Pachda, exilarch, 3.
Palestine:
captured by the Mongols, 606.
condition of Jews of, 10, 427.
conquest of, by the Arabs, promoted by Jews and Samaritans, 87.
emigration of Jews to, 505 f.
Jewish communities of, 427.
Jewish congregations of, take up the cause of Maimonides, 633.
Jews forbidden to build synagogues in, 10.
Jews of, take up arms against Heraclius, 83.
possessed by Christians, 11 f.
subordinates itself to Babylonia, 100.
under Christian rule, 341, 427.
Paltoi ben Abayi, Gaon of Pumbeditha, 177.
Parchon, Solomon ben Abraham, 423.
Paris, Council of, passes anti-Jewish measures, 40.
Talmudic academy of, 586.
Talmudic academy of, closed, 403.
Parliament, Jewish, in Worcester, 589.
Parnesé-ha-Keneset, 99.
Paul of Tarsus, 72.
Pauline Christianity, what it effected in Judaism, 127.
Pentateuch, system of reading of, in the synagogue, 444.
Persecutions of the Jews, influence of, on their mental condition, 512 f.
spread of, 563.
Persia, captured by the Arabs, 86.
communism of, 1 ff.
Mongol kingdom, 637.
Persia, Jews of, 1–10.
establish a small state, 4.
persecuted, 2–4, 8, 89.
rebel against Zendiks, 2 f.
Peter of Amiens, 297.
Peter of Clugny, rouses the crusaders against the Jews, 349 f.
Peter the Apostle and the Abodah, 115.
Philip III of France, bigotry of, 613.
Philip Augustus, extorts money from Jews and expels them, 402.
massacres Jews, 404.
receives Jews, 405 f., 498.
Physicians, Jewish, 583.
Philo's writings in favor with Christians, 162.
Phocas, treatment of the Jews by, 18.
"Pileum cornutum," 612.
Pilgrimages to graves, adopted by Jews, 440, 445.
Pinehas Ibn-Azura, Jewish opponent of Mahomet, 74, 76.
"Pirke Aboth," explained by Maimonides, 459.
"Piyutim," 117.
"Placitum Judæorum," 103.
Poetanic compositions, 114.
Poetanists, 114 ff.
Poetry, among the Arabs, 214.
among the Spanish Jews, 58, 68 ff., 317.
Neo-Hebraic. See Neo-Hebraic poetry.
liturgic. See Liturgy.
Poitou, Jews of, persecuted, 573.
Poland, Jews of, take part in Talmudic learning, 421.
commercial activity of, 613.
Polygamy among Jews, 244, 378.
Popes, toleration of, towards the Jews, 25, 29, 33.
protect the Jews, 421.
Portugal, favorable condition of the Jews of, 617 f.
Posquières, Jewish congregation of, 399.
Prelates, moral condition of, 281.
Prince of the Captivity. See Exilarch.
Prophecy and prophets, 482 ff.
Proselytizing zeal of the Church, 25 f.
Provence, Jews of:
culture of, 391.
favorable condition of, 389 ff.
Jew-badge of, 612 f.
political relations of, 390.
Pumbeditha, school of, 92 f.
center of Judaism in Babylonia, 183.
closed, 8.
contest about the office of the principal of, 154.
extinction of, 254.
independent of the exilarchate, 177.
influence of, 160.
position of the principal of, 94 ff.
revenues of, 97 f.
rises to importance, 202.
under Haï Gaon, 225.
Purple manufactured by Jews, 425.
Pyrenean peninsula, condition of the Jews of, compared with that of those in other European countries, 618 f.
Rabaï of Rob, 5.
Rabba ben Ami, Gaon of Pumbeditha, 178.
Rabbanites, 134.
Rabbinical epochs in Spain, 273, 282.
Rabbinical synods, 376, 378, 517.
Rabbis and Christian prelates compared, 287.
Rabed II, 399.
Rambam. See Maimonides.
Ramban. See Nachmani.
Rameru, center of Talmudic studies, 403.
Jewish congregation of, during the second crusade, 355.
Ramon Berengar IV, 387.
Rashba. See Solomon ben Adret.
Rashbam. See Samuel ben Meïr.
Rashi, 286–9.
career of, 286.
character of, 287.
commentary of, on Talmud and
Bible, characterized, 288.
death of, 309 f.
descendants of, 289, 345.
descent of, 286.
elucidates the Talmud, 288.
grammatical erudition of, 289.
liberal attitude of, toward compulsory
converts, 308 f.
Rabbi of Troyes, 287.
works of disciples of, 444.
Rationalism in the East, 199.
Ratisbon, Jews of, during the crusades, 305.
privileges of, 635.
Raymond de Penyaforte, Dominican General, fanaticism of, 519 f., 597, 601 f.
arranges a religious disputation, 598.
persecutes Nachmani, 604.
proselytizing of, 621.
Raymund Martin, anti-Jewish writings of, 622.
Raymund Roger of Béziers, defeated by the crusaders, 502 f.
Raymund V of Toulouse, favors the Jews, 399.
Raymund VI of Toulouse, compelled by Innocent III to depose Jewish officers, 501 f.
favors the Jews, 400.
Raymund VII of Toulouse, favors the Jews, 513 f.
Reccared oppresses the Jews, 46 f.
edict of intolerance of, 34.
Receswinth, king of the Visigoths, persecutes the secret Jews, 102, 104.
Rechabites, 55.
Refraction of light, first noted, 146.
Resh Kalla or Rosh, 210 f.
Resh Galutha. See Exilarch.
Revival of science among the Arabs, 146.
part taken in, by Jews, 146.
Rhabanus Maurus taught by Jews, 162 f.
Rhine district, origin of Jews of, 40 f.
Ri, 403.
Riba, Tossafist, 345.
Riban, Tossafist, 345.
Richard the Lion-hearted, first persecution of the Jews in England occurs at coronation of, 410 f.
protects the Jews, 411.
truce of, with Saladin, 405.
Rizba, 408.
Robert de Redingge, Dominican, converted to Judaism, 640 f.
Roderic, last of the Visigothic kings, 109.
Roger II, favorable to the Jews, 422 f.
"Rokeach," 517.
Roman empire, suffering of the Jews during calamities of, 27 f.
Rudolph, monk, instigates the people against the Jews during the second crusade, 351.
Rudolph of Habsburg, treatment of the Jews by, 634–40.
extorts money from the Jews, 634.
injustice of, to the Jews of Mayence, 636.
prohibits Jewish emigration from
Germany, 639.
protects Jews, 635.
Rüdiger, bishop of Speyer, favorable to the Jews, 297 f.
Rurik, 222.
Russia, Jews of, take part in Talmudic studies, 421.
Russians, war of, with the Chazars, 221.
Ruta al Jahud, 42.
Ruthard, archbishop of Mayence, treachery of, against the Jews, 303.
Saad-Addaula, Jewish physician to Argun, Grand Khan of the Mongols, 638.
minister of finance, 646 f.
encourages learning, 648.
executed, 649.
Saadiah Gaon, 187–202.
career of, 188.
combats rationalism, 199.
conflict of, with the exilarch, 195 f.
death of, 202.
defends Judaism against Christianity and Islam, 199.
deposed from the Gaonate, 196.
"Emunoth we-Deoth," 197 f.
endeavors to reconcile reason with Talmud and Bible, 190.
excommunicated, 195.
founder of scientific Judaism, 188, 197.
Gaon of Sora, 193.
idea of, of God, 189 f.
inaugurates a new epoch of Jewish history, 187.
magnanimity of, 201.
personality of, 188.
polemics of, against the Karaites, 189 ff.
polemics of, against the Massora, 207.
re-instated into the Gaonate, 200 f.
retires to Bagdad, 196.
translates the Bible into Arabic, 189 f.
works of, 189 f., 192, 196 f.
Sabbataï ben Solomon of Rome, 630.
Sabureans (Saburaï), 6 f.
Safet, Jewish congregation of, takes the side of Maimonides, 633.
Safia, Jewess, captured by Mahomet, 83.
Sahal of Taberistan, Jewish physician and mathematician, 146.
Sahal, Abulsari, Karaite zealot, 203 f.
Saladin, conquers Egypt, 461.
favorable to the Jews, 461.
resists the Christians, 405.
tolerance of, 474.
Salvatierra, Jewish community of, destroyed, 507.
Samaritans, 12 f.
communities of, 427.
help the Arabs to conquer Palestine, 87.
insurrections of, 13, 16.
massacre Christians, 16 f.
Samarkand, Jews of, 435.
Samson ben Abraham of Sens, 408.
emigrates to Palestine, 505.
narrowness of, 524.
opponent of Maimonides, 505.
Samuel of Chateau-Thierry, 576.
Samuel ben Abraham Saporta, defender of Maimonides, 539, 543.
Samuel ben Ali Halevi, rabbi of Bagdad, 438 f.
head of the opposition to Maimonides, 472, 475 ff., 525.
Samuel ben Chofni, last Gaon of Sora, 253.
Samuel ben Meïr, Tossafist and exegete, 345 f.
Samuel ben Solomon Sir Morel, Tossafist, 586.
Samuel Cohen ben David, head of the Talmudic school of Bagdad, 633.
Samuel Halevi, scientist at the court of Alfonso X and inventor of a water-clock, 594.
Samuel Ibn-Adiya, Jewish Arabian poet and chief, 68 ff.
fidelity of, 69.
poems of, 70.
Samuel Tam, Tossafist, 345.
Sar Shalom, head of the Jewish congregation of Ispahan, 434.
Saragossa, capital of Aragon, 387.
Saul, son of Anan, leader of the Karaites, 136.
Scepticism in the East, 199.
Schism in the Church, 614.
Scientific epoch in Jewish history, beginning of, 187 ff.
Seal of the exilarch, 89 f.
"Sechel ha-Poel," 480.
Secret Jews, control exercised over, 104, 107.
treatment of, 101 ff.
"Seder ha-Kabbalah," 366.
"Sefiroth" (in the Kabbala), 551.
Semuna, principal of Pumbeditha, 56.
Serachya ben Isaac, 630.
Serachya Halevi Gerundi, 389.
Serene, false Messiah and leader of a movement against the Talmud, 120 f.
"Servi cameræ," 516, 520.
original signification of, 356 f.
legend about the origin of, 417.
when the Jews were turned into, 416.
Sens, Jewish community of, 499.
Seville becomes the center of Jewish Spain, 284.
Shechem. See Neapolis.
"Shema," forbidden, 15.
Shemaria ben Elchanan, 208.
Shem-Tob of Tortosa, physician and writer on medicine, 582 f.
Shem-Tob Falaquera publishes a vindication of the "Guide of the Perplexed," 634.
Sherira, Gaon of Pumbeditha, 231–4.
character of, 232.
death of, 234.
descent of, 232.
imprisoned, 234.
letter of, 232 f.
Shiites, 150.
Sicily, Jews of, 569.
favorable condition of, 422.
"Siddur Rab Amram," 178.
Sigismund, ambassador of Charlemagne to Haroun Alrashid, 143.
Sigismund, king of Burgundy, oppresses the Jews, 37.
Silk manufacture by Jews, 425.
Simcha Cohen, martyr of Worms, 302.
Simon of Cairo, author of the "Halachoth Gedoloth," 179.
Simon ben Caipha, Neo-Hebraic poet, 115.
Simon ben Isaac ben Abun, poet, 245 f.
Simon bar Yochaï, connected with mysticism, 606.
foretells the rise of Islam, 88 f.
Simon de Montfort, 508 f.
leader of the crusade against the Albigenses, 502.
persecutes the Jews of Toulouse, 513, 515.
Sinjar, Seljuk Sultan, encounter of, with the Jews, 434 f.
Sinzig, Jews of, burnt alive, 611.
Sisebut, 173.
fanaticism of, 40.
persecutes the Jews, 47 ff.
Sisenard, king of the Visigoths, persecutes the secret Jews, 49 ff.
Slave trade of the Jews, 28 f., 40, 142, 229, 305.
Solomon of Tarascon, 612.
Solomon ben Abraham of Montpellier, opponent of Maimonides, 527 f., 536 f.
invokes the Dominicans against the Maimunists, 542 f.
Solomon ben Abraham ben Adret, 609, 618–23.
and David Maimuni, 620 f.
attitude of, to Kabbala and philosophy, 619.
character of, 619.
converses with Christian theologians, 623.
fame of, 620 f.
polemical writings of, against
Christianity and Islam, 623.
standard-bearer of Judaism, 621.
Solomon ben Yerucham, Karaite champion, 206.
opponent of Saadiah Gaon, 191.
Solomon Ibn-Gebirol. See Gebirol.
Solomon Petit, Kabbalist and fanatical anti-Maimunist, 626.
in Accho, 627, 630 f.
Sophronius, bishop of Jerusalem, surrenders to Omar, 87.
Sora, academy of, 4 f., 92 f.
closed, 8, 202.
contest for the Gaonate, 156 f.
decline of, 183, 202.
extinction of, 253.
position of principal of, 93 ff.
regains its reputation, 186.
regeneration of, under Saadiah Gaon, 193.
revenues of, 97 f.
strife with Pumbeditha, 183 ff.
Spain, Christian, 34, 43 f., 291, 361, 507, 592, 615, 618.
Mahometan, 109 ff., 214 ff., 313 ff.
Spain, Jews of:
admitted to high offices, 234 f., 256 ff., 312 f., 383 f.
attain the highest development, 383 f.
characteristics of, 235 f.
center of Judaism, 42, 210, 228 f., 254, 618.
confer names upon localities, 42.
culture of, 234 f.
enjoy toleration, 44 f.
faithful to their religion, 236.
first persecution of, 278, 281.
first rabbinical epoch of, 273.
founders of culture of, 215.
friendly intercourse of, with Christians, 43 f.
importance of history of, 41.
impoverished, 121.
intermarriage of, with Christians, 44.
nobility of, 43, 235 f.
partisans, 317.
persecuted, 360.
prosperity of, 214, 229.
rabbis of, characterized, 609.
second rabbinical epoch of, 288.
settlement of, 34 f., 42 f.
support the Mahometan conquest, 109.
Speyer, Jews of, during the crusades, 301.
privileges of, 297 f.
Stamford, Jews of, maltreated, 412.
Stephanus, governor of Palestine, killed by the Samaritans, 16 f.
Stephen, king of England, protects the Jews during the second crusade, 356.
Stephen Langton, enemy of the Jews, 516.
St. Gilles, Jewish congregation of, 399.
Sunna (Mahometan tradition), 110.
Superstition among Jews and Christians, 546.
Susa (Tuster), Jewish congregation of, 434 f.
Süsskind (Süzkint) of Trimberg, Jewish German poet, 420.
Suwailin, plots against Mahomet, 84.
Sviatislaw, conquers the kingdom of the Chazars, 222.
Swintila, king of the Visigoths, dethroned, 49.
tolerant to the Jews, 49.
"Synhedrion, the great and the smaller," 96.
Synods of the Church. See Councils of the Church.
Synods, rabbinical, 376, 377 f., 517.
Syrian Christians render scientific literature accessible to the Arabs, 111.
"Tables of Alfonso," 594.
"Tachkemoni," 318.
of Alcharisi, 559.
Talmud:
attitude of the Arabic Jews toward, 119 f.
causes suffering to the Jews, 573 f.
committed to writing, 6.
confiscated and burnt, 579.
degeneracy of study of, 128.
effect of condemnation of, by the Church, 579.
movement against, 124, 127 ff.
persecuted, 573–9.
put on trial in Aragon, 602.
stagnation of the development of, 5.
study of, becomes the center of Jewish life, 571 f.
subjected to censorship, 602 f.
supplants the Bible, 128, 317.
Talmud, Babylonian, authority of, 118 f.
Jerusalem, studied, 249.
Talmud, copies of, transferred from Sora to Spain, 203.
Talmudic Judaism abandoned by a part of the Jews, 120–2.
Talmudic lexicography, 179.
Talmudic schools:
aim of, 6.
closed, 8.
lack of creative power of, 5 f.
literary activity of, 180.
of Cordova, 210.
of Egypt, 210.
of Kairuan, 248 f.
of Narbonne, 143, 242.
of Paris, 586.
of Tiberias, 12.
Talmudic studies:
in Bohemia 420 f.
in France, 344 ff., 408.
in Germany, 419.
in Italy, 421.
in Spain, 227 ff., 282.
Talmudic teachers have to flee, 4, 8.
Tarik, the Mahometan conqueror of Spain, 109.
Tax, Jewish. See Jew-tax and Tithe.
Ten, importance of the number in the Kabbala, 552.
"The History of the Maccabees," 180.
Theobald, Count of Chartres, part taken by, in the first blood accusation, 379 f.