INDEX.

[Pg523]
TOC

• Air, elasticity of, 28;
• May be partially expelled from a vessel by the application of heat, 44.
• America, steam navigation first established in, 487;
• Circumstances which led to it, 488;
• Fitch and Rumsey, their attempts to apply the single-acting engine to the propulsion of vessels, 489;
• Stevens of Hoboken commences experiments on steam navigation, 489;
• Experiments of Livingstone and Fulton, 489;
• Fulton's first boat, 490;
• The Hudson navigated by steam, 491;
• Extension and improvement of river navigation, 492;
• American steamers, 494;
• Difference between them and European steamers, 494;
• Steamers on the Hudson, 494;
• American paddle-wheels, 495;
• Sea-going American steamers, 496;
• Speed attained by American steamers, 497;
• Lake steamers, 499;
• The Mississippi and its tributaries, 499;
• Steam-boats navigating it, 500;
• Their structure and machinery, 500;
• New Orleans Harbour, 503;
• Steam tugs, 503.
• Atmosphere, 38;
• Weight of, 39.
• Atmospheric air, mechanical properties of, 38;
• Composition of, 253.
• Atmospheric engine, Thomas Newcomen the reputed inventor of, 62;
• Description of, as first constructed by Newcomen, 67;
• The operation of considered, 69;
• Not unfrequently used in preference to the modern steam engine, 72;
• Advantages which it possessed over Savery's, 73;
• Considerably improved by Beighton, 75;
• John Smeaton investigates this machine, 76;
• Brindley obtains a patent for improvements in, 76;
• Applied by Champion of Bristol to raise water, 181;
• Possessed but limited power of adaptation to a varying load, 151;
• Expedient to remedy this, 151;
• Working-beam, cylinder, and piston applied to by Newcomen, 322.
• Atmospheric pressure rendered available as a mechanic agent by Denis Papin, 38;
• Means of measuring the force of, 39;
• The idea of using against a vacuum or partial vacuum to work a piston in a cylinder, suggested by Otto Guericke, 73.
• Barometer gauge, 272.
• Barton's piston, 248.
• Beighton, his improvement of the atmospheric engine, 75.
• Black, Dr., his doctrine of latent heat, 93.
• Blasco de Garay, his contrivance to propel vessels, 16;
• The contrivance of, probably identical with that of Hero, 17.
• Blinkensop, his locomotive engine, 337.
• Blowing-box, 429.
• Blowing out, Seaward's method of, 454.
• Blow-off cocks, 452.
• Boiler, forms of, most convenient, 255;
• The waggon boiler adopted by Watt, 255;
• Furnace, 256;
• Method of feeding, 257;
• Combustion of gas in flues, 260;
• Mr. Williams's method of consuming the unburned gases which escape from the grate, and are carried through the flues, 260;
• Construction of grate and ash-pit, 261;
• Magnitude of heating surface of boiler, 262;
• Capacity of, must be proportioned to the quantity of water to be evaporated, 263;
• Water-space and steam-space in boiler, 263;
• Proportion of water-space in the boiler, how to be regulated, 264;
• Position of flues, 264;
• Method of feeding, 265;
• The magnitude of the feed should be equal to the quantity of water evaporated, 265;
• Different methods for indicating the level of the water in the boiler, 266;
• Level guages, 266;
• Self-regulating feeder, 267;
• Another method of arranging, 269;
• Steam gauge, 270;
• Thermometer gauge, 271;
• Barometer gauge, 272;
• The indicator to measure the mean efficient force of the piston invented by Watt, 274;
• The counter contrived by Watt, 278;
• Safety valve, 279;
• Fusible plugs used in high pressure boilers, 280;
• Self-regulating damper, 281;
• Self-regulating furnace invented by Brunton, 283;
• Duty of a boiler, 294;
• Boilers of locomotive engines, 351;
• Construction of the boiler of Gurney's steam carriage, 423;
• All boilers require occasional cleansing, 427;
• Gurney's method of removing crust of deposited matter in boilers, 427;
• The boiler of Dr. Church's engine formed of copper, 439;
• Boilers in marine engines, 449;
• Effects of sea-water in, 450;
• Remedies for them, 451;
• Substitution of copper for iron, 460;
• Expedient of coating boilers with felt, applied by Watt, 463.
• Booth, Mr., his report on locomotive engines, 361.
• Boulton and Watt's experiments on the horse power of engines, 288.
• Branca, Giovanni, his machine for propelling a wheel by a blast of steam, 22.
• Brindley (James) obtains a patent for improvements in atmospheric engine, 76;
• Undertook to erect an engine at Newcastle-under-Lyne, 76;
• Discouraged by the obstacles thrown in his way, 76.
• Brougham, Lord, his sketch of Watt's character, 313;
• Inscription from the pen of, on Watt's monument in Westminster Abbey, 320.
• Buffers, 404.
• Cartwright's engine to use the vapour of alcohol to work the piston, 245;
• His piston, 247.
• Cawley and Newcomen obtain a patent for the atmospheric engine, 64.
• Champion applies atmospheric engine to raise water, 181.
• Chapman, Messrs., their locomotive engine, 337.
• Chlorine introduced in bleaching by Watt, 310.
• Church, Dr., his steam engine, 439;
• The boiler formed of copper, 439.
• Coals, the virtues and powers which steam has conferred upon, 6;
• The amount of labour a bushel of performs by means of the steam engine, compared with horse power, 7;
• Constituents of, 252;
• Process of combustion, 252.
• Coal mines, apprehensions as to the possibility of the exhaustion of groundless, 8.
• Cocks, friction on, 240.
• Cocks and valves, 227.
• Combustion of gas in flues, 260.
• Condensation by injection, accidental discovery of, 69.
• Condensation in the cylinder incompatible with a due economy of fuel, 120.
• Condensing principle, circumstance which led to Savery's discovery of, 47.
• Condensing pipe in Savery's engine, 52.
• Condensing out of the cylinder, 120.
• Condensing jet, 191.
• Conical steam valves, 228.
• Conversion of ice into water, 103;
• Of water into steam, 105.
• Copying press invented by Watt, 302.
• Cornish system of inspection, 297.
• Cornish engines, improvement of, 298;
• Historical detail of the duty of, 299.
• Cylinders, Wilkinson's machine for accurately boring the insides of, 149.
• D valve, 230.
• Dalton and Gay-Lussac, law of, relating to the pressure of elastic bodies, 171.
• Dixon, Mr. The substitution of brass for copper tubes in locomotive engines ascribed to him, 370.
• Double clack-valve, 228.
• Eccentric, 225;
• Two expedients to reverse the position of, 379.
• Effect of an engine, 285.
• Elastic fluids. The law according to which the pressure of, increases with their temperature, discovered by Dalton and Gay-Lussac, 171.
• Evaporation of water and other liquids, physical and mechanical principles connected with, 97.
• Expansion of common steam, effects of, 173.
• Expansive action of steam, 159;
• Stated by Watt in a letter to Dr. Small, 157;
• Its principle explained, 158;
• Mechanical effect resulting from it, 161;
• Computed effect of cutting off steam at different portions of the stroke, 162;
• Involves the condition of a variation in the intensity of the moving power, 163;
• Expedients for equalising the power, 164;
• The expansive principle in the engines constructed by Boulton and Watt, limited, 165;
• Its more extensive application in the Cornish engines, 165;
• Methods of equalising, 174;
• Description of Hornblower's engine for this purpose, 174.
• Expansive principle, application of in marine engines, 466.
• Farey on the steam engine, quotation from, relative to Savery's engine, 58;
• His evidence before the House of Commons, 435.
• Field, construction of his split paddle, 478.
• Fitch and Rumsey, their attempts to apply the single-acting engine to the propulsion of vessels, 489.
• Flues, position of, 264.
• Fluids, of two kinds, 25;
• Mechanical properties of, 25;
• Elastic, 27;
• Experimental proof that they press equally in all directions, 41.
• Fly-wheel, 205.
• Four-way cock, 239;
• Disadvantages of, 240.
• Fuel, means of economising, in marine furnaces, 463.
• Fulton and Livingstone, their experiments in steam navigation, 489.
• Fulton's first boat, 490.
• Furnace, self-regulating, invented by Brunton, 283.
• Fusible plugs used in high-pressure boilers, 280.
• Galloway, his paddle-wheel described, 476.
• Gas, elasticity of, 28.
• Gay-Lussac and Dalton, law of, relating to the pressure of elastic bodies, 171.
• Governor, adaptation of, 209.
• Gradients, restrictions on, 411;
• Disposition of, should be uniform, 415.
• Great Western Railway, Dr. Lardner's experiments on, 408.
• Griff, proposals to drain a colliery at, mentioned by Desaguliers, 64.
• Gurney's steam carriage, 423;
• Construction of the boiler of, 423;
• His method of removing crust of deposited matter in boilers, 427;
• His experiments on common roads, 432.
• Hall, his condensers described, 458.
• Hancock, his steam carriage, 436;
• In what manner it differs from that of Gurney, 437.
• Harris, Dr., mentions Savery's engine in his "Lexicon Technicum," 56.
• Heat, effects of upon water, 29;
• Waste of in atmospheric engine, 89;
• An examination of the analogous effects produced by the continued application of, to water in the liquid state, 102;
• Radiation of, 254.
• Heating by steam brought forward by Watt, 303.
• "Hecla," experiments with the, 412.
• Hero of Alexandria, description of his machine, 12.
• High pressure engines described, 321;
• One of the earliest forms of the steam engine, 322;
• Obscurely described in the "Century of Inventions," 322;
• Construction of the first, by Messrs. Trevethick and Vivian, 324.
• Hooke exposes the fallacy of Papin's project, 64.
• Horse carriages compared with steam, 435.
• Horse power of steam engines, 288;
• Smeaton's estimation of, 288;
• Boulton and Watt's experiments on, 288.
• Howard's description of his marine engine, 464.
• Hudson, the, navigated by steam, 491.
• Hull, Jonathan, his application of the steam engine to water wheels, 180.
• Humphrey. His marine engine described, 470.
• Huskisson, Mr., death of, 329.
• Hydrogen, 253.
• India, steam navigation to, 483.
• Indicator invented by Watt, 274.
• Jeffrey, Lord; his sketch of the character of Watt, 315.
• Kinneal, description of Watt's experimental engine at, 131.
• Lake steamers, 499.
• Lardner's, Dr., experiments on the Manchester Railway in 1832, 357;
• His experiments in 1838, 406;
• Experiments on the Great Western Railway, 408.
• Leupold's engine, description of, 323.
• Level gauges, 266.
• Linen, machine for drying by steam, invented by Watt, 303.
• Liverpool and Manchester railroad, effects of the introduction of steam transport on, 329;
• Want of experience in the construction of the engines, 329;
• Death of Mr. Huskisson, 329;
• Proceedings of the directors, 342;
• Premium offered by them for the best engine, 344;
• Experimental trial, 344.
• Livingstone and Fulton, experiments of in steam navigation, 489.
• Locomotive engine, history of, 328;
• Blinkensop's engine, 337;
• Chapman's engine, 337;
• Walking engine, 337;
• Mr. Stephenson's engine at Killingworth, 339;
• Defect of, 341;
• Description of the "Rocket," 345;
• The "Sanspareil," 347;
• The "Novelty," 349;
• Superiority of the "Rocket," 350;
• Subsequent improvements in the locomotive engine, 352;
• Table, showing the economy of fuel gained by subdividing the flue into tubes, 354;
• Engines constructed in the form of the "Rocket" subject to two principal defects, 354;
• These defects remedied, 355;
• Improved by the adoption of a more contracted blast pipe, 356;
• Dr. Lardner's experiments in 1832, 357;
• Adoption of brass tubes, 361;
• Mr. Booth's report, 361;
• Detailed description of the most improved locomotive engines, 364;
• Substitution of brass for copper tubes ascribed to Mr. Dixon, 370;
• Mr. Stephenson constructed the driving wheels without flanges, 383;
• Pressure of steam in the boiler limited by two safety-valves, 402;
• Buffers, 404;
• Steam whistle, 404;
• Water tank, 404;
• Power of locomotive engines, 405;
• Evaporation of boilers, 406;
• Dr. Lardner's experiments in 1838, 406;
• Resistance to railway trains, 407;
• Dr. Lardner's experiments on the Great Western Railway, 408;
• Restriction on gradients, 411;
• Experiment with the "Hecla," 412;
• Disposition of gradients should be uniform, 415;
• Method of surmounting steep inclinations, 415;
• Steam carriages on common roads, 419;
• Difference between steam engines on railways and those used to propel carriages on turnpike roads, 422;
• Gurney's steam carriage, 423;
• Construction of the boiler of, 423;
• Escape of steam from the engines on the Liverpool road, 428;
• Blowing-box, 429;
• Separator, 430;
• Difficulties in the practical working of steam carriages upon common roads, 432;
• Gurney's experiments on common roads, 432;
• Prejudice against locomotive engines on common roads, 432;
• Not more destructive to roads than carriages drawn by horses, 433;
• Report of the committee of the House of Commons, 433;
• Weight of steam carriages, 433;
• Two methods of applying locomotives upon common roads, 434;
• Horse carriages compared with, 435;
• Farey's evidence before the House of Commons, 435;
• Risk of accident from explosion extremely slight, 435;
• Hancock's steam carriage, 436;
• In what manner it differs from that of Gurney, 437;
• Ogle's steam carriage, 438;
• His evidence before the House of Commons, 439;
• Dr. Church's steam engine, 439;
• The boiler of formed of copper, 439.
• Lunar Society, Boulton and Watt leading members in, 302.
• Marine engines, form and arrangement of, 441;
• Difference between marine and land engines, 443;
• Engine-room, arrangement of, 446;
• Boilers in, 449;
• Effects of sea-water on boilers, 450;
• Remedies for them, 451;
• Blow-off cocks, 452;
• Indicators of saltness, 452;
• Seaward's indicator, 454;
• His method of blowing out, 454;
• Method of Maudslay and Field to preserve freshness of water in the boiler, 456;
• Brine pumps, 457;
• Tubular condensers applied by Mr. Watt, 457;
• Hall's condensers, 458;
• Substitution of copper for iron boilers, 461;
• Process of stoking, 462;
• Marine furnaces, 463;
• Expedient of coating boilers with felt applied by Watt, 463;
• Means of economising fuel, 463;
• Description of Howard's engine, 464;
• Application of the expansive principle in marine engines, 466;
• Recent improvements of Messrs. Maudslay and Field, 467;
• Humphrey's engine, 470;
• Common paddle-wheel, 472;
• Defect of, 474;
• Feathering paddles, 474;
• Galloway's paddle-wheel, 476;
• Field's split paddle, 478;
• Proportion of power to tonnage, 480;
• Iron steam vessels, 482.
• Mariotte's law relating to pressure, 171.
• Maudslay and Field, their method to preserve the requisite freshness of water in the boiler, 456;
• Brine pumps, 457;
• Recent improvements of in marine engines, 466.
• Metallic pistons, 244;
• Cartwright's engine, 245;
• An improved form given to by Barton, 248.
• Mill work, Stewart's application of the steam engine to, 182.
• Mines, the drainage of, Watt endeavours to bring to perfection the application of the steam engine to, 178.
• Mississippi and its tributaries, 499;
• Steam-boats on, 500;
• Their structure and machinery, 500.
• Morland, Sir Samuel, his application of steam to raise water, 34;
• The reputed inventor of several ingenious contrivances, 34;
• His work in French upon the raising of water, 35;
• Extract from it, 35;
• Evelyn's account of his visit to, 36.
• Murray's slide-valve, 229.
• Newcomen, Thomas, the reputed inventor of the atmospheric engine, 62;
• His acquaintance with Dr. Hooke, 62;
• Acquainted with Papin's writings, 64;
• The merits of his engine ascribed principally to its mechanism and combinations, 73;
• Obtains with Cawley a patent for the atmospheric engine, 64;
• Resumes the old method of raising water from mines by ordinary pumps, 65;
• The means proposed to effect this, 66;
• First conception of the atmospheric engine, 66;
• Description of his construction of atmospheric engine, 67;
• Suggestion of a better method of condensation than the application of cold water on the external surfaces of the cylinder, 69;
• He abandons the external cylinder, 69;
• Applied the working-beam, cylinder, and piston to the atmospheric engine, 322.
• New Orleans Harbour, 503.
• "Novelty," description of the, a locomotive engine, 349.
• Ogle, his steam carriage, 438;
• His evidence before the House of Commons, 439.
• Otto Guericke, his suggestion relative to atmospheric pressure, 73.
• Oxley made the first attempt to drive water-wheels by the steam engine, 182.
• Paddle-wheel described, 472;
• Defect of, 474;
• Feathering paddles, 474;
• Galloway's paddle-wheel, 476;
• Field's split paddle, 478.
• Paddle-wheels of American steamers, 495.
• Papin, Denis, conceived the idea of rendering atmospheric pressure available as a mechanical agent, 37;
• Description of his contrivance, 37;
• His discovery of condensation of steam, 45;
• Quotation from his work relative to this discovery, 45;
• Explanation of this important discovery, 46;
• Discovers the method of producing a vacuum by the condensation of steam, 178;
• His projected applications of the steam engine, 178;
• His proposition for the construction of an engine working by atmospheric pressure, 62;
• Abandons the project when informed of the principle and structure of Savery's engine, 62;
• His engine described, 62;
• This project nothing more than a reproduction of the Marquis of Worcester's engine, 63;
• The fallacy of his project exposed by Hooke, 64;
• His project for producing a vacuum under a piston by condensing the steam, published in the "Actæ Eruditorum," 64.
• Parallel motion, 195.
• Physical science, the rapid progress of, 8.
• Pistons, 242;
• The common hemp-packed, 242;
• Woolf's method of tightening the packing of, without removing the lid of the cylinder, 244;
• This method further simplified, 244;
• Metallic, 244;
• Cartwright's engine, 245;
• Cartwright's piston, 247;
• Invention of the indicator by Watt to measure the mean efficient force of, 274.
• Piston rod and beam, methods of connecting in the double-acting engine, 193.
• Pneumatic institution at Clifton, Watt one of the founders of, 310.
• Potter, Humphrey, his contrivance for working the valves, 71;
• Improved by the substitution of a plug-frame, 72.
• Power, proportion of, to tonnage in marine engines, 480.
• Power and duty of steam engines, 287.
• Priestley, Watt's letter to, relative to the composition of water, 307.
• Pump, an illustration of force attained by a vacuum, 43.
• Puppet clacks, or button valves, 144.
• Rack and Sector, 194.
• Railways, speed of coaches on, compared with that of stage-coaches on a common road, 7.
• Railway transport, effects of, 328. 330.
• Railways and stone roads compared, 420.
• River navigation, extension and improvement of, 492.
• "Rocket," description of the, a locomotive engine, 345;
• Engines constructed in the form of, subject to two principal defects, 354;
• These defects remedied, 355;
• Improved by the adoption of a more contracted blast-pipe, 356.
• Roebuck, Dr., Watt's partnership with, 130.
• Rotatory motion, method of producing by sun and planet wheels, 187.
• Safety-valve not adopted by Savery, 57;
• Invented by Papin, 57;
• Description of, 57;
• First applied to Savery's engine by Desaguliers, 58.
• "Sanspareil," description of the, a locomotive engine, 347.
• Savery, Thomas, obtains a patent for an engine to raise water, 47;
• Circumstance which led to his discovery of the condensing principle, 47;
• An account of his engine, 49;
• Description of the working apparatus in which the steam is used as a moving power, 51;
• His engine described in a work entitled "The Miner's Friend," 56;
• Mentioned by Dr. Harrison in his "Lexicon Technicum," 56;
• Quotation from his address to the Royal Society, 56;
• Quotation from his address to the Miners of England, 57;
• Mentioned by Bradley in his "Improvements of Planting and Gardening," 57;
• The safety-valve not adopted by him, 57;
• The safety-valve first applied to his engine by Desaguliers, 58;
• Farey on the steam engine quoted, 58;
• Further Improvements made by Desaguliers, 58;
• Defects of his engine, 59;
• His engine applied to the drainage of mines, 59;
• Further defects of, 60;
• The first to suggest the method of expressing the power of an engine with reference to that of horses, 61;
• Failure of his engine in the work of drainage, 61;
• The tendency of high pressure to weaken and gradually destroy the vessels, 72;
• The power of his engines restricted, 73;
• The atmospheric engine superior to, 73;
• The boiler, guage-pipes, and regulator borrowed from his engine, 73;
• Proposes to apply his engine as a prime mover for all sorts of machinery, 180.
• Scott, Sir Walter, his sketch of the character of Watt, 314.
• Sculpture, Watt's invention of machine for copying, 318.
• Sea-going American steamers, 496.
• Sea-water, effects of upon boilers, 450.
• Seaward's slides, 235;
• Indicator of saltness, 454;
• His method of blowing out, 454.
• Self-regulating damper, 281;
• Furnace, 283.
• Separator, 430.
• Single-acting engine, description of Watt's, 133. 144.
• Single clack-valve, 227.
• Single cock, 238.
• Slide-valves, 229;
• That contrived by Mr. Murray, 229.
• Smeaton, John, investigates the atmospheric engine, 76;
• Applies himself to the improvement of wind and water mills, 181;
• His estimate of the horse power of engines, 288.
• Solomon De Caus, description of the apparatus of, 17;
• M. Arago claims for him a share of the honour of the invention of the steam engine, 21;
• Republished, with additions, the work of Isaac De Caus, 22.
• Somerset, Edward, Marquis of Worcester. Invention of the steam engine ascribed to him, 23;
• Description of his contrivance, 23;
• His "Century of Inventions," 24;
• Brief account of his engine described in this work, 31;
• His contrivance compared with that of De Caus, 33;
• Many of his inventions have been reproduced and brought into general use, 34.
• Steam cannot be applied immediately to any useful purpose, but requires the interposition of mechanism, 11;
• Elastic force of, recognised by the ancients only in vague and general terms, 14;
• The power of, formerly made to minister to the objects of superstition, mentioned by Arago, 15;
• Anecdote showing the knowledge which the ancients had of the mechanical force of, 15;
• The discovery of the condensation of, by Papin, 45;
• Mechanical power obtained from the direct pressure of the elastic force of, suggested by De Caus and Lord Worcester, 73;
• Latent heat of, 107;
• The mechanical force of considered, 115;
• Watt's early experiments on, 87;
• Discovery of the expansive action of, 157;
• Expansive action of stated by Watt in a letter to Dr. Small, 157;
• Its principle explained, 158;
• Mechanical effect resulting from it, 161;
• Properties of, 168;
• Common and super-heated steam, 168;
• Pressure and temperature of, 171;
• Relation between the temperatures of common steam and its pressure and density, 172;
• Effects of the expansion of common steam, 173;
• Mechanical effects of, 173;
• Methods of equalising the varying force of expanding steam, 174;
• Method of producing a vacuum by the condensation of, discovered by Papin, 178;
• Applied to move machinery, 179;
• Steam guage, 270;
• Heating by steam brought forward by Watt, 303;
• A machine for drying linen by, invented by Watt, 303;
• Mode of escape of, from the engines on the Liverpool road, 429.
• Steam case or jacket, invented by Watt, 124.
• Steam engine, a subject of popular interest, 3;
• The effects which it has produced upon the well-being of the human race considered, 4;
• Presents peculiar claims upon the attention of the people of Great Britain, 5;
• The exclusive offspring of British genius, 5;
• The virtues and powers which it has conferred upon coals, 6;
• Water the means of calling these powers into activity, 6;
• Used in the drainage of Cornish mines, 7;
• Comparison of its power with human labour, 8;
• Investigation of the origin of, 10;
• A combination of a great variety of contrivances and the production of several inventions, 12;
• Before the discoveries of James Watt was of extremely limited power, 12;
• Invention of, ascribed to the Marquis of Worcester, 23;
• Account of Savery's, 49;
• Farey quoted, 58;
• Improvements made by Desaguliers, 58;
• Applied to the drainage of mines, 59;
• Humphrey Potter's contrivance, 72;
• Advantages of the atmospheric engine over that of Savery, 73;
• Progress of the atmospheric engine, 75;
• Description of Papin's engine, 62;
• Smeaton's improvements, 76;
• First experiments of Watt and subsequent improvements, 83;
• Watt's experiments on the force of steam at high pressure, 83;
• Watt discovers the great defects of the atmospheric engine, 85;
• Waste of heat in atmospheric engine, 89;
• Dr. Black's theory of latent heat, 93;
• Description of Watt's experimental engine at Kinneal, 131;
• Description of his single-acting engine, 133;
• Disadvantages of the atmospheric compared with the old engine, 150;
• Expedients to force the atmospheric engines into use, 152;
• Watt's exertions to improve the manufacture of, at Soho, 155;
• Efficiency of fuel in the new engines, 156;
• Hornblower's engine, 175;
• Woolf's engine, 176;
• Watt endeavours to bring to perfection the application of, to the drainage of mines, 178;
• Papin's projected application of, 178;
• Savery proposed to apply his steam engine as a prime mover for all sorts of machinery, 180;
• Jonathan Hull's application of, to water-wheels, 180;
• Steam engine used for driving water wheels, 182;
• First attempt of this kind made by Oxley, 182;
• Stewart's application of, to mill work, 182;
• Wasbrough's application of the fly-wheel and crank, 183;
• Reasons why Watt's single-acting engine was not adapted to produce continuous uniform motion of rotation, 184;
• Watt's second patent, 186;
• Valves of double-acting engine, 189;
• Condensing jet, 191;
• Methods of connecting the piston-rod and beam in the double-acting engine, 193;
• Rack and sector, 194;
• Parallel motion, 195;
• Connecting rod and crank, 202;
• Fly-wheel, 205;
• Throttle-valve, 207;
• Adaptation of the governor, 209;
• Double-acting engine considered as a whole, 216;
• Process of its operation investigated, 217;
• The eccentric, 225;
• Cocks and valves, 227;
• Single clack-valve, 227;
• Double clack-valve, 228;
• Conical steam-valves, 228;
• Slide-valves, 229;
• Murray's slide-valve, 229;
• D valve, 230;
• Seaward's slides, 235;
• Single cock, 238;
• Four-way cock, 239;
• Pistons, 242;
• Gross effect and useful effect of engines, 285;
• Power and duty of, 287;
• Horse power of, 288;
• The means whereby mechanical power is expended in working the engines enumerated, 290;
• Common rules followed by engine makers, 292;
• Duty of engines, 294;
• Duty distinguished from power, 295;
• Proportion of stroke to diameter of cylinder, 295;
• Cornish system of inspection, 297;
• Improvement of the Cornish engines, 298;
• Historical detail of the duty of Cornish engines, 299;
• High-pressure engines, 321;
• Leupold's engine described, 323;
• Construction of the first high-pressure engine by Messrs. Trevethick and Vivian, 324;
• First application of the steam engine to propel carriages on railroads, 328;
• Computation of how much corn could be saved by the substitution of steam engines for horse power, 332;
• Marine engines, form and arrangement of, 441;
• Difference between marine and land engines, 443;
• Mr. Howard's patent engine described, 464;
• Humphrey's engine described, 470.
• Steam navigation to India, 483;
• First established in America, 487;
• Circumstances which led to it, 488;
• Attempts of Fitch and Rumsey to apply the single-acting engine to the propulsion of vessels, 489;
• Stevens of Hoboken commences experiments in, 489;
• Experiments of Livingstone and Fulton, 489;
• Fulton's first boat, 490;
• The Hudson navigated by steam, 491;
• Extension and improvement of river navigation, 492;
• American steamers, 494;
• Difference between them and European steamers, 494;
• Steamers on the Hudson, 494;
• Sea-going American steamers, 496;
• Speed attained by American steamers, 497;
• Lake steamers, 499;
• Steam-boats on the Mississippi, 500.
• Steam tugs, 503.
• Steep inclinations, method of surmounting, 415.
• Stephenson, his locomotive engine at Killingworth, 339;
• Defect of, 341;
• Constructed the driving wheels without flanges, 383.
• Stevens, of Hoboken, commences experiments on steam navigation, 489.
• Stewart, his application of the steam engine to mill work, 182.
• Stoking, process of, 462.
• Stuffing-box, contrivance of, 147.
• Sun and planet wheels, method of producing rotatory motion, 187.
• Thermometers, the process of filling described, 44;
• Explanation of the principle of, 98;
• Construction of mercurial thermometer, 98;
• Method of graduating, 99.
• Thermometer gauge, 270.
• Throttle-valve, description of, 207.
• Tredgold, his remark relative to Newcomen's engine, 73.
• Trevethick and Vivian's engine described, 325.
• Vacuum, force obtained by a, 43;
• The pump an illustration of this, 43.
• Valves of double-acting engine, 189.
• Wasbrough, his application of the fly-wheel and crank, 183.
• Water, a pint of, the mechanical force produced by its evaporation, 6;
• The alternate decomposition and recomposition of, by magnetism and electricity, analogous to vaporisation and condensation, 8;
• The fixed temperature which it assumes in boiling subject to variation, 108;
• Experiments to illustrate this, 109;
• Table to show the temperature at which it will boil under different pressures of the atmosphere, 113;
• Mechanical force of a cubic inch of, converted into steam, 118;
• Discovery of the composition of, 303;
• The merit of this discovery shared between Cavendish, Lavoisier, and Watt, 305;
• Latent heat of, 101;
• Conversion of ice into, 103.
• Water tank, 404.
• Water-wheels, steam engine used for turning, 182.
• Watt (James), birth of, 77;
• His infancy, 78;
• Anecdotes respecting, 78;
• His boyhood, 79;
• Goes to London, 80;
• Returns to Glasgow, 80;
• Appointed mathematical instrument-maker to the university, 81;
• Adam Smith one of his earliest friends and patrons, 81;
• Also Black and Robert Simson, 81;
• Extract from an unpublished manuscript of Robison respecting the character of, 82;
• His first experiments on steam, 83;
• Observes defects of atmospheric engine, 84;
• His first attempt to improve it, by using a wooden instead of an iron cylinder, 85;
• His method to ascertain the temperatures at which water would boil under pressures less than that of the atmosphere, 86;
• His early experiments on steam, 87;
• His notice of the waste of heat in atmospheric engines, 89;
• His experiments to determine the extent to which water enlarged its volume when it passed into steam, 90;
• Discovers the latent heat of steam, 91;
• Learns the theory of latent heat, 93;
• His letter to Dr. Brewster, explaining the circumstances which led to the error that a large share of the merit of his discoveries were due to Black, 93;
• Finds that condensation in the cylinder is incompatible with a due economy of fuel, 120;
• Conceives the notion of condensing out of the cylinder, 120;
• Discovers separate condensation, 121;
• Invents the air-pump, 122;
• Substitutes steam pressure for atmospheric pressure, 123;
• Invents the steam case or jacket, 124;
• His first experiments to realise these inventions, 125;
• His experimental apparatus, 126;
• Difficulties of bringing the improved engines into use, 128;
• Practises as a civil engineer, 129;
• Makes a survey of the river Clyde, 129;
• His partnership with Dr. Roebuck, 130;
• His first patent, 130;
• Description of his experimental engine at Kinneal, 131;
• Removes to Soho, 131;
• Abstract of the act of parliament for the extension of his patent, 132;
• Description of his single-acting engine, 133- 144;
• His condenser worked by an injection, 146;
• Objections attending condensation by surface, 146;
• Improvements in construction of piston, 147;
• Effected by a contrivance called a stuffing-box, 147;
• Method of packing, 148;
• Improved methods of boring the cylinder, 149;
• His letter to Smeaton on this subject, 149;
• Used black-lead dust for the purpose of lubrication, 149;
• This found to wear the cylinder, 149;
• Disadvantages of the atmospheric compared with the old engines, 150;
• Greatly increased economy of fuel, 151;
• Expedients to force the atmospheric engines into use, 152;
• His correspondence with Boulton, 153;
• His correspondence with Smeaton, 154;
• Exertions to improve the manufacture of engines at Soho, 155;
• Efficiency of fuel in the new engines, 156;
• Endeavours to bring to perfection the application of the steam engine to the drainage of mines, 178;
• The reasons why his single-acting engine was not adapted to produce continuous uniform motion of rotation, 184;
• His notes upon Dr. Robison's article on the steam engine, 184;
• His second patent, 186;
• His third patent, 189;
• His application of the fly-wheel, 205;
• His application of the throttle-valve, 207;
• His adaptation of the governor, 209;
• His double-acting engine considered as a whole, 216;
• Investigation of the process of its operation, 217;
• Eccentric, 225;
• Cocks and valves, 227;
• Single clack-valve, 227;
• Double clack-valve, 228;
• Conical steam-valve, 228;
• Slide-valves, 229;
• The waggon boiler adopted by him, 225;
• Invents the indicator, 274;
• The counter contrived by him, 278;
• The Lunar Society in which Watt and Boulton were leading members, 302;
• Invents the copying press, 302;
• His friends and associates at Birmingham, 302;
• Method of heating by steam brought forward by him, 303;
• His invention of a machine for drying linen by steam, 303;
• His share in the discovery of the composition of water, 303;
• His letter to Priestley on this subject, 307;
• Anecdote of his inventive genius, 309;
• Introduces the use of chlorine in bleaching, 310;
• One of the founders of the Pneumatic institution at Clifton, 310;
• His first marriage, 310;
• Private life of, 311;
• Death of his first wife, 311;
• His second marriage, 311;
• He retires from business, 311;
• Death of his younger son, 311;
• Extracts from his letters, 312;
• His death, 313;
• Character of, by Lord Brougham, 313;
• By Sir Walter Scott, 314;
• By Lord Jeffrey, 315;
• Occupation of his old age, 318;
• Invention of machine for copying sculpture, 318;
• His last days, 318;
• Monuments, 319;
• Inscription on the monument in Westminster Abbey from the pen of Lord Brougham, 319;
• His application of tubular condensers, 457;
• His expedient for coating boilers with felt, 463.
• Wilkinson, his machine for accurately boring the insides of cylinders, 149.
• Williams's method of consuming the unburned gases which escape from the grate, and are carried through the flues, 260.
• Woolf's engine, 176;
• Woolf's piston, 243.