—— College, Cambridge, Lord of Misrule at, 332

Trinouxtion, 343 n.

Tripoli, mode of laying ghosts in, 63

Troezenians, their festival resembling the Saturnalia, 350

Trows in Shetland, 168 sq.

Trumpets blown to expel demons, 116, 117, 156;

blown at the feast of Purim, 394

Tsuina, expulsion of demons in Japan, 212 sq.

Tsûl, a Berber tribe, 179

Tuaran district of British North Borneo, 200

Tug-of-war as a religious or magical rite, 173 sqq.;

as a charm to produce rain, 175 sq., 178 sq.

Tul-ya's e'en in Shetland, 168

Tullus Hostilius, 345 n. 1

Tumleo, annual fight in, 142 sq.

Tuna, a spirit, expulsion of, 124 sq.

Tung ak, a powerful spirit, 79, 80

Turkestan, 45;

Ferghana in, 184

Turkish tribes of Central Asia, riddles among the, 122 n.

Turner, L. M., quoted, 79 sq.

Tuscan Romagna, the, 167

Twelfth Day, serious significance of, 315;

the Three Kings on, 329 sqq.

See also Twelfth Night

—— Day, Eve of, 318;

expulsion of witches, etc., on, 166 sq.

—— Night, expulsion of the powers of evil on, 165 sqq.;

dances on, 238;

Perchta's Day, 244;

(Epiphany), the King of the Bean on, 313 sqq.

See also Twelfth Day

—— Night, Eve of, 316;

old Mrs. Perchta on, 240, 241;

ceremonial fires on, 316 sqq.

Twelve Days, weather of the twelve months supposed to be determined by the weather of the, 322 sqq.;

in Macedonia, superstitions as to the, 320;

in ancient India, 324 sq.;

accounted a miniature of the year, 324;

in the Highlands of Scotland, 324;

difference of opinion as to the date of the, 324, 327;

probably an old intercalary period at midwinter, 338 sq., 342

—— Days from Christmas to Twelfth Night (Epiphany), precautions against witches during the, 158 sqq., 164 sqq.

—— Days or Twelve Nights not of Christian origin, 326 sqq.

—— fires on Eve of Twelfth Day, 318 sq., 321 sq.

Two-faced mask worn by image of goddess, 287

Typhon, the birth of, 341

Tyre and Sidon, 17

Tyrol, annual “Burning out of the Witches” in the, 159 sq.;

the Perchten in the, 240, 242 sq.;

Senseless Thursday in the, 248

Uganda Protectorate, 6, 42;

funeral ceremony in, 45 n, 2;

human scapegoats in, 194 sq.

See also Baganda

Unalashka, one of the Aleutian Islands, 16

Unkareshwar, the goddess of cholera at, 194

Unreason, Abbot of, in Scotland, 331

Up-helly-a' in Shetland, 168 sq.

Urquhart, Sir Thomas, quoted, 332

Usener, H., 167 n. 1, 229 n. 2

Utch Kurgan, in Turkestan, 45

Vampyres, charms against, 153 n. 1

Vashti and Esther, temporary queens, 401

—— and Haman the duplicates of Esther and Mordecai, 406

Vedic times, 3;

cure for consumption in, 51;

the creed of the, 90;

riddles in, 122 n.;

the Aryans of the, 324

Vegetation, Mars a deity of, 229 sq.;

out-worn deity of, 231;

processions representing spirits of, 250

—— -god, Easter an old vernal festival of the, 328

Vehicle, expulsion of evils in a material, 185 sqq., 198 sqq., 224

Vehicles, material, of immaterial things (fear, misfortune, disease, etc.), 1 sqq., 22 n. 2, 23 sqq.

Venus and Adonis, 406.

See also Adonis, Aphrodite

Verrall, A. W., 391 n. 4

Vicarious suffering, principle of, 1 sq.

Vienne, the Boy Bishop at, 337 n. 1

Vieux-Pont, in Orne, 183 n. 3

Vitzilopochtli, great Mexican god, 280;

young man annually sacrificed in the character of, 280 sq.

Vohumano or Vohu Manah, a Persian archangel, 373 n. 1

Voigtland, cure for toothache in, 59;

belief in witchcraft in, 160;

“Easter Smacks” in, 268;

young people beat each other at Christmas in, 271

Vosges, cure for toothache in the, 59

—— Mountains, dances on Twelfth Day in the, 315;

the Three Kings of Twelfth Day in the, 330

Vulsinii in Etruria, 67

Wagogo, the, of German East Africa, 6

Walpurgis Night, witches abroad on, 158 sqq.;

annual expulsion of witches on, 159 sqq.;

dances on, 238

Warramunga tribe of Central Australia, 2

Warts, transference of, 48 sq.;

popular cures for, 54, 57

Washamba, the, of German East Africa, 29

Wasps, stinging people with, 263

Wassailing on Eve of Twelfth Day, 319

Wax figures in magic, 47

Weapons turned against spiritual foes, 233

Weariness transferred to stones or sticks, 8 sqq.

Weather of the twelve months determined by the weather of the Twelve Days, 322 sqq.

Weber, A., on origin of the Twelve Days, 325 n. 3

Weeks, Rev. John H., quoted, 76 sq.

Weights and measures, false, corrected in time of epidemic, 115

Weinhold, K., 327 n. 4

Welsh cure for cough, 51

—— custom of sin-eating, 43 sq.

Wendland, P., on the crucifixion of Christ, 412 sq., 418 n. 1

Wends of Saxony, their precautions against witches, 163

Westermarck, Dr. Edward, 180

Westphalia, 266

Westphalian form of the expulsion of evil, 159 n. 1

Whale represented dramatically as a mystery, 377

Whipping people to rid them of ghosts, 260 sqq.

Whips used in the expulsion of demons and witches, 156, 159, 160, 161, 165, 214;

used by maskers, 243, 244