Cyprus, revolt against Trajan, 397.
Cyrene, uprising of the Jews in, 331.
revolt against Trajan, 395.
Cyril of Alexandria, fanaticism against the Jews, 618 f.
Cyzicenus, Antiochus, King of Syria, hostility to Judæa, 9.
defeated by Hyrcanus I, 10, 40.
Daniel, book of, how considered by Christians and Porphyry, 502.
applications made of his prophecies and visions, 494 f., 527, 598.
Dead, burial denied to, by Hadrian, 430.
Dedication, feast of (Chanuka), observed by the heathen, 384.
Dio Cassius, account of the war of Bar-Cochba, 418 f.
Diocletian, attitude towards the Patriarch, 533 f.
not unfavorably disposed towards the Jews, 533.
persecutes Christians and Samaritans, 533 f., 539.
Diogenes, Sadducæan and favorite of Alexander Jannæus, 42, 45, 55.
Divorce, ordinance of Meïr concerning, 439;
restricted, 50.
Documents in Judæa, dated according to the reign of the Roman emperors, 134.
Domitian, 345.
decrees against the Jews, 387–9.
persecution of proselytes to Judaism, 384, 389.
Drusilla, sister of Agrippa II, apostate, and wife of the procurator Felix, 235 f., 245.
Earthquake in Judæa, 61.
Easter, Christian, and Jewish Passover, separated by the Church, 563.
Ebionites, 168 f., 220, 366.
See also Christianity, Jewish.
Ecclesiastes (Kohelet), book of, discussion concerning its holiness, 343 f.
Egypt, Jews in, revolt against Trajan, 395–8.
See also Alexandria.
Eighteen things, the, of Shammai, concerning the relation of Jews to the heathen, 270.
Eleazar ben Ananias, gives the first impulse to the uprising against Rome; leader of the Zealots, 256, 270.
Eleazar ben Arach, disciple of Jochanan ben Zakkai, 326, 334.
Eleazar ben Azariah, 345.
elected patriarch of Jabne, 342.
Eleazar ben Dinai, leader of a band of Zealots, 238.
Eleazar ben Jair, leader of the Sicarii, 239, 315.
Eleazar of Modin, killed by Bar-Cochba, 417 f.
Eleazar ben Poira, reprimands Hyrcanus I, 32.
Eleazar, son of Simon ben Jochai, 457.
delivers the freebooters to the Romans, 464 f.
Eleazar, head of the Zealots, his part in the war of revolution, 258 f.
Eleazar ben Simon, ultra-Zealot, 270.
Elegabalus, emperor, favorable attitude towards Judaism, 469 f.
Eliezer ben Hyrcanus, character, 346 f.
disciple of Jochanan ben Zaccai, 334, 346.
excommunicated by Gamaliel, 339 f.
upholder of tradition, 356.
Eliezer of Modin, authority on Agadic explanations, 357.
Embassies, Judæan, to Rome, 126 f., 197 f., 449.
from Alexandria, 184 ff.
Emigration of Jews to India, 629 f.
Essenes, 23–31.
ablutions and celibacy, 25 f.
ceremonies of initiation, 31.
communism, 25, 145, 150.
dress, 26.
derivation of the name, 26.
disapprove of oath, 27 f., 108.
of war, 25.
final aim, 28 f.
idea of the Messiah, 145.
mysticism, 28.
occupy themselves with cures, exorcisms, etc., 29.
origin, from the Assidæans, 24.
number, 30.
prophetic power ascribed to them, 100.
relation to Christianity, 219 f.
to the Pharisees, the Temple and national life, 30.
settlement, 25.
strict observance of the Sabbath and the Levitical laws of cleanliness, 24 f.
Eusebius, fanaticism against the Jews, 527, 562.
Excommunication (Nidui), 339.
laws about, 552.
in Babylon, 517.
Exile, Roman (Galut Edom), compared with that of Babylonia, 321.
Exorcism, practice of, in Christianity, 170.
Fadus, procurator of Judæa after Agrippa I's death, 197 f.
Fathers of the Church, hatred of the Jews, 525 ff., 562, 613, 620, 623 ff.
Felix, governor of Galilee, 242 f.
of Judæa, 245 f.
Festivals, calculations of the dates of, 325, 340, 362 f., 532, 573.
second day celebrated by the Jews outside of Judæa, 363, 573.
Festus, procurator of Judæa, 247 ff.
Firuz (Pheroces), persecutes the Babylonian Jews, 628–30.
Fiscus Judaicus (Jewish taxes for Rome), 316.
Flaccus, governor of Egypt, persecutes the Jews, 181–3.
Florus, Gessius, procurator of Judæa, 249 ff.
avarice, 250, 253.
cruelty, 254.
indulgent to the Sicarii, 250.
treachery, 255.
Fulvia, Roman convert to Judaism, 136.
Funeral, expenses and outfit of, 404.
Future life, in the Mishna, 473.
Gabinius, Aulus, in Judæa, 70 f.
Galba, emperor, 299.
Galilee adopts many heathen superstitions, 148.
corruptness of its language, 148 f.
description of, 272.
mental condition at the time of Jesus, 148 f.
stricter morality and observance of laws and customs than in Judæa, 148.
Galilee in the war of revolution, 272 ff.
Gischala, focus of the revolution in Galilee, 272.
taken by the Romans, 290.
Mount Tabor, 290.
Galilean fugitives in Jerusalem, 291.
Galilee recovers after the fall of Judæa, 333.
Gallus, Cestius, Governor of Syria, 250 f., 257.
battle with the Zealots, 265 f.
Gamala, besieged, 289 f.
focus of the revolution in Galilee, 273.
Gamaliel I, president of the Synhedrion, 192 f.
Gamaliel II, president of Jabne, 334 ff.
arranger, 356.
character, 336, 344.
contest with Joshua, 340 ff.
death and funeral, 404.
deposed, 341.
employs excommunication, 339.
in Rome, 387, 392.
reinstated in the dignity of patriarch, 345.
severity, 338 ff.
two regulations, 338 f.
work for the union of the schools, 335 ff.
Gamaliel III, sayings, 467 f.
Gamaliel IV, 532 ff.
Gamaliel V, 612.
Genseric, prince of the Vandals, and the vessels of the Temple, 611.
Mt. Gerizim, temple of Jupiter erected on, 422.
Gischala, 272, 290. See also Galilee.
Gnosticism and Gnostics, 374–81.
combated by Akiba, 381.
doctrines, 375 ff.
influence on Jewish circles, 377, 380 f.
sects, 374 f.
Gratus, Valerius, procurator of Judæa, 135 ff.
Greek culture and language, attitude of the Rabbis to, 400, 537 f.
Greek Jews become preachers and missionaries of Christianity, 220 f.
Greek translations of the Bible, 385 ff., 488 f.
Greeks of Alexandria, hostility of, to Jews and Judaism, 178 ff.
Habakkuk, book of, apocryphal additions to, 624.
Hadrian, 399–432.
and the Christians, 430 f.
cruel measures against the dead, 430.
death, 432.
decrees against the Jews, 421.
Hadrian disappoints the Jews concerning the restoration of the Temple, 403 f.
inaugurates a religious persecution against the Jews, 426.
journey through Judæa, 406.
makes Jerusalem a pagan city, 407.
policy against the Jews after the war of Bar-Cochba, 422.
yielding to the Jews, 400 f.
Halacha, 328 ff.
compilers of, 470.
relation to Agada and Midrash, 329.
systematic grouping of, by Akiba, 353 f.
Havayot d'Abayi ve Raba, 585.
Heathen, difference of attitude towards them between Hillelites and Shammaites, 270.
laws concerning them, 476–8.
relaxing of the laws against them, 525 f.
Hebrew language, knowledge of, cultivated in Judæa, 623 ff.
spoken by the population of Judæa, 461 f.
Hebrews, epistle to, 371.
Helen of Adiabene, proselyte and benefactress in Jerusalem, 218 f.
Helkias and Ananias, sons of Onias, and generals of Cleopatra, 10, 40 f.
Hereditary sin, doctrine of, 229.
Herod, 77–120.
betrothed to Mariamne, 81.
building of the Temple, 109–11.
children, 119.
cities and buildings erected by him, 105–7.
cringing policy towards Rome, 89, 127.
cruelty, 87, 89, 115.
death, 116 f.
discord in his family, 119 f., 177.
disease, 111, 115 f.
distrust of his people, 108, 111.
escapes from Judæa to Rome, 83.
executes Hyrcanus, 96.
exhausts the people by taxation, 107.
governor of Cœlesyria, 79.
governor of Galilee, 77.
introduces games into Jerusalem, 105.
judgment of Augustus on him, 116.
last bloody orders with regard to the nobles of Judæa, 116.
love of pomp and display, 105, 109.
proclaimed king of Judæa by the Senate of Rome, 86.
relation to his children, 112–4, 116.
relation of the Pharisees to him, 114 f.
struggle for the crown of Judæa, 87 f.
suicidal attempt, 116.
before the Synhedrion, 78.
will concerning Judæa, 119 f.
Herod II, 173.
death, 199.
prince of Chalcis in Lebanon, 190, 196 f.
titular king of Judæa, 197, 199.
Herod Antipas, tetrarch of Galilee and Peræa, 137.
beheads John the Baptist, 147.
Herodias, wife of Antipas, 175.
dies in exile, 177.
Hieronymus (Jerome), studies Hebrew with Rabbis, 623 f.
High priests, frequent change of, 137, 249.
right of appointment reserved by Rome, 172.
High-priesthood, corruption and degradation, 236 f., 246, 249.
dignity of, inherent in certain families, 237.
strife for it, 237.
Hillel, 96–130.
appointed president of the Synhedrion by Herod, 96.
character, 96 f.
death, 30.
descent from David, 96.
disciple of Shemaya and Abtalion, 96, 98.
his expositions attain authority, 338.
founder of Talmudic Judaism, 327.
gives the Oral Law a rational basis, by introducing the seven rules, 98.
maxims, 97.
modifies the laws concerning the year of release, 100.
part played in the Paschal controversy, 99.
presidency hereditary in his family, 130.
Hillel, school of, 131.
Hillel II, 560.
act of self-renunciation, 572 f.
and Joseph, the apostate, 565 f.
calendar, 573 f.
Hillelites, belong to the peace party, 256.
History, cultivated under the Hasmonæans, 15 f.
Honorius, emperor of the West, laws of, against the Jews, 616 f.
Huna, principal of the school of Sora, 545–8.
charity, 546 f.
death, 548.
Huna ben Chiya, principal of the school of Pumbeditha, 576 f.
Huna-Mari, Prince of the Captivity and martyr, 629.
Hypatia, 619.
Hyrcanus I, John, 1–34.
ambitious, 13.
assures the independence of Judæa, 11.
campaign against the Parthians, 5.
coins, 12.
compared to Solomon, 1, 11, 34.
condition of the people under his reign, 13–17.
destroys the Samaritan temple on Mt. Gerizim, 8.
embassy sent by him to Rome, 4 f., 9.
employs mercenaries, 7.
expels the Hellenists and destroys Samaria, 11.
extends the boundaries of Judæa, 11 f.
forces Judaism on the Idumæans, 8.
reprimanded by Eleazar ben Poira, 32.
relation to the religious parties, 31 ff.
wars, 7–11.
Hyrcanus II, 57 ff.
contest with Aristobulus II, 57–66.
arrangement between them, 58.
broken by Hyrcanus, 59.
characters of both contrasted, 57 f.
interference of Rome, 61 ff.
part played by Antipater, 59 ff.
rise of a republican party in Judæa, 63.
his ears mutilated by the Parthians, 82.
executed by Herod, 96.
Hyrcanus, son of Alexander Jannæus, high priest, 48.
Idumæans forced to accept Judaism, 8 f.
part played by them in the war of revolution, 295, 298, 301.
Images, Roman, introduced by Pilate into Jerusalem, 139.
of the emperor put up in the synagogues of Alexandria, 183.
Independence, Judæan, when lost, 66.
Indo-Jewish colonists, 629 f.
Informers, 425 f., 464 f., 570.
Iron, its use in the erecting of an altar, why forbidden, 329.
Isebab, martyr under Hadrian, 429.
Ishmael ben Elisha, 355 f.
clear thinker, 356.
death (martyrdom), 356, 427.
mildness, 423 f.
system, 355 f.
view, his, on Jewish Christianity, 378.
Isidorus, leader of an uprising against the Jews in Alexandria, 181.
Izates, prince of Adiabene, convert to Judaism, 216 f.
Jabne (Jamnia), seat of the school and Synhedrion after the fall of Jerusalem, 324 ff.
See Schools and Synhedrion.
James, brother of Jesus, 169, 222.
Jerusalem after the war of Bar-Cochba, 421 f.
Jews forbidden to enter it, 422, 564.
ploughed, 421.
See also War of Revolution.
Jesus of Nazareth, 148–68.
addresses himself to the neglected and the outcast, 152, 165.
adopts Essene principles, 150 f., 154.
aim and purpose, 151, 155.
attitude towards Judaism and the heathen world, 155 f.
before the court of justice, 163 f.
before Pilate, 164.
character, 149.
claims to be the Messiah and son of God, 158 f.
condition of Galilee at his time, 148.
death and its effects, 165.
descent, 148.
disciple of John the Baptist, 148.
disciples, his, to which class they belonged, 153 f., 160.
education and mental culture, 148 f.
Jesus in Jerusalem, and why he went there, 160–3.
merits, his, wherein they consist, 156.
miraculous deeds, 156 f.
reason of opposition to him, 161 f.
religiousness, 149 f.
resurrection, belief in his, 168.
Rome's part in his death, 164 f., 171.
teachings, 150, 154 ff.
victim to a misunderstanding, 165.
when public sentiment rose against him, 159.
work, 152 f., 157.
Jesus ben Sapphia, leader in the revolution at Tiberias, 274.
Jews in Alexandria. See Alexandria.
Jews in Armenia, 591.
Jews and Christians, connection between them severed, 431.
Jews and heathen, hatred between them, 262 ff., 313 f.
Jews prohibited from entering Jerusalem, 422, 564.
Jews, inner life of, after the fall of Judæa, 322, 360–5.
Jews, moral and religious condition of the middle class of, 146, 151.
Jews in Rome, 67–9.
after the war of revolution, 316.
religious persecution of, 137 f.
Jews and Samaritans, hatred between them, 135, 243 ff.
Jews, significance of their dispersion in the Roman empire and in Parthia, 200 f.
Jews' tax (fiscus Judaicus), 332. See Taxes.
Jezdijird, king of Persia, friendly attitude towards the Jews, 609 f.
Jezdijird III, persecutes the Jews of Babylonia, 627 f.
Job, book of, view of Simon ben Lakish on, 497.
Jochanan ben Zakkai, 322–33.
abolishes the ritual of suspected adultery, 238.
abolishes the sin-offering for the shedding of innocent blood, 239.
becomes vice-president of the Synhedrion, 240.
burnt-offerings, his view on their value, 324.
character, 331.
combats the Sadducees, 323.
compared with Jeremiah and Zerubbabel, 333.
death, 333.
disciples, 326.
establishes the school of Jabne, 324 f.
heir of Hillel's mind, 323.
holds converse with pagans, 329.
joins the peace party, 323.
nine changes made by him, 326.
school, his, at Jerusalem, 323.
teachings, 326 ff.
why he sided with Rome, 329.
work, his, after the fall of Judæa, 322 ff.
John the Baptist, an Essene, 145 ff., 150.
beheaded by Herod Antipas, 147.
not hindered in his work by the Pharisees, 147.
John of Gischala, leader in the revolution, character, 273, 296 f.
death, 314.
conduct as general, 290, 304.
John, son of Zebedee, 169, 222.
Jonathan, leader of the Sadducees, 31, 33.
Jonathan, son of Uziel, 131.
José, principal of the school of Pumbeditha, completes the compilation of the Talmud, 630.
José ben Chalafta, 442.
José, the Galilean, 357.
José ben Kisma, 426 f.
Joseph the Apostate, 564 ff.
Joseph ben Chiya, principal of the school of Pumbeditha, 577 f., 581–3.
Joseph of Gamala, leader in the revolution, 289.
Joseph ben Gorion, general in the war of revolution, 271.