[286] According to O’Donovan’s identification.
[287] See Reeves’ Adamnan, page 405.
[288] Annals of Ulster.
[289] Four Masters.
[290] Skene thinks that this Cellach was the Benedictine abbot Celestinus to whom the Pope granted Hy in 1203, probably after this attempt to seize the place by the authority of Ronald, Lord of the Isles.—Celtic Scotland, vol. ii., p. 417.
[291] See Four Masters, A.D. 1152.
[292] See the poem from the Saltair na Rann on the Patron Saints of Ireland, Cambr. Eversus, vol. ii., page 779.
[293] He was born in Mourne of Antrim, near Larne, not in Mourne of Down as stated here, and belonged to the Picts of Dalaradia.
[294] In the Second Life.
[295] Cardinal Moran thinks he was born as early as A.D. 530.
[296] Sinell himself studied at Clonard. His feast day is Nov. 12th.
[297] It is said that it was in Cluains Columbanus wrote his Commentary on the Psalter, lately published by the learned Ascoli. See Stokes’ Island Monasteries. Journal of the R.S.A.I., page 663.
[298] It is said that Columban when working at the spade wore leather gloves through reverence for the Holy Sacrifice which he used to offer.
[299] It was a ship—“quae Scotorum commercia vexerat”—trading between Gaul and Ireland.—Vita, c. 22.
[300] According to others he was nearly ninety.
[301] Some writers assert that Bobbio had been founded many years previously, and that this was the second journey of Columban into Lombardy. We follow old Jonas.
[302] See Migne’s Patrologia, vol. lxxx., page 210.
[303] “Ergo quotidie jejunandum est, sicut quotidie orandum est, quotidie laborandum, quotidie est legendum.”
[304] It appears to us more likely that the Bangor Missal has the Patrician liturgy; and that the Mass in the Stowe Missal is of Welsh origin.—See Irish Eccl. Record, Jan., 1891.
[305] Inver Becne was the ancient name of Bangor Bay; the islands near the shore, in one of which is an ancient graveyard, are now called the Copeland Islands—the name of the foreigner who enjoyed the lands of Bangor Abbey. Dr. M‘Cormick, the last Abbot of Bangor, died in Maynooth, and is buried in Larahbrine.—See Laverty’s Down and Connor.
[306] Quantum igitur spatii lata dimensio (Zodiaci) porrectis sideritus occupat, duabus lineis limitatum est, et tertia ducta per medium ecliptica vocatur, quia cum cursum suum in eadem linea pariter sol et luna conficiunt, alterius eorum necesse est evenire defectum; solis si ei tunc luna succedat, lunae si tunc adversa sit soli. Ideo nec sol unquam deficit nisi cum tricesimus lunae dies est; et nisi quinto decimo cursus sui die, nescit luna defectum; sic enim evenit ut aut lunae contra solem positae, ad mutuandum ab eo solidum lumen, sub eadem lineae inventus terrae conus obsistat, aut soli ipsa succedens, objectu suo ab humano aspectu lumen ejus repellat. In defectu autem sol ipse nihil patitur ... luna vero circa proprium defectum laborat non accipiendo solis lumen cujus beneficio noctem colorat.—Migne’s Patrol., No. 105, page 454.
[307] See Lothaire’s Capitular, De Doctrina, published by Muratori. “Primum in Papia conveniunt ad Dungalum de Mediolano, de Brixia, etc., etc.” So that Dungal may be justly regarded as the founder of the University of Pavia.
[308] The authenticity of these famous Caroline Books can no longer be questioned.
[309] The real number is unknown. See Hefélé, vol. v., p. 102.
[310] Hefélé clearly proves that the eighty-five Capitula sent to the Pope were not exactly the same as they are in the Libri Carolini which we have. But there was no substantial difference between them.
[311] Sacris etiam literis ornatum, et simul in grammaticali foro ac Prisciani deliciis enutritum, ut facile legenti constabit.—See Lanigan, vol iii., ch. 20.
[312] Muratori adds, that in one of the MSS. are inscribed these words:—
“Sancte Columba tibi Scotto tuus incola Dungal
Tradidit hunc librum, quo fratrum corda beentur.
Qui leges ergo Deus pretium sit muneris, oro.”
[313] Some critics have doubted if Dungal, the recluse of St. Denys, who wrote the letter on the double eclipse of the sun, were the same as Dungal of Pavia. But there is not a shadow of proof offered in support of their theory; hence, to refute it is to fight with a shadow. The unusual name, the similarity of style, the testimony of the learned, the phrase ex quo (tempore) in hanc terram (Italiam) advenerim, all point to the identity of Dungal in Paris and in Italy.
“Te precor Omnipotens quadrati conditor orbis,
Dungalus ut vigeat miles ubique tuus,
Sidereum ut valeat rite comprendere Olympum
Sum sanctis vitamque participare queat.”
[315] St. Bernard says it was “nobilior inter caeteras regni illius.”
[316] See St. Bernard’s graphic account.
[317] See Vita Malachiae, c. 10.
[318] “Notandum quod haec ecclesia, sicut et aliae per Hiberniam et Walliam plures, abbatem laicum habet.” Itin. Cambriae, L. II., C. 4. A similar practice existed at the same time in the Celtic Church of Scotland.
[319] At a place now called Churchfield, where a disused churchyard is supposed to mark the site of a church built there in his honour.
[320] Salamanca MS.
[321] “All transcripts,” says Skene, “show the orthography and forms of their period” of transcription.—Four Ancient Books of Wales, p. 184.
[322] “Cujus (vallis) in occidentali parte versus meridiem extensum inter duos montes repperit stagnum.”—Salamanca MS.
[323] Others think it was the Reefert Church, as it is now called.
[324] Petrie—Round Towers, p. 451.
[325] Petrie says there were no such early dedications to the B. V. Mary; but the Life of Carthach of Lismore shows that he built and dedicated a church in honour of the B. V. Mary.
[326] See page 342, where the equivocation is put in another way.
[327] See O’Hanlon, Volume vi., page 714.
[328] See Archdall.
[329] See Life in the Salamanca MS.
[330] It is likely that his first name was Cuda, and that he got the name of Carthach Junior in honour of his master.—Martyrology of Donegal.
[331] Constantine, a British king, was vice-abbot of Rahan, some time between 588 when he was converted, and 596, when he was martyred in Kintyre. See Forbes’ Calendars, page 311.
[332] O’Hanlon’s Lives, page 263, Vol. v.
[333] In the Office of St. Cathaldus it is stated that:—
Adolescens liberalibus disciplinis eruditus ad eam brevi doctrinæ excellentiam pervenit ut ad ipsum audiendum Galli, Angli, Scoti, Theutones aliique finitimarum aliarum regionum quam plurimi Lesmoriam convenirent.
Morini tells in elegant verse of the same influx of students to Lismore from most of the countries of Europe.
Celeres, vastissima Rheni
Jam vada Teutonici, jam deseruere Sicambri;
Mittit ab extremo gelidos Aquilone Boemos,
Albis et Arverni coeunt, Batavique frequentes
Et quique colunt alta sub rupe Gebennas ...
Certatim hi properant diverso tramite ad urbem
Lesmoriam, juvenis primos ubi transigit annos.
Ille terrarum mihi praeter omnes
Angulus ridet, ubi non Hymetto
Mella decedunt, viridique certat
Bacca Venafre.
Ver ubi longum, tepidasque praebet
Jupiter brumas, et amicus Aulon
Fertili Baccho minimum Falernis
Invidet uvis.
[335] See Salamanca MS., page 931.
[336] Such is Colgan’s opinion; but Skene’s opinion is more probable, that Jarnlach was abbot of the Scottish Lismore. Colman was probably abbot for 40 years.
[337] See Opera Ed., Giles, p. 94. He says that the English swarmed to the Irish Schools like bees, whilst the great School of Canterbury was by no means overcrowded.
[338] He is called Mailduf by Bede; but it is merely another way of rendering the Irish name—Maeldubh. Bede calls Malmesbury Maildufi urbem, that is, Mailduf’s-bury, contracted afterwards into Malmesbury. William of Malmesbury describes it as founded by Meildulf. “Natione Scotus, eruditusque philosophus, professione monachus.” See Lanigan, Vol. iii., p. 100.
[339] See Christian Inscriptions. Vol. ii., p. 31.
[340] Christian Inscriptions. Vol. ii., p. 118.
[341] See Lectures on MS. Materials.
[342] “The Lives of Saints from the Book of Lismore” have been lately (1890) edited and translated into English by Dr. Whitley Stokes, and issued from the Clarendon Press at Oxford. The “Lives” are preceded by an elaborate critical Preface on the language and matter of the text. There is also a very complete Glossary of all the Irish words in the volume. The Dialogue has also been recently published in the Silva Gadelica by Mr. S. H. O’Grady.
[343] Liber iii. c. 27. “Erant (in Hibernia) eo tempore multi nobilium simul et mediocrium de gente Angelorum ... quos omnes Scoti libentissime suscipientes victum eis quotidianum sine pretio, libros quoque ad legendum, et magisterium gratuitum praebere curabant.”
[344] Mr. Caulfield seems to think that Loch Irce was the lake since called Gougane Barra: but such does not seem to have been Colgan’s opinion. See Life of St. Barre, page iv.
[345] Father Lyons says the name is derived from its being a ‘shaky’ place in St. Finbarr’s time.
[346] London, 1864. There is an Irish Life in the Book of Lismore.
[347] See 25th Sept.
[348] See Vita S. Davidis, Lectio vi., p. 394. Rolls Series, Vol. iii.
[349] This clearly shows that Loch Eirce was at Cork, not in the mountains at Gougane Barra, for they rest with Finbarr.
[350] In the Annals of Ulster the death of Diarmaid and Blathmac, sons of Aedh Slaine, is marked both at A.D. 664 and 667; the former is the true date.
[351] Acta SS., page 471.
[352] It is not easy to see how Fachtna could have visited the School of Cork, for he died young, and the school could scarcely be founded before the last quarter of the sixth century.
[353] Acta SS., page 471.
[354] See Acta SS., page 607, Life of St. Talmach.
[355] See the Paper by the Rev. Thomas Olden (in the Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Jan., 1884), who gives the text and a translation of this geographical poem of Mac Cosse.
[356] Book I., c. xv.
[357] Martyr. Doneg. April 13th.
[358] Others say he was Kennedy, son of Maenag. Becnait, daughter of Cian, was his mother.
[359] “Alio autem tempore ratis fabricatus est in insula apud S. Finanum, et missum est ab eo ad regem stagni Lein, scilicet Fedelmith, ut portaretur secum ratis.” ... “Et portaverunt ratem secum (angeli) super stagnum Lugdech.”
[360] History of Kerry, p. 100.
[361] It contains about two acres, and is called Church Island. The ruins of both church and cell are still to be seen on the island.
[362] The original entry may still be seen in the Book of Armagh, as follows: “Sanctus Patricius iens ad caelum mandavit totum fructum laboris sui tam baptismi tam causarum quam elemoisinarum deferendum esse apostolicae urbi quae Scotice nominatur Ardd-Macha. Sic reperi in Bibliothecis Scotorum. Ego scripsi, id est, Calvus Perennis in conspectu Briain imperatoris Scotorum et quod scripsi finivit pro omnibus regibus Maceriae.”
[363] Lectures, MS. Materials, p. 77. Though Anmchara generally means confessor, it sometimes means counsellor. It is applied to the Angel Victor by the scholiast on Fiacc’s Hymn.
[364] In a letter to Thomas Wright, 15th Jan., 1803.
[365] That is, ‘Cloyne of the Caves.’
[366] Lough Lein is written Loch Leighinn in an old MS., and the natives of the district explain the word as the Lake of Learning.
[367] There is no foundation for O’Halloran’s statement that Mungret was founded before the time of St. Patrick.
[368] Aubrey de Vere.
[369] The Feast of Knock Cae.
[370] On this passage Dr. M‘Carthy has kindly sent me the following note:—
That is: do not refuse what is offered, but dispense what you do not require for your own needs: ask not, but accept what is proffered, without being vainglorious thereat, or without concealing the benefaction (in order to hoard it without incurring the censure of being avaricious).
The metre is heptasyllabic, each line ending in a word of three syllables. Its name is Casbairdne.
The chief Old-Irish form is ragabae==ro-a-gabae: that is, the relative pronoun a (them) is placed (infixed) between the verbal particle ro and the verb—them you shall accept. A mediæval forger could not have coined an expression of the kind.
Plainly, the quatrain embodied a rule of the monastery of Nessan; for most of their regulations were embodied in verse, being thus easier to be remembered.
[371] Nessan is expressly named amongst the saints of the Second Order; if, indeed, it be Nessan of Mungret who is referred to.
[372] The Psaltair of Cashel is quoted for this statement, but that work no longer exists; Keating, however, saw it.
[373] The remains of a smaller, but later church, are still to be seen a little to the south of the older and larger building.
[374] Sneidhius of Disert Diarmada was Cormac’s principal tutor.
[375] See the Rev. Denis Murphy in the Journal of the R. H. A. A., for July, 1889.
[376] See Life of St. Fintan in this work, p. 399.
[377] The ruins of a mediæval monastery may still be seen at Terryglass; and a beautiful new church has been lately erected through the munificence of Colonel Hickie of Slevoir, at a cost to him of nearly £10,000.
[378] This anchorite, who died in A.D. 898, is called Cosgraich. He dwelt in the round tower, which on that account is sometimes call Cosgraich’s tower.
[379] “Wars of the Gael,” page 139.
[380] “Qui Propheta in scholis illiset etiam Sanctorum Hiberniae habebatur.” Vita.
[381] Ad gurgitem Ruyad, perhaps Ballyshannon.
[382] See Gilbert’s National Manuscripts, Vol. i., page 21.
[383] See Skene’s Celtic Scotland, Introduction, page 3.
[384] Bede, Liber iii., C. v.
[385] See Irish Ecclesiastical Record, for April, 1887.
[386] Bede, Eccles. Hist., Book iv., c. 4.
[387] A.D. 644, “Navigatio Colmain episcopi cum reliquis Scotorum ad insulam Vaccae Albae in quâ fundavit ecclesiam.” Ch. Scotorum.
[388] They say he came in the year in which Diarmait and Blathmac died; that is, in A.D. 664, according to the first entry.
[389] See the Four Masters, the second entry in the Annals of Ulster A.D. 667, and Tighernach, who has it in A.D. 668.
[390] See also O’Hanlon’s Lives of the Saints.
[391] Clare was a part of Connaught, at least at an earlier date.
[392] Bede, Eccles. Hist., Book.
[393] See Reeves’ Adamnan, 378.
[394] See Brady, Vol. ii., p. 134.
[395] See Theiner, Vet. Mon., page 4.
[396] See Theiner. Vet. Mon., p. 2.
[397] See Acta Sanctorum, pp. 308-310.
[398] Martyr. of Donegal, page 349.
[399] Annals of Ulster, page 467.
[400] See Loca Patriciana, page 474.
[401] O’Donovan says it is another form of “Tuaim da Ghualann.”
[402] In like manner Bishop O’Cattan is described in the previous year as High-bishop of Ferns, as there was as yet no Archbishop of Dublin.—See Four Masters, A.D. 1135.
[403] The ancient poem ascribed to Ængus Cele De, and quoted by Colgan from the Saltair na Rann, describes the Siol Briuin of Roscommon as under the patronage of Ciaran of Clonmacnoise.
[404] See Cambrensis Eversus, Vol. ii., p. 786.
[405] See O’Hart’s Pedigrees, page 556.
[406] Round Towers, page 317.
[407] Round Towers, page 317.
[408] Wilde’s Lough Corrib, pages 179, 180.
[409] Early Christian Art, by Miss Stokes, page 109.
[410] See Christian Inscriptions, Vol. ii., page 129.
[411] See Christian Inscriptions, Vol. ii., page 129.
[412] See Pro. Roy. I. Ac., vii., p. 514.
[413] See Dr. Monaghan’s Records, p. 354.
[414] “Protulit in lucem quem mater Hibernia primum, instituit, docuit, nutrivit ... amavit.”—Poemata.
[415] “Hic pater et pastor, humilis doctusque sacerdos corpore Virgilius pausat, quem Hibernia tellus, Disponente Deo, partes direxit in istas,” etc.
[416] Virgilius et Sidonius religiosi viri apud Bojoarium provinciam degentes, suis apud nos litteris usi sunt, per quas intimaverunt quod tua reverenda paternitas eis injungeret Christianos denuo baptizare. Sanctissme frater, si is qui baptizavit, non errorem introducens aut heresim sed pro sola ignorantia Romanae locutionis infringendo linguam baptizans dixisset ut supra fati sumus, non possumus consentire ut denuo baptizentur.
[417] There is very good reason to believe that Boniface though born in England, was himself of Irish origin. See Irish Eccles. Record for 1884, pages 115, 190.
[418] “Malignatur adversum te pro eo quod confundebatur a te, erroneum se esse a Catholica doctrina.”
[419] “Immissiones faciens Ottiloni duci Bojoariorum ut odium inter te et illum seminaret.”
[420] “Quod a nobis esset absolutus.”
[421] “Quod alius mundus et alii homines sub terra sint et sol et luna.” See Epistola xi. Zachariae ad Bonifacium, Migne’s edition, page 943.
[422] “De perversa autem et iniqua doctrina ejus, qui contra Deum et animam suam locutus est; si clarificatum fuerit ita eum confiteri quod alius mundus et alii homines sub terra sint, seu sol et luna, hunc, habito concilio, ab ecclesia pelle sacerdotii honore privatum.”*
* See Zachary’s letter to Boniface loco citato.
[423] It was while building this church that the saint so paid his men, that none of them could take out of the money-bag (pelle) more than his labours entitled him to. See the Lessons on the saint’s Feast.
[424] The epitaph on the saint’s tomb in St. Peter’s Abbey is worth transcribing:—
“Hic pater et pastor humilis doctusque sacerdos
Corpore Virgilius pausat, quem Hibernia tellus
Disponente Deo partes direxit in istas,
Quique regebat ovans praesentis culmina sedis
Ferme quater denos, caris cum fratribus annos
A quibus ille et amatus erat, pie quos et amavit.
Interim et extruxit pulchro molimine multa
Templa, loco quaedam nunc cernuntur in isto
Insuper et miseris largus, simul omnibus aptus,
Pro quo, quisquis legis versus orare memento.”
[425] See Haddan and Stubbs, Vol. ii., part i., page 7.
[426] “Sedulius Episcopus Britanniæ de genere Scotorum, huic constituto a nobis promulgato subscripsi.”—Labb. vi., 1458.
[427] Four Masters.
[428] Palaeographia Graeca, iii.
[429] See Professor Stokes’ Celtic Church, page 226.
[430] “Quid Hiberniam memorem, contempto pelagi discrimine, pene toto cum grege philosophorum ad littera nostra migrantem,” “concrepantibus,” says William of Malmesbury, “undique belli fragoribus.”
[431] “Non ita sum territus auctoritate, aut minus capacium animorum expavesco impetum, ut ea quæ vera ratio clare colligit indubitanterque definit aperta fronte pronuntiare confundar, praesertim cum de talibus non nisi inter sapientes tractandum sit, quibus nil suavius est ad audiendum vera ratione, nil delectabilius ad investigandum, quando quæritur, nil pulchrius ad contemplandum quando invenitur.”
[432] We can only quote the headings:—
1. Quod una tantum sit prædestinatio Dei.
2. Quod liberum hominis arbitrium per gratiam sanetur.
3. Quod Deus omnes homines velit salvos fieri.
4. Quod Christus pro omnibus hominibus passus sit.
The opponents of these propositions could not be orthodox.
[433] As, for instance, when he says—“Spiritualiter enim Christum immolamus, et intellectualiter eum mente, non dente, comedimus.” Scotus meant spiritualiter et realiter in the same sense precisely as St. Augustin used similar words to the exclusion of the carnal revolting meaning of the Capharnaites.
[434] See Dean Cogan’s Diocese of Meath, Vol. i., page 58.
[435] See Dictionary of Christian Biography, Arts. ‘Sigebert’ and ‘Dagobert,’ and the authorities there cited.
[436] Book iii., chapters iv. and xxvii.
[437] See Bohn’s Edition, page 163.
[438] Was this the “Colman of the Britons” mentioned in the Additions to Tirechan? See Stokes’ Tripartite, Vol. ii., page 341.
[439] Bede, Book iii., c. 13.
[440] Agilbert may have been consecrated bishop in Ireland. The following are the words of Bede:—
“Venit in provinciam de Hibernia pontifex quidam nomine Agilberctus, natione quidem Gallus, sed tunc legendarum gratia Scripturarum in Hibernia non parvo tempore demoratus ... cujus eruditionem atque industriam videns rex rogavit eum, accepta ibi (in Wessex) sede episcopali, suae genti manere pontificem.”—Haddan and Stubbs, Vol. iii., p. 91.
[441] By A. G. Richey in the Introduction, for which he declares himself alone responsible. Vol. iv., c. vii.
[442] Vol. iv., page 355.
[443] Vol. iv., page 361.
[444] See O’Curry. Lectures, page 240.
[445] See Senchus Mor, p. 231.
[446] See O’Curry, Lecture iii., Vol. ii., p. 53.
[447] Annals of Innisfallen, anno 1127.
[448] Keating.
[449] See Lectures on MS. Materials.
[450] Acta SS., page 5.
[451] See Acta SS., page 5, n. x.
[452] Fol. 58, b. a.
[453] Manuscript Materials, Lecture iii., page 53, and Manners and Customs, Vol. ii., pages 90-178.
[454] Irish Writers, page xlvii. to page lxxxv.
[455] See O’Curry, page 29.
[456] The “Tain-Quest” in the Lays of the Western Gael.
[457] Page 221.
[458] O’Donovan’s Four Masters, A.D. 891—note.
[459] Annals of Ulster, A.D. 974 and 663.
[460] See page 24 of this present work.
[461] See O’Curry’s Lectures, p. 521.
[462] See O’Reilly, page lxiv.
[463] Its Irish title is Cogadh Gaedhil re Gallaibh.
[466] It was this narrative that inspired Moore’s beautiful lyric—“Rich and Rare.”
[467] Manners and Customs, Vol. ii., page 138.
[468] The Annals of Lough Cé, A.D. 1024.
[469] Annals of Ulster and Four Masters.
[470] Chapter II., page 21.
[471] Brehon Laws, Vol. iii., p. 89.
[472] Grammatica, p. xxxiv.
[473] “Lingua formis suis, et regulis certis, circumscripta.”
[474] See O’Curry’s Lectures—Manners and Customs—Vol. ii., p. 154.
[475] Lectures, Vol. i., p. 53.
[476] Lectures—Manners and Customs—Vol. ii., page 157.
[477] Tripartite, Rolls Series, Vol. ii., page 530.
[478] Vol. ii., page 349.
[479] O’Curry, M. & C.—Vol. ii., p. 33.
[480] The earliest authority we know for the first part of this title is the ancient author of St. Alban’s Life:—“In hac insula tot viri eximiae sanctitatis fuerunt quod Insula Sanctorum nomine appropriato dicebatur.” The corresponding Irish form was Inis na Naomh. Marianus Scotus, in his Chronicle, also calls it by the same title—Insula Sanctorum—under date of the year 696, but which is really A.D. 589. See Reeves’ notes in the Ulster Journal of Archæology, vol. vii., p. 228.
Transcriber’s Note:
Foonote 250 appears on page 306 of the text, but there is no corresponding marker on the page.