Title: International Law. A Treatise. Volume 1 (of 2)
Author: L. Oppenheim
Release date: October 16, 2012 [eBook #41046]
Most recently updated: October 23, 2024
Language: English
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WHEWELL PROFESSOR OF INTERNATIONAL LAW IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE MEMBER OF THE INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW HONORARY MEMBER OF THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF JURISPRUDENCE AT MADRID
LONGMANS, GREEN AND CO.
39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON
NEW YORK, BOMBAY, AND CALCUTTA
1912
All rights reserved
TO
EDWARD ARTHUR WHITTUCK
WHOSE SYMPATHY AND ENCOURAGEMENT
HAVE ACCOMPANIED THE PROGRESS OF THIS WORK
FROM ITS INCEPTION TO ITS CLOSE
Transcriber's Note: Original spelling variations have not been standardized. Links have been provided to the second volume of this work, see International Law. A Treatise. Vol. II--War And Neutrality. Second Edition, by Lassa Oppenheim, M.A., LL.D., gutenberg ebooks 41047. Although we verify the correctness of these links at the time of posting, these links may not work, for various reasons, for various people, at various times.
The course of events since 1905, when this work first made its appearance, and the results of further research have necessitated not only the thorough revision of the former text and the rewriting of some of its parts, but also the discussion of a number of new topics. But while the new matter which has been incorporated has added considerably to the length of the work—the additions to the bibliography, text, and notes amounting to nearly a quarter of the former work—this second edition is not less convenient in size than its predecessor. By rearranging the matter on the page, using a line extra on each, and a greater number of words on a line, by setting the bibliography and notes in smaller type, and by omitting the Appendix, it has been found possible to print the text of this new edition on 626 pages, as compared with 594 pages of the first edition.
The system being elastic it was possible to place most of the additional matter within the same sections and under the same headings as before. Some of the points treated are, however, so entirely new that it was necessary to deal with them under separate headings, and within separate sections. The reader will easily distinguish them, since, to avoid disturbing the arrangement of topics, these new sections have been inserted between the old ones, and numbered as the sections preceding them, but with the addition of the letters a, b, &c. The more important of these new sections are the following: § 178a (concerning the Utilisation of the Flow of Rivers); §§ 287a and 287b (concerning Wireless Telegraphy on the Open Sea); §§ 287c and 287d (concerning Mines and Tunnels in the Subsoil of the Sea bed); § 446a (concerning the Casa Blanca incident); §§ 476a and 476b (concerning the International Prize Court and the suggested International Court of Justice); §§ 568a and 568b (concerning the Conventions of the Second Hague Peace Conference, and the Declaration of London); § 576a (concerning Pseudo-Guarantees). Only towards the end of the volume has this mode of dealing with the new topics been departed from. As the chapter treating of Unions, the last of the volume, had to be entirely rearranged and rewritten, and a new chapter on Commercial Treaties inserted, the old arrangement comes to an end with § 577; and §§ 578 to 596 of this new edition present an arrangement of topics which differs from that of the former edition.
I venture to hope that this edition will be received as favourably as was its predecessor. My aim, as always, has been to put the matter as clearly as possible before the reader, and nowhere have I forgotten that I am writing as a teacher for students. It is a matter of great satisfaction to me that the prophetic warnings of some otherwise very sympathetic reviewers that a comprehensive treatise on International Law in two volumes would never be read by young students have proved mistaken. The numerous letters which I have received from students, not only in this country but also in America, Japan, France, and Italy, show that I was not wrong when, in the preface to the former edition, I described the work as an elementary book for those beginning to study the subject. Many years of teaching have confirmed me in the conviction that those who approach the study of International Law should at the outset be brought face to face with its complicated problems, and should at once acquire a thorough understanding of the wide scope of the subject. If writers and lecturers who aim at this goal will but make efforts to use the clearest language and an elementary method of explanation, they will attain success in spite of the difficulty of the problems and the wide range of topics to be considered.
I owe thanks to many reviewers and readers who have drawn my attention to mistakes and misprints in the first edition, and I am especially indebted to Mr. C. J. B. Hurst, C.B., Assistant Legal Adviser to the Foreign Office, to Mr. E. S. Roscoe, Admiralty Registrar of the High Court, and to Messrs. F. Ritchie and G. E. P. Hertslet of the Foreign Office who gave me valuable information on certain points while I was preparing the manuscript for this edition. And I must likewise most gratefully mention Miss B. M. Rutter and Mr. C. F. Pond who have assisted me in reading the proofs and have prepared the table of cases and the exhaustive alphabetical index.
L. OPPENHEIM.
Whewell House,
Cambridge,
November 1, 1911.
The books referred to in the bibliography and notes are, as a rule, quoted with their full titles and the date of their publication. But certain books and periodicals which are very often referred to throughout this work are quoted in an abbreviated form, as follows:—
A.J. = The American Journal of International Law.
Annuaire = Annuaire de l'Institut de Droit International.
Bluntschli = Bluntschli, Das moderne Völkerrecht der civilisirten Staaten als Rechtsbuch dargestellt, 3rd ed. (1878).
Bonfils = Bonfils, Manuel De Droit International Public, 5th ed. by Fauchille (1908).
Bulmerincq = Bulmerincq, Das Völkerrecht (1887).
Calvo = Calvo, Le Droit International etc., 5th ed. 6 vols. (1896).
Despagnet = Despagnet, Cours De Droit International Public, 4th ed. by de Boeck (1910).
Field = Field, Outlines of an International Code (1872).
Fiore = Fiore, Nouveau Droit International Public, deuxième édition, traduite de l'Italien et annotée par Antoine, 3 vols. (1885).
Fiore, Code = Fiore, Le Droit International Codifié, nouvelle édition, traduite de l'Italien par Antoine (1911).
Gareis = Gareis, Institutionen des Völkerrechts, 2nd ed. (1910).
Grotius = Grotius, De Jure Belli ac Pacis (1625).
Hall = Hall, A Treatise on International Law, 4th ed. (1895).
Halleck = Halleck, International Law, 3rd English ed. by Sir Sherston Baker, 2 vols. (1893).
Hartmann = Hartmann, Institutionen des praktischen Völkerrechts in Friedenszeiten (1874).
Heffter = Heffter, Das Europäische Völkerrecht der Gegenwart, 8th ed. by Geffcken (1888).
Heilborn, System = Heilborn, Das System des Völkerrechts entwickelt aus den völkerrechtlichen Begriffen (1896).
Holland, Studies = Holland, Studies in International Law (1898).
Holland, Jurisprudence = Holland, The Elements of Jurisprudence, 6th ed. (1893).
Holtzendorff = Holtzendorff, Handbuch des Völkerrechts, 4 vols. (1885-1889).
Klüber = Klüber, Europäisches Völkerrecht, 2nd ed. by Morstadt (1851).
Lawrence = Lawrence, The Principles of International Law, 4th ed. (1910).
Lawrence, Essays = Lawrence, Essays on some Disputed Questions of Modern International Law (1884).
Liszt = Liszt, Das Völkerrecht, 6th ed. (1910).
Lorimer = Lorimer, The Institutes of International Law, 2 vols. (1883-1884).
Maine = Maine, International Law, 2nd ed. (1894).
Manning = Manning, Commentaries on the Law of Nations, new ed. by Sheldon Amos (1875).
Martens = Martens, Völkerrecht, German translation of the Russian original in 2 vols. (1883).
Martens, G. F. = G. F. Martens, Précis Du Droit Des Gens Moderne De L'Europe, nouvelle éd. par Vergé, 2 vols. (1858)
Martens, R. }
Martens, N.R. }
Martens, N.S. }
Martens, N.R.G. }
Martens, N.R.G. 2nd Ser. }
Martens. N.R.G. 3rd Ser. } These are the abbreviated quotations of the different parts of Martens, Recueil de Traités (see p. 102 of this volume), which are in common use.
Martens, Causes Célèbres = Martens, Causes Célèbres Du Droit Des Gens, 5 vols., 2nd ed. (1858-1861).
Mérignhac = Mérignhac, Traité De Droit Public International, vol. i. (1905), vol. ii. (1907).
Moore = Moore, A Digest of International Law, 8 vols., Washington (1906).
Nys = Nys, Le Droit International, 3 vols. (1904-1906).
Perels = Perels, Das internationale öffentliche Seerecht der Gegenwart, 2nd ed. (1903).
Phillimore = Phillimore, Commentaries upon International Law, 4 vols. 3rd ed. (1879-1888).
Piedelièvre = Piedelièvre, Précis De Droit International Public, 2 vols. (1894-1895).
Pradier-Fodéré = Pradier-Fodéré, Traité De Droit International Public, 8 vols. (1885-1906).
Pufendorf = Pufendorf, De Jure Naturae et Gentium (1672).
Rivier = Rivier, Principes Du Droit Des Gens, 2 vols. (1896).
R.I. = Revue De Droit International Et De Législation Comparée.
R.G. = Revue Général De Droit International Public.
Taylor = Taylor, A Treatise on International Public Law (1901).
Testa = Testa, Le Droit Public International Maritime, traduction du Portugais par Boutiron (1886).
Twiss = Twiss, The Law of Nations, 2 vols., 2nd ed. (1884, 1875).
Ullmann = Ullmann, Völkerrecht, 2nd ed. (1908).
Vattel = Vattel, Le Droit Des Gens, 4 books in 2 vols., nouvelle éd. (Neuchâtel, 1773).
Walker = Walker, A Manual of Public International Law (1895).
Walker, History = Walker, A History of the Law of Nations, vol. i. (1899).
Walker, Science = Walker, The Science of International Law (1893).
Westlake = Westlake, International Law, 2 vols. (1904-1907).
Westlake, Chapters = Westlake, Chapters on the Principles of International Law (1894).
Wharton = Wharton, A Digest of the International Law of the United States, 3 vols. (1886).
Wheaton = Wheaton, Elements of International Law, 8th American ed. by Dana (1866).
Aegi, § 437, p. 496
Ambrose Light, the, § 273 note 2; § 276, p. 345 note 1
Amelia Island, § 132, p. 186
Anderson, John, § 147, p. 205 note 1
Anna, the, § 234, p. 301
Aubespine, L', § 387, p. 459
Bartram v. Robertson, § 580, p. 611 note 1
Bass, de, § 387, p. 459
Beckert, Wilhelm, § 402, p. 474
Belgenland, the, § 265, p. 335 note 3
Belle-Isle, Maréchal de, § 398, p. 471
Boisset, M., § 163, p. 220
Botiller v. Dominguez, § 546, p. 578 note 2
Brooke, Sir James, § 209, p. 282 note 2
Brunswick, Duke of, v. King of Hanover, § 353, p. 433
Canning, George, and the Russian Ambassador, § 481, p. 532
Canning, Sir Stratford, § 375, p. 451
Caroline, the, § 133, p. 187; § 444, p. 501; § 446, p. 501
Casa Blanca, § 446a, p. 502; § 476, p. 521
Castioni, Ex parte, § 334, p. 415 note 4
Cellamare, Prince, § 388, p. 459
Cespedes, the, § 273, p. 343, note 1
Charkieh, the, § 91, p. 144 note 1; § 450, p. 507 note 1
Charlton, Porter, § 330, p. 408
Chartered Mercantile Bank of India v. Netherlands India Steam Navigation Co., § 265, p. 335 note 2
Cherokee Tobacco, the, § 546, p. 578 note 2
Constitution, the, § 450, p. 507 note 1
Cook v. Sprigg, § 82, p. 129 note 4
Costa Rica Packet, the, § 162, p. 217
Cutting, § 147, p. 205
Danish Fleet, the, § 131, p. 186
De Jager v. The Attorney-General for Natal, § 317, p. 394
De Haber v. Queen of Portugal, § 115, p. 169 note 2
Delagoa Bay, § 247, p. 313
Dogger Bank, § 163, p. 219 note 2
Dubois, § 392, p. 465
Exchange, the, § 450, p. 507 note 1
Gallatin, § 403, p. 474 note 1
Germany, Great Britain, and Italy v. Venezuela, § 476, p. 521
Germany, France, and Great Britain v. Japan, § 476, p. 521
Gore and Pinkney, § 458, p. 513
Guébriant, Madame de, § 370, p. 447
Gurney, § 402, p. 473 note 2
Gyllenburg, § 388, p. 459
Haggerty, § 427, p. 489
Hall v. Campbell, § 240, p. 306 note 1
Hellfeld v. Russian Government, § 115, p. 169 note 4
Huascar, the, § 273, p. 342
Huus v. New York and Porto Rico Steamship Co., § 579, p. 609 note 1
Indian Chief, the, § 434, p. 494 note 1
Ionian Ships, § 93, p. 146 note 1
Isabella, Queen of Spain, § 351, p. 432
Jacquin, § 335, p. 416
Jager. See De Jager
Jassy, the, § 450, p. 507 note 1
Johann Friederich, the, § 265, p. 335 note 2; § 271, p. 339 note 1
McLeod, § 133, p. 187 note 2; § 446, p. 501
Macartney v. Garbutt, § 375, p. 450 note 2; § 394, p. 467 note 1
Magdalena Steam Navigation Co. v. Martin, § 391, p. 465 note 2
Maori King, the, § 261, p. 331 note 1
Mendoza, § 387, p. 459
Meunier, In re, § 334, p. 415 note 4; § 338, p. 418 note 3
Monaldeschi, § 348, p. 431 note 1
Montagnini, § 106, p. 160 note 1; § 386, p. 458 note 1; § 411, p. 478 note 2
Montezuma, the, § 273, p. 343 note 1
Monti, Marquis de, § 400, p. 472
Moray Firth, § 191, p. 263 note 3. See also Mortensen v. Peters
Mortensen v. Peters, § 22, p. 28 note 1; § 192, p. 264 note 2
Muscat Dhows, the, § 295, p. 372 note 2; § 476, p. 521
Musgrove v. Chun Teeong Toy, § 141, p. 200 note 1
Nereide, the, § 21, p. 26 note 2
Nikitschenkow, § 390, p. 463
Nillins, § 330, p. 407
North Atlantic Coast Fisheries, § 191, p. 262 note 1; § 205, p. 276 note 2; § 458, p. 513 note 1; § 476, p. 522
Norway v. Sweden, § 476, p. 522
Orinoco Steamship Co., § 476, p. 522
Paladini, § 330, p. 408
Panther, the, § 163, p. 219
Paquette Habana, the, § 21, p. 26 note 2
Parkinson v. Potter, § 394, p. 467 note 1
Parlement Belge, the, § 450, p. 507 note
Platen-Hallermund, § 240, p. 306
Porteña, the, § 273, p. 343 note 1
Pouble, Cirilo, § 147, p. 205 note 1
Prioleau v. United States, § 82, p. 129 note 1; § 115, p. 169 note 3
Reg. v. Cunningham, § 194, p. 266 note 2
Republic of Bolivia v. The Indemnity Mutual Marine Assurance Co., § 272, p. 341 note 1
Republic of Mexico v. Francisco de Arrangoiz, § 115, p. 169 note 1
Ripperda, Duke of, § 390, p. 461
Ross, Bishop, § 362, p. 443 note 1
Sà, Don Pantaleon, § 404, p. 475
Sackville, Lord, § 383, p. 455 note 1
Santa Lucia, § 247, p. 313
Sapphire, the, § 115, p. 169 note 1
Savarkar, § 332, p. 410; § 476, p. 522
Schnaebélé, § 456, p. 511
Scotia, the, § 21, p. 26 note 2
Shenandoah, the, § 273, p. 343
Soulé, § 398, p. 470
Springer, § 390, p. 461
Strathclyde, the. See Franconia, the
Sully, § 396, p. 468
Sun Yat Sen, § 390, p. 464
United States v. Repentigny, § 240, p. 306 note 1
United States v. Prioleau, § 82, p. 129 note 1; § 115, p. 169 note 3
United States v. Smith, § 21, p. 26 note 2
United States v. Venezuela, § 476, p. 522
United States v. Wagner, § 115, p. 169 note 1