Chilperic, forces Jews to baptism, 39.
Chindaswinth, king of the Visigoths, tolerance of, 101 f.
Chintila, king of the Visigoths, forces the Jews to emigrate, 51 f.
Chiskiya, last Gaon of Pumbeditha, executed, 254.
Chivi Albalchi, first rationalist and critic, 199.
"Chobath Halebaboth," 271.
Chosroes Nushirvan imposes a poll-tax upon Jews and Christians, 5.
Chosru II, attacks the Roman possessions, 19.
favorable to the Jews, 9.
"Chozari," origin of, 327 f.
Christian emperors curtail the political rights of the Jews, 27.
Christian slaves, possession of, forbidden to Jews, 28, 33, 46, 48.
Christians and Mahometans, treatment of Jews compared, 347, 426, 506.
Christianity, hostility of, to Judaism, 34.
in western Europe at first tolerant against the Jews, 24, 34.
of the 11th century, 301.
Christianity, Islam and Judaism compared, 328, 332 ff.
Chumrata, 97.
"Church of the Mother of God" in Constantinople originally a synagogue, 26.
Church, rigor of, against Jews and heretics, 496 ff., 503 f.
Church and synagogue, attitude of, to science compared, 187 f.
Chushiel, Rosh of Kairuan, 208 ff.
Cidellus, Jewish diplomatist in the service of Alfonso VI, 292.
Clement III, 306.
Clement IV, hostile to the Jews, 605.
orders confiscation of the Talmud, 602.
Clergy, hatred of, against the Jews, 24–6, 172, 241 f., 349 f., 611.
ignorance of, 26.
Clotaire II, bigotry of, 40.
Clovis, 36 f.
Cologne, Jews of:
during the crusades, 303 f.
privileges of, 41.
when settled in, 41.
Commons massacre the Jews of London, 591.
Communism in Persia, 2 f.
Confession of faith, Jewish (Shema), forbidden, 15.
Conrad III, German emperor, protects the Jews, 351 f., 416.
Constantine VIII sends an embassy to Spain, 218.
Constantinople, Jews of, 26.
"Constitutio Judæorum," 497.
Controversies, between Jews and Christians, 105, 576, 598, 622.
between Jews and Mahometans, 111, 119.
Conversions, forced, of Jews to Christianity, 38 f., 48 f., 123, 176, 246, 300, 570.
prohibited by Gregory X, 635.
Conversions, forced, to Islam, 359 f., 451, 461.
Conversions to Judaism, 21, 61, 409, 440, 445, 516, 640 f.
Converts, Jewish, to Christianity, treatment of, 49 ff., 308 f.
Cordova, center of Judaism, 228 f.
contention in, for the rabbinate, 229 f., 238 ff.
seat of a Talmudic school, 210.
"Covenant of Omar," 87, 120, 145, 176 f.
Council (of the Church. See also under the individual cities):
Lateran, 400, 421, 498.
Lateran, the Fourth, 509–12.
of Avignon, 504.
of Béziers, 582.
of Buda, 614.
of Exeter, 645.
of Illiberis, 43.
of Mâcon, 39.
of Meaux, 171.
of Nice, 25.
of Orleans, 37.
of Oxford, 516.
of Paris, 40.
of Toledo, 49, 102.
of Vannes, 36.
of Vienna, 611 f.
Crimea, emigration of Chazars to, 222.
emigration of Karaites to, 435.
Crispia, 560.
Crusade, the first, 297.
effect of, on the intellectual condition of the Jews in Germany, 309.
in Jerusalem, 308.
Crusade, the second, 349–57.
in France, 349–51, 355.
in Germany, 351 f.
Crusade, the third, 405 ff.
Crusade against the Albigenses, 501 f.
Crusaders, brutalities of, 412–15, 497, 507, 570.
Crusades in France, 299.
in Germany, 300 ff.
voluntary death of Jews during, 300, 302 f., 305.
Cyril expels the Jews from Alexandria, 23.
"Dagger of Faith," 622.
Dagobert, decree of, against the Jews, 40.
Damascus, captured by the Mongols, 606.
Daniel, the prophet, superstition about the grave of, 435.
Daniel, the exilarch, 438.
Daniel ben Saadiah, opponent of Maimonides, 525 f.
Dante, 628.
David, grandson of Maimonides, 627.
and Solomon ben Adret, 620 f.
defends his grandfather, 632.
David ben Daniel, exilarch and defender of Maimonides, 632.
David ben Judah, exilarch, 155 f.
David ben Saul, opponent of Maimonides, 529.
David ben Zaccaï, exilarch, 186.
conflict of, with Saadiah Gaon, 195 f.
David Abudarham, 617.
David Alrui, false Messiah, 430–33.
Dayan (judge), functions of, 98.
Dei Mansi, family of, 421.
Demons, belief in, 525, 528, 534.
Dhu-Nowas. See Zorah Yussuf.
Diniz, king of Portugal, favorable to the Jews, 618.
Disputations between Jews and Christians, 576, 601 ff.
See also under Controversies.
Divorce, law of, changed, 92.
reform of, by Gershom, 244.
synodical decisions concerning, 378.
Dominicans, fanaticism of, 519, 591, 613, 641.
entrusted with the Inquisition, 542.
part taken by, in the disputation of Barcelona, 600 ff.
preachers, 545.
rivalry of, with the Franciscans, 641.
Don Judah ben Moses Cohen, physician to Alfonso X, 593.
Don Meïr de Malea, treasurer of Alfonso X, 593.
Don Pedro II, king of Aragon, 497 f.
Don Sancho, son of Alfonso X, king of Castile, 616.
and Don Zag, 616.
rebellion of, against his father, 616.
regulates the Jew-tax, 617.
Don Zag, Isaac, treasurer of Alfonso X, 593.
and the "Tables of Alfonso," 594.
executed, 615.
Donnolo, Sabbataï, head of Jewish science in Italy, 212–14.
relation of, to Nilus the younger, 213 f.
Dossa, son of Saadiah Gaon, 202.
and Chasdaï, 217.
Dudaï, Gaon of Pumbeditha, 129.
Dunash ben Labrat, creator of the artistic form of Jewish poetry, and one of the founders of Judæo-Spanish culture, 215.
career and character, 226.
first employs meter in Hebrew poetry, 223.
polemic of, against Menachem and Saadiah, 226.
Dunash ben Tamim, physician, 181, 211.
correspondence of, with Chasdaï, 211, 217.
Duns Scotus, recommends forced conversion of the Jews, 644.
East, the, loses the leadership of Judaism, 207 f.
scepticism in, 199.
Easter, Jewish, celebration of, forbidden before the Christian, 13.
Eastertide, during, Jews forbidden to appear in the streets, 37, 39, 171, 510, 518, 582, 595, 635.
Eberard, Magister Judæorum, 161, 164.
Edward I, Jews treated by, 640–6.
Jews expelled by, 645.
justice of, to Jews, 640, 643.
proselytizing zeal of, 644.
Egica, king of the Visigoths, imposes restrictions on the Jews, 107 f.
Egilbert, bishop of Treves, inhumanity of, against the Jews, 300.
Egypt, becomes a center of Judaism, 445.
Talmudic schools of, 210.
Egypt, Jews of, 23, 443–5.
low state of culture of, 444 f.
prosperous condition of, under Saladin, 461.
Elchanan, Tossafist and martyr, 404.
Eldad, traveler, 182.
Eleanor, mother of Edward I, enmity of, against the Jews, 641, 645.
Eleazar ben Kalir, poetan, 116.
characteristics of his style, 117, 245.
Elesbaa, king of Ethiopia, destroys the Jewish kingdom of Arabia, 66 f.
Elias of London, chief rabbi of England, 588.
deposed, 591.
"Emunoth we-Deoth," 197 f.
England, Jews of, 409–16, 587–92, 640–6.
accusations against, 642 f.
act of parliament concerning, 642.
authority and functions of the chief rabbi of, 588.
blood-accusation against, 591.
converts to Judaism in, 409.
degradation of, 516.
enemies of, 504 f.
expelled, 643, 645.
impoverished, 592.
imprisoned, 645.
parliament of, 589.
occasion of the first persecution of, 410.
oppressions of, 641.
statute of Judaism for, 642.
"En-Sof," 550.
Ephraim ben Jacob of Bonn, Talmudist and poet, 419.
Erwig, king of the Visigoths, edict of, against the Jews and Jewish converts, 106 f.
Eugenius III, repudiates the debts to the Jews in the second crusade, 349.
Europe, becomes the chief seat of Judaism, 383.
Judaism of, compared with that of the East, 160.
Excommunication, as inflicted by Church and Synagogue, 99, 151, 177, 528.
degrees of, 99.
employment of, in the Middle Ages, 528.
Exeter, council of, 645.
Exilarch (Prince of the Captivity), authority of, lessened by the Karaite disturbances, 137.
ceremonies of installation of, 94 f.
functions of, 89 f., 428 f.
last, 201.
under Mahometan rule, 89 f.
Exilarchate, contest for, 155, 439.
corruption of, 194.
decline of, 177, 183 ff.
dependent on the Gaonate, 137.
disputes of, with the Gaonate, 184–6.
divested of its official character, 177.
elective, 137.
extinction of, 202.
in the 12th century, 439.
revival of, 428.
Ezekiel, the prophet, grave of, resort of pilgrims, 440 f.
Ezra, the scribe, grave of, resort of pilgrims, 441.
Ezra, Kabbalist, 548.
Fables in Neo-Hebraic, 560 f.
Farraj Ibn-Solomon, physician to Charles of Anjou, 628.
Fathers of the Church put a chasm between Christianity and Judaism, 144.
Fatimide caliphate, 210.
fall of, 461.
fanaticism of, 212.
Fatimides persecute the Jews, 247 ff.
Ferdinand III of Castile, fanaticism of, 519.
Ferdinand the Catholic, 383.
Ferdinand the Holy, 592.
Ferrara, favorable condition of the Jews in, 628.
Firuz, persecutes the Jews, 1.
Firuz-Shabur (place), 8, 90.
academy of, 9.
Fosse, war of the, 80.
Fostat, residence of Maimonides, 457.
France, home of Talmudic lore, 289, 344 ff.
France, Jews of, 34 ff.
expelled, 402, 585.
impoverished, 586 f.
massacre of, 583.
intellectual condition of, 281, 345.
prosperity of, 443.
settlement of, 34 ff.
under the last Carlovingians and the first Capets, 241 f.
France, northern, Jews of, 400–9.
beginning of misfortunes of, 400.
driven out, 405.
money extorted from, 407.
lose freedom of motion, 406.
treated as chattels, 407.
France, southern, Jews of, 390 ff.
prosperity of, 489.
sufferings of, during the Albigensian crusade, 501 f.
Franciscans, fanaticism of, 519.
Frankish empire, Jews of, clerical hatred against, 164 ff., 171 ff.
favorable condition of, 141 ff., 161–70.
privileges of, 161.
Frederick I (the Valiant) of Austria, favorable to the Jews, 567 f.
statute of, for the protection of the Jews, 568.
Frederick II, German emperor, 565–9.
confines the Jews to a ghetto, 567.
draws Jewish scholars to his court, 565.
edict of, against the Jews of Austria, 569.
enmity of, against the Jews, 567 ff.
in feud with Gregory IX, 567, 580.
scepticism of, 567.
Frederick Barbarossa, makes free Jews "servi cameræ," 416 f.
protects the Jews, 418.
Fulko de Neuilly, preaches against the Jews, 405.
Galen, 473.
Gaon and Exilarch, positions of, compared, 93.
Gaonate (see also under Geonim):
decay of, 231–4.
extinction of, 253 f.
origin of, 90.
relations of, to the Exilarchate, 90, 137 f.
Gaonic period, study of the Talmud in the, 128.
Gascony, Jews of, expelled, 646.
Gebirol, Solomon Ibn-, 265–80.
childhood of, 265.
death of, 280 f.
driven out from Saragossa, 268.
facility of muse of, 265, 267.
friend of Yekutiel Ibn-Hassan, 266.
Jewish Plato, 265.
legend about death of, 281.
melancholy of, 265 f.
philosophy of, 267, 269–71.
philosophy of, among Christians, 644.
poetical forms of, 301.
protected by Samuel Nagrela, 268.
versatility of, 267.
works of, translated, 503.
Gelasius, pope, attitude of, to the Jews, 29.
Gelimer, king of the Vandals, 26 f.
Geonim, 126.
authority and influence of, 118 f.
epoch of, 90 f.
literary activity of, 178 ff.
German emperor, protector of the Jews, 356 f.
German nations, character of, 416.
German princes, protect the Jews, 416.
Germany, Jews of, 40 f., 144, 416–20, 634–40.
blood-accusation against, 635 f.
compelled to be tradesmen, 242 f.
culture of, 243, 281, 357, 419.
emigration of, 637.
favorable condition of, before the crusades, 297.
first persecution of, 245.
hostility against, 419.
massacre of, 418, 583, 611, 636.
opposition of, to Maimonides, 624 f.
oppressions of, 580.
rights of, 417 f.
Talmudic study of, 419.
under Frederick II, 516 f.
under Rudolph of Habsburg, 634–40.
under the Saxon emperors, 242 f.
Gerona, home of the Kabbala, 556.
Gershom ben Jehuda, 243–5.
decrees of, 244 f.
first commentator of the Talmud, 244.
in Mayence, 243.
son of, embraces Christianity, 246.
Ghetto, 567.
Ghuzz, Turkish hordes, 434.
Giza, principal of Sora, 4 ff.
Granada, entirely inhabited by Jews, 256, 261.
envy against Jews of, 275 ff.
massacre of Jews of, 279.
"Great Assembly," 95.
Greece, Jews of, 27.
Greek translation of the Bible, reading of, in the synagogue, 13–15.
Gregory I (the Great), 46 f.
proselytizing of, 33 f.
protects Jewish rights, 33.
toleration of, towards Jews, 25.
Gregory VII, intolerance of, 293.
Gregory IX, condemns the Talmud, 574 f.
confirms the constitution of Innocent III, 564.
enmity of, against the Jews, 519 ff.
establishes the Inquisition, 542.
Gregory X, prohibits the compulsory conversion of Jews, 635.
Gregory of Tours, 39.
Gudeo, papal legate, 611.
Guelphs and Ghibellines, 611.
"Guide of the Perplexed," 477 ff.
influence of, in Italy, 629.
translated into Latin, 542 f.
Hadrian, pope, unfriendly to the Jews, 142.
Haggaï. See Robert de Redingge.
Hagin Denlacres, chief rabbi of England, 644.
Haï ben David, Gaon of Pumbeditha, 183.
Haï, son of Sherira, 234.
Haï Gaon, 250–3.
character of, 250.
compared with Saadiah, 250.
death of, 253.
friendly relations of, to the Christian patriarch, 250.
influence of, 252.
learning of, 250.
opinion of, on mysticism, 251 f.
systematic methods of, 251.
Hakim, caliph of Egypt, 247 f.
Hamadan, Jewish congregation of, 434.
Hariri of Basra, Arabian poet, 318.
Harith Ibn-Abu Shammir, treachery of, 68.
Haroun Alrashid, embassy of Charlemagne to, 143.
re-enacts Omar's laws, 145.
Head-dress imposed on Jews, 612.
Hebrew language, cultivation of, among Jews, 111 f.
among Christians, 579, 622.
Hejira, 73.
Henry II of England, 409.
Henry III of England, treatment of Jews by, 570 f., 587 ff., 591.