Naarden, razing of, 342.
Nantes, Edict of, 442.
Naples, condition of, 11;
French claims on, 14, 15;
government of, by Philip, 301.
Nassau, John of, brother of William, 355, 358.
—— Louis of, 326, 335;
defeated at Jemmingen, 337;
invades France, 337, 409; negotiations with France, takes Mons, 337, 409;
capitulates, 341;
defeated at Mooker Heyde, death, 344.
—— Maurice of. See Orange.
—— William of. See Orange.
Navarra, Pedro, 46, 69, 191.
Navarre, Spanish, conquered by Ferdinand, 73.
—— Antony of (see Albret), position of, 392;
submissiveness to Catherine, 398;
death, 405.
—— Henry of. See Henry IV.
Navarino, battle of, 40.
Nemours, Conference of, 429.
—— Duke of, 5, 44, 45, 438.
Netherlands, condition of, at accession of Philip II., 316;
at his death, 385;
Philip’s ecclesiastical policy, 322;
plan of reform of nobles, 325;
Alva in, 331;
revolt of, 335 ff.;
independence of, 384.
Nicosia, fall of, 293.
Nice, truce of, 209.
Nîmes, 416.
Noircarmes, 333.
Norris, Sir John, 370.
—— Edward, 370, 371.
Novara, battle of, 76.
Noyon, Peace of, 82.
Nuremberg, Diet of, the religious struggle at; the hundred Gravamina, 167 ff.;
peace of, 204.
Nymwegen, reduction of, 381.
Oliverotto, 53.
Oran, fall of, 97.
Orange, Philibert, Prince of, commands imperial army in Italy, 190;
killed in siege of Florence, 194.
—— William (of Nassau), Prince of, 320;
leader of malcontents, 324 ff.;
leaves Netherlands, 328;
ill-success, 337;
French campaign, 337, 409;
negotiations with England and France, 340, 412;
forced to retire, 341;
increased authority, 347;
pacification of Ghent, 350;
opposition to Don John, 353 ff.;
ban and Apologia, 359;
death, character, 362;
marriages and children, 363.
—— Maurice, Prince of, second son of William, Captain-General, 364;
reappointed Governor-General, 371;
again appointed, 377 ff.;
early life, 379;
military reforms, 380;
success, 380 ff.
Orleans, siege of, 406.
—— Louis, Duke of. See Louis XII.
Orsini, the, 35, 48.
—— Cardinal, 53.
—— Paolo, 53.
Otranto, occupation of, 24.
Pacheco, Donna Maria, widow of Padilla, 143.
Padilla, Don Juan de, heads revolt at Toledo; defeated at Villalar and executed, 139 ff.
Padua, 64.
Palatinate, Family of Wittelsbach in, 167.
—— John Casimir of, 357, 359, 431.
Palatine, Frederick I., Elector, defeat of, 113.
—— Rupert, second son of Frederick, death of, 113.
—— Lewis V., Elector, 167;
puts down peasants, turns Protestant, 179, 211.
Palatine, Frederick II., Elector, brother of Lewis, submits to Charles, 227.
‘Pancarte,’ 441.
Paolo, Gian, 52.
Papal States, the, origin of, 10;
extension of, 49–56.
Parlement of Paris, 5;
(Appendix, 449–450);
weakness of, 5;
policy towards Huguenots, 390, 396, 400, 404, 408, 421, 430, 443.
—— Provincial (Appendix I., 451);
policy of, 408, 421, 424, 443.
Parma, Alexander Farnese of, at Lepanto, 294;
son of Margaret, successor of Don John, 356;
successes, 358, 361, 364, 370;
takes Sluys, 372;
negotiates with Elizabeth, 374;
success of, 378;
jealousy of Philip, 379;
ill-success and death, character, 380, 434.
—— Margaret, Duchess of, birth, education, and marriage, 320. See Margaret of Parma.
Paredes, Diego de, 43.
Passau, Treaty of, 242.
Paul III., allies himself with Charles V., 206;
mediates to bring about Truce of Nice, neutral policy, 209, 214;
re-summons Council to Trent, 221;
refuses to support Charles;
intrigues with Francis, 228;
refuses to recall Council from Bologna to Trent, negotiates with Henry II., 231 ff.;
death, 234.
—— IV., Pope, 247;
anti-Spanish policy, 252;
terms with Alva, 254.
Paz, Pedro de, 43.
Peasants’ war, 176–180.
Perez, Antonio, accused by Inquisition, 281;
accuses Philip of murder of Don Carlos, 283;
quarrel with Philip, 300;
rise, quarrel with Philip, exile, 306 ff.
Perpetual Edict, 352.
Perpignan, 215.
Perugia, 53, 56.
Pesaro, 50.
Pescara, Marquis of, 173;
advises Treaty of Madrid, death, 183.
Peschiera, 64.
Pescia, Domenico da, 31, 32.
Philibert of Orange, 190, 194.
—— Emanuel, Duke of Savoy. See Savoy.
Philip, Archduke of Austria, 42;
marriage, 316.
Philip II., granted Milan by his father, 212;
governor in Spain, etc., 234 ff.;
King of Spain, 250;
Treaty of Cateau Cambrésis, marriage with Elizabeth of France, 257;
position of affairs, 259;
ecclesiastical policy, 268, 271, 278;
marriages, 277, 282, 284;
treatment of the Moriscoes, 287 ff.;
internal policy and government, 299 ff.;
character of, 310;
commercial policy, 311 ff.;
policy in Netherlands, 319 ff.;
ecclesiastical scheme, 322 ff.;
opposition to plan of reform, 325;
policy to Elizabeth of England, 374;
to Catherine of France, 407, 410;
to Guises, 427, 431;
designs on France, 435;
method of filling exchequer, 441;
negotiations with Henry IV., 442;
peace of Vervins, 444;
death and policy, 445 ff.
—— of Hesse. See Hesse.
Piali, 285, 286, 293;
death at Lepanto, 295.
Piero. See Medici.
Piccolomini, Cardinal, Pope Pius III., 47.
Pietra-Santa, dependency of Florence, 9;
French garrison, 22;
sold to Lucca, regained by Florence, 24.
Piombino, surrender of, 51.
Pisa, dependency of Florence, 9;
joins Charles VIII., 19, 22;
regained by Florence, 24;
Council of, 66.
Pistoja, dependency of Florence, 9.
Pitigliano, Count of, 64.
Pius III., 47, 54.
—— IV., 266, 270.
—— V., 270, 295.
Poictiers, taking of, 405;
siege of, 409.
—— Diana of, 217.
Pointoise, States-general at, 398.
Poissy, colloquy of, 399.
Pol, Count de St., defeated at Landriano, 191.
Poland, Ladislas of, 125.
—— Lewis of, 125.
—— Sigismund of, restores Catholicism, 446.
Pole, Reginald, 212.
Polesine, the, 64.
Poltrot assassinates Duke of Guise, 406.
Pompeio, Cardinal, leader of the Colonnesi, takes Rome, 185.
Porto Carrero, Governor of Doullens, 441.
Portugal, Isabella of, 277.
—— Kings of—Antonio, Prior of Crato; Henry; Lewis, Duc de Beja; Sebastian, 297 ff., 378.
Portuguese, discoveries and conquests of, 85.
Prato, sack of, 71.
Principati, the district of the, 42.
Puglia, Francesco da, 31.
Quiroga, Archbishop of Toledo, Grand Inquisitor, 281.
Rapallo, battle of, 18.
Ratisbon, Congress at, 171;
Diets of (1532), 204;
(1541), 212.
Ravenna, occupied by Julius II., 64;
battle of, 68.
Regency, Council of, ill-success of, 169, 179.
Regnault, head of Finance Chamber in Netherlands, 368.
Requesens, Don Louis de, grand commander of Santiago, at Lepanto, 294;
succeeds Alva, 343;
change of policy, 344;
attempt at reconciliation, 345 ff.;
death, 348.
Reuchlin, John, 150.
Rhætian Leagues, 122.
Rhodes, fall of, 164.
Rimini, 49, 56, 64.
Roda, Jerome de, 348, 349.
Romagna, papal claims over, 49;
Cæsar Borgia’s conquests in, 50 ff.
Roromantin, Edict of, 396.
Rosny, Baron de. See Sully.
Rouen taken by Catholics, 405;
secured by Henry IV., 437.
Rousillon, 6, 46, 215.
Rovere, Francesco Maria della, lord of Sinigaglia, 50.
—— Giuliano della. See Julius II.
—— Francesco, Duke of Urbino, 56.
Rudolf II., Emperor, 446.
Rupert, son of Frederick I., Elector-Palatine, 113.
Ruvo, 44.
St. André, Marshal, 405.
St. Denis, battle of, 407.
St. Gall, 121.
St. Germains, Treaty of, 340, 410.
St. Quentin, battle of, 254.
Saint Jean d’Angély, fall of, 409.
Sainte Aldegonde, Philip van Marnix, Lord of, 326.
Santa Cruz, Marquis de, 426.
—— Severina, 45.
Sapienza, battle of, 40.
Saluzzo, Marquis of, 48;
succeeds Lautrec in command, defeated at Aversa, death, 191.
—— Marquisate of, ceded to France, 257;
exchanged for Bresse, Bugey, Gex, 445.
Sancerre, siege of, 416.
San Severino, Galeazzo di, 37.
Santa Cruz, Marquis of, 294, 298, 299.
Sarzana, dependency of Florence, 9;
French garrison in, 22;
sold to Genoa, 24.
Savonarola, 25–33.
Savoy, Charles III., Duke of, quarrel with Francis, 207;
Treaty of Crespi, 217;
Emanuel Philibert, son of Charles III., commands Philip’s forces against France with success, 255;
restored by Treaty of Cateau Cambrésis, 257.
—— Philibert Emanuel, 257, 320.
—— Louise of, 193; persecutes the Huguenots, 388.
Saxony, Frederick the Wise, Elector of, his family, 166;
one of party of reform, 108;
refuses to be a candidate for the Empire, 133;
founds University of Wittenberg, 154;
protects Luther, 159.
—— George, Duke of, 166–168, 170.
—— Henry, 166.
—— John the Steadfast, Elector of, character of, 204;
establishes Lutheranism after Diet of Spires, 197;
signs protest against Second Diet, 198;
commands forces of League of Schmalkalde, 200;
protests against election of Ferdinand as King of the Romans, 203;
death, policy of, 204.
—— John Frederick, 222 ff.;
Schmalkaldic War, 224 ff.;
capture, 229;
freed by Treaty of Passau, 243.
—— Maurice, secured by Charles’ promises, 223;
overruns Saxony, repulsed, reinstated, 226 ff.;
conspires and takes arms, 238 ff.;
death, character, 244 ff.
—— Augustus, succeeds Maurice as Elector, 246.
—— Anne of, daughter of Maurice, marriage of, 324.
Schinner, Mathias, Bishop of the Valais, Cardinal of Sion, 70, 132.
Schmalkalde, meeting of, 198; League formed, 200;
joined by Southern Germany, 203.
Sebastian of Portugal, 297.
Selim II., Sultan, 288, 293.
Seminara, battle of, 24, 45.
Senlis, Treaty of, 7.
Servetus burnt at Geneva, 274.
Sesa, Duke of, 291.
Sforza, Francesco, seizes Milan, 7;
allies himself with Naples and Florence, 15.
—— Ippolita, daughter of Francesco, wife of Alfonso of Calabria, 15.
—— Galeazzo Maria, son of Francesco, 7.
—— Gian Galeazzo, son of Galeazzo, 7;
marries Isabella of Naples, 16;
death of, 18.
—— Ludovico il Moro, uncle of Gian Galeazzo, seizes power, 8;
calls on Charles VIII., 16;
joins League of Venice, 22;
makes Treaty of Vercelli, 23;
flies to Maximilian, 37;
returns but is taken prisoner, 38;
death, 39;
family of, 39.
—— Caterina, niece of Ludovico, at Imola and Forli, 50.
—— Giovanni, Lord of Pesaro, cousin of, 50.
—— Maximilian, son of Ludovico, 39;
restored to Milan, 72;
surrenders to Francis, 80.
—— Francesco Maria, granted Milan, 160;
joins League of Cognac, 184;
capitulates to imperialists, 185;
commands troops of Holy League, 191;
restored by Charles V., 194;
death, 207.
Sicily, government of, by Philip, 301.
Sickingen, Franz von, 132;
organises League of Knights, defeat and death, 169.
Sidney, Sir Philip, Governor of Flushing, 366;
death, 370.
Siena, enemy of Florence, 9;
accepts a French garrison, 20;
joins league against Florence, 22;
turns to Emperor,then to France, 244;
regained for Imperialists by Cosimo, Duke of Florence, 250.
Sievershausen, battle of, 245.
Sigismund of Tyrol, cousin of Maximilian, 123.
—— of Poland, 446.
Signory, Florentine executive, 26, 458.
Silvestro, Fra, executed with Savonarola, 32.
Simonetta, counsellor of Bona of Savoy, murdered by Ludovico ‘Il Moro,’ 8.
Sinigaglia, massacre of, 53.
Sixtus V., 270;
disapproval of League, 428;
excommunicates Henry of Navarre, 429.
Sluys, fall of, 365, 372.
Soderini, Piero, Gonfalonier of Florence, 71.
Solyman wins battle of Mohacs, 184;
forced to retreat from Vienna, 196;
treaty with Francis, defeats Ferdinand at Essek, 208;
and at Buda, 214;
nearly completes conquest of Hungary, 216;
supports the French, 244;
sends fleet against Malta, 286;
death, 293.
Spires, Diets of, 196, 197, 216.
Stanley, Sir William, 371.
Steenwyck, fall of, 381.
Stralen, Burgomaster of Antwerp, 333, 336.
Suabian League, formation of, 108;
defeat at Bruderholz and Dornach, 123;
favours election of Charles, 131;
wins battle of Leipheim; with Elector of Trèves and Elector-Palatine suppresses revolt of peasants, 179.
Sully, 440, 448.
Swiss Confederation, origin of, 117 ff.;
constitution of, 120 ff.;
war with Maximilian, 123;
makes Peace of Basel, 124.