
Relative
and non-relative names, iii. 232 n.;
and absolute, radically distinct points of view, i. 23 n.;
antithetised by Plato in regard to the beautiful, ii. 54;
the, of Xenophanes, i. 18;
doctrine of Parmenides, 20-24,
66;
alone knowable, Zeno, 98,
101;
incommunicable, Gorgias the Leontine, 104 n.;
doctrine of Anaxagoras, 59
n.;
Demokritus, 71,
80;
alone knowable, iii. 63,
73;
Idea of Good is essentially, iv. 214 n.,
i. 185;
see Absolute,
Relativity.
Relativity,
perpetual implication of subject and object, iii. 118, 123 n.,
122 seq., 128-9, 287
n., i. 204 n.;
true both in regard to ratiocinative combinations and percipient
faculties of each individual, iii. 118;
the doctrine of Sokrates, i. 432,
iii. 140 n.,
147, 162 n.;
in regard to intelligible world, proved from Plato, 121, 125, 227, 322 n.,
337 n.;
shown more easily than in reference to sense, 122;
of some sensible facts, 126,
298, iv. 242;
two-fold, to comparing subject, and to another object, besides the one
directly described, iii. 127;
relations are nothing in the object without a comparing subject, ib.;
the facts of consciousness not explicable by independent subject and
object, 131;
Homo Mensura, formula unpopular, 150;
objected to as “Subjectivism,” 151;
true meaning, ii. 341
n., iii. 116, 137, 143, 292, 297;
its counter-proposition, 148;
its value, 131,
164 n.;
relation to belief on authority, 142, 143, 146, 293;
counter-theory of naming, 291,
326 n.;
all exposition an assemblage of individual judgments, 139;
sentiments of belief and disbelief common, but grounds different with
different men and ages, 296;
belief not dependent on will but relative to circumstances of
individual mind, 297;
Homo Mensura, an objection to cognisability of
Ideas, 72;
identified with Herakleiteanism, 128;
Demokritus on, i. 82,
iii. 152;
Plato’s arguments against, 135;
identified erroneously by Plato with knowledge is sensible perception, 114 n.,
118, 120 n.,
125, 162 n.;
Plato ignores the proper qualification, 137;
the doctrine equalises all animals, 135, 292;
analogy of physical processes, 294;
not true in the sense meant, 141,
296;
it annuls dialectic — not true, 146;
the wise man alone a measure, 145;
divergences of men, from mental and associative differences, 155;
Aristotle on, 128
n., 131 n.,
132 n.,
149 n.,
152;
Kyrenaics, i. 197.
204;
Hamilton, iii. 133
n.;
Dugald Stewart, 156
n.;
see Relative.