Religious persecutions. See Persecutions.
Restoration of the Law. See Simon ben Shetach.
Resurrection, a matter of contention between the various schools, 225.
expected to take place in Judæa, 548.
Resurrection of Christ, 225.
Revolts, Jewish, under Antoninus Pius, 447.
under Constantius, 569 f.
under Hadrian, 399–446.
under Trajan, 393–9.
Rigle == festival season of lectures, 515.
= time of paying homage to the Prince of Captivity, 607.
Rimmon, Plain of, headquarters during the revolts against Trajan and Hadrian, 395, 403, 416.
Rome adopts Syrian habits, 468.
Roman eagle over the entrance to the Temple, 111, 115.
Roman empire, decline of, 527, 560, 604 f.
division of, by Theodosius, 615.
Rufus, Annius, procurator of Judæa, 135.
Rufus, Tinnius, procurator of Judæa, 411.
Rufus, Turnus, general of Hadrian and oppressor of the Jews, 421.
Rules, seven, of Hillel, 356.
thirteen of Ishmael, 356.
Sabbath, observed by the heathen, 384.
Sabinus, plunders the treasury of the Temple, 123.
Sacrifices, daily, cease, 305.
Sadducees (Zadukim), 17 ff.
attitude toward the daily sacrifices and the laws of cleanliness, 23, 52.
consider the Pentateuch only as binding, the tradition as of subordinate value, 22.
deprived of their seats in the Synhedrion, 50.
Sadducees, difference between them and the Pharisees in points of ritual, 22 f.
form the aristocracy, 21.
laxity toward false witnesses, 22.
officers of state and army taken from among them, 21.
place the national interests above the Law, 21.
persecuted under Salome Alexandra, 55.
repudiate the idea of judgment after death, 21.
relation to the Pharisees, 17 f.
rigor in the administration of justice, 22.
Salome Alexandra, wife of Alexander Jannæus, and regent, 47–56.
champion of the Pharisees, 39.
coins, 48.
death, 56.
entrusts the management of affairs to the Pharisees, 48.
last independent ruler of Judæa, 56.
protects the Sadducees, 55.
prosperity of the country under her reign, 48.
restoration of the Law, 49–53.
Salome, sister of Herod, 93, 119, 128.
bequeaths her possessions to the Empress Livia, 128.
hatred of Mariamne, 104, 112.
Samaritan Messiah, 171.
Torah, 457.
Samaritans, relation to the Jews: of friendliness, 534.
of hatred, 402 f., 457 f.
completely excluded from the Jewish community, 534 f.
join the Jews in the war of revolution, 268.
in the revolt against Hadrian, 410.
treachery against the Jews, 417 f.
Samaritans persecuted by Diocletian, 533 f.
worship idols, 439.
Samuel the younger (Hakatan), 357 f.
Samuel, Mar (Arioch), 518 ff.
attitude toward the heathen, 520.
character, 519.
decree concerning the law of the land, 519 f.
learning and versatility, 521 f.
and Shabur I, 520.
Sassanides, dynasty of, 523.
Satan and demons, belief in, among the early Christians, 170.
Scaurus, legate of Pompey, arbitrates between Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus II, 61.
Schools of the Talmud, 324 ff.
Schools of Babylonia, 544 ff.
decline, 593 ff.
deterioration of manners of the teachers, 588 f.
estrangement between the teachers and the people, 588 ff.
hierarchy and dignitaries, 547.
independence of the schools of Judæa, 548.
opposition to the schools of Judæa, 557.
superiority over the schools of Judæa, 531 f., 537, 544, 560.
teachers, 454.
two methods of instruction, 574.
Schools in Judæa, 324 ff.
in Jabne, 324 ff.
in other places, 335.
decline of the Judæan schools, 543, 548 f., 560.
oppressed by hostile Christianity, 611.
Schools, Babylonian and Judæan, their different methods, 557 f.
Schools outside of Judæa and Babylonia, in Asia Minor and Alexandria, 358 f.
Schools of Shammai and Hillel, 101, 335 f.
Schools, prohibited by Hadrian, 426.
Second day of feasts, celebrated by the Jews outside of Judæa, 363, 573.
Secret scrolls, 461.
Seder Olam, 442.
Sepphoris, capital of Galilee, 137.
destroyed under Constantius, 570.
seat of the principal school and the Synhedrion under Judah I, 452.
sympathizes with Rome, 276, 283, 414.
Septuagint, 625. See also Greek translations of the Bible.
Seth, family of high priests, 237.
Severus, emperor, laws against Jews and Christians, 464.
Severus, bishop of Magona (Mahon), fanaticism against the Jews, 619 f.
Severus, Julius, general of the Roman army against Bar-Cochba, 414 ff.
Shabur II, 580 ff.
and Chama of Nahardea, 594 f.
oppresses the Jews in Babylonia, 591 f.
Shaliach Zion, 535.
Shammai, 100 f.
hatred of the heathen, 132.
school of, 131 ff.
forms the nucleus of the Zealot faction, 133, 256.
erects a barrier between Jews and heathen, 270.
harsh and repellant to proselytes to Judaism, 132.
has the majority in the Synhedrion, 132 f.
rigor, 131 ff.
Shammaites and Hillelites, 270.
Shemaya, 71.
president of the Synhedrion, 79.
Shila, principal of the school of Nahardea, 512.
Sibylline books and sayings, 95, 204 f., 402, 462, 610.
Sicarii, revolutionary party, 239, 242.
cruelty, 249, 261.
nefarious practices, 239.
put a Roman garrison to death, 258.
Sidetes, Antiochus, of Syria, besieges Jerusalem, 3 f.
expedition against the Parthians, 5.
Sidra == school, 514.
Silas, the Babylonian, hero in the war of revolution, 264.
Silva, procurator of Judæa, 316.
Simlaï, 498 ff.
controversies with the Fathers of the Church, 501 f.
Simon Bar-Giora, patriot and leader in the war of revolution, 264.
character, 293.
death, 314.
heroism, 313.
in Jerusalem, 297 f.
Simon ben Gamaliel, president of the Synhedrion, 240.
sides with the war party, 269.
Simon II, patriarch, 443 f.
ambition, 444 f.
patriarchate, 445.
Simon ben Jochai, 434, 447 ff.
ambassador to Rome, 449.
rational system, 440 f.
Simon Bar-Kappara, wit, 455 f., 466.
Simon ben-Lakish (Resh Lakish), 49–57.
and Judah II, 488 f.
view on the book of Job, 497.
Simon Magus, a nickname of Paul, 368.
Simon ben Shetach, brother-in-law of Alexander Jannæus, 39.
crucifies 80 women for witchcraft, 54.
mediator between the Pharisees and Sadducees, 42.
president of the Synhedrion, 54.
promoter of instruction, 50.
"Restorer of the Law," 49.
his son condemned through false witnesses, 54 f.
Simon, martyr under Hadrian, 427.
Simon Stylites, fanaticism against the Jews, 621.
Sin offering for shedding of innocent blood abrogated, 239.
Sirach, 359.
Song of Songs (Shir-Hashirim), discussion about its holiness, 343 f.
Sopheric teachers, 327.
Sora, seat of the school of Rab, 512 ff.
becomes the chief school of Babylonia, 548.
decline of the school, 583.
regains its reputation under Ashi, 605–7.
Sora and Pumbeditha, schools of, compared, 574 f.
Stephen, 221.
Strabo, favorable representation of Jews and Judaism, 179 f.
Swine, breeding of, why it was forbidden by the Synhedrion, 60.
Swine's head put up in the gate of Jerusalem, 422.
Sylvester, bishop of Rome, hatred of the Jews, 562.
Symmachus, disciple of Meïr, 440.
Synagogues in Jerusalem, 201.
Synhedrion (Great Council):
Synhedrion of Babylonia, 443 f.
Synhedrion of Jabne, 321 ff.
authority and sphere of action, 325, 337, 360.
destroyed by Quietus, 400.
dignitaries, 360 f.
Synhedrion of Jabne, position of the patriarch in it, 361 ff.
procedure of its meetings, 361 f.
Synhedrion of Jerusalem, acquires great importance under Gamaliel I, 192.
letters and mandates, 192 f.
limitation of its authority by the procurator, 71, 129.
overthrow of, by the Zealots, 296.
presidency of, passes over from the high priest to the Pharisees, 48 f.
regains its former supreme authority during the war of revolution, 269.
removal from the Hewn-stone Hall to the Commercial Hall of Bethany, 239.
reorganization, 50.
weakness exhibited by, during the war of revolution, 271.
Synhedrion of Usha, 405.
dissolved by persecutions, 448.
Syria, anarchy in, 6.
Syrian habits adopted by Rome, 468.
Tabernacles, feast of, ceremony of libation of water, 43, 51.
Tacitus, 384.
Talmud, Babylonian, 328 f.
characterization of, 632–5.
its influence upon Jewish life and history, 634 f.
its nature and relation to the Mishna, 591.
redaction, 605–9, 630–2.
redaction not committed to writing, 608.
Talmud, Jerusalem, redaction of, 609, 612.
Talmud, Babylonian and Jerusalem, compared, 634.
Talmudic epoch, 321 ff.
Talmudic Judaism, 327 f.
Talmudic schools, 335.
Tanaites, 356 ff.
end of the second generation, 429.
last generation, 450.
the last, 462.
Tanchuma bar Abba, last Halachic authority of Judæa, 611 f.
Tarphon (Tryphon) of Lydda, 357.
on Jewish Christianity, 378.
Taxes, for the patriarch and the maintenance of the schools, 486 f., 535 f.
prohibited by Honorius, 617.
Taxes for Rome, 134, 388, 391, 463, 469, 572, 598.
collectors of, ostracized, 134.
method of their collection, 129 f.
withheld, 257 f.
under Hadrian, 420.
Taxes for the Temple, 52 f., 201.
from Babylonia, 505.
those of Asia Minor seized upon, 68.
Taxes paid by the Jews in Babylonia, 508.
Temple of Jerusalem, becomes the common center of the Jews, 201.
the hotbed of the revolution, 259.
destruction of by the Romans, 307 f.
that of Herod, 109–111.
restoration of, attempted by Hadrian, 401 f.
and Julian, 599–601.
when the visible signs of divine mercy ceased to appear in it, 237.
vessels of, 449, 611.
Temple of Onias in Egypt, closed by Vespasian, 318.
Temple, Samaritan, on Mt. Gerizim, destroyed by Hyrcanus I, 8.
Tertullian, 476.
Theater, Greek, Judaism ridiculed in, 542 f.
Theodosius I, protects the Jews against Christian fanaticism, 612 f.
Theodosius II, hostility against the Jews, 617 ff.
seizes upon the taxes for the patriarch, 622.
Theudas, false Messiah, 198, 240.
Tiberias, focus of the revolution, 272.
foundation of, 137.
seat of the patriarch, 480.
seat of a school, 493 f.
Tiberius, emperor, expels the Jews from Rome, 202.
lightens the burdens of taxation in Judæa, 135.
mildness towards the Jews, 172.
persecutes the Jews in Rome, 136 f.
Tiberius, Alexander, nephew of Philo, apostate, governor of Egypt, 300.
governor of Jerusalem, 198 f.
orders a massacre of the Jews in Alexandria, 263 f.
treachery against Judæa during the war of revolution, 302.
Tigranes, king of Armenia, threatens Judæa, 55 f.
Tithes, paid after the fall of Judæa, 363.
Titus, 285, 388.
cruelty, 304, 308, 312.
at Gischala, 290.
humanity to the Jews of Antioch, 313.
Titus, arch of, 314.
Tobit, book of, its object, 430.
Tradition. See Law, Oral.
Trajan, 393.
Trajan day (Yom Trajanus), 401.
Treasury of the Temple, plundered by Pilate, 140.
Trinity, dogma of, 500 ff.
Triumvirate, Roman, and Herod, 81.
of teachers at Pumbeditha, 575 ff.
Tur-Simon, fortress in the war of bar-Cochba, 415 f.
Turbo, Martius, general under Trajan, suppresses the revolt in Egypt, 397 f.
Usha (El-Uz), assembly of, 433.
seat of the Synhedrion, 405, 444 f.
Valens, emperor, protects and honors the Jews, 603.
Valentinian I, grants toleration, 603.
Valerianus, emperor, 527.
Varus, quenches a revolt in Judæa, 123, 125 f.
Varus, representative of Agrippa II in Cæsarea, cruelty and treachery, 274 f.
Verus Commodus, emperor, persecutes the Jews, 447 f.
Vespasian, 284 f.
avarice, 316, 318.
attitude towards the Jews of Rome after the revolution, 316 f.
campaign in Galilee, 286 ff.
character of his warfare, 285, 297 ff.
proclaimed emperor, 300.
Vessels of the Temple, fate of, 449, 611.
Visible signs of divine mercy, when, ceased to appear in the Temple, 237.
Vitellius, emperor, 299.
Vitellius, governor of Syria, kindness of, to the Jews, 172 f.
Vulgata, 625.
War of the Revolution, the Judæan, with Rome, 233 ff.
character and chief cause of, 234.
cruelties, 315.
differences in the attitude of the parties, 292.
encounter between Cestius Gallus and the Zealots, 265 f.
first campaign, 264 ff.
heroism of the Jews, 306.
internal strife between the various parties of Judæa, 295, 298, 301.
Judæa divided into lots, 312.
leaders, 270 f.
prisoners of war, fate of, 311 f., 321.
starting point of the revolution, 259.
tactics pursued by the Romans, to weaken Judæa by internal strife, 297.
traitors, 302, 304 f.
triumph of Vespasian and Titus in Rome, 314 f.
Zealots, ultra, obtain the reins of the government, 271.
the war in Galilee, 272 ff.
the war at Jerusalem, 291 ff.
beginning of the siege by Titus, 301, 303.
destruction of the city, 309.
famine, 304, 306.
number of killed, 309.
pestilence, 306.
population of the city during the war, 292.
resistance after the fall of the Temple, 309.
struggle around the Temple, 305 ff.
stubborn defense, 304 f.
See also Galilee, Josephus, Judæa, Zealots.
Wisdom, of the Chaldeans, influences the Rabbis, 577 f.
"Wise men," 356.
Witnesses in law courts, how questioned, 50, 53.
Wood-carrying, feast of, 52 f., 260.
Women, education of, 474.
Worship, public, after the destruction of the Temple, 363.
Zabina, Alexander, usurps the throne of Syria, 6.
Zadok, disciple of Shammai, and leader of the Zealots, 133.
Zadok, teacher at Jabne, 330, 338 f.
Zaken, title, 361.
Zealots (Kannaim), called also Galileans, 133.
attitude towards the Synhedrion, 293 ff.
comprised at first the followers of Shammai, 133.
conflict with the Sicarii, 261.
in Cyrenaica, 318.
establish a community in North Arabia, 319.
in Egypt, 317 f.
fate after the war, 315–19.
licentiousness, 238 f.
last ones, how they fell, 316.
Zealots, part played by them in the war, 258 ff.
principles and purpose, 133.
religious and republican party, 133.
self-confidence, 291 f.
struggle about the high priesthood, 294 f.
watchword, 133.
Zeïra, 557 f.
Zend-Avesta, 524.
Zenobia, 529 f.
Zerubbabel, supposed ancestor of the Princes of Captivity in Babylonia, 509.