679. The intensive pronoun ipse, himself, stems ipso-, ipsā-, is declined like ille (666), but has the nominative and accusative neuter singular ipsum.
680. In dramatic verse, ipse has rarely the first syllable short, and often has the older form ipsus. Plautus has these forms: N. F. eapse, Ac. eumpse, eampse, Ab. eōpse, eāpse, equivalent to ipsa, &c. So reāpse for rē ipsā.
(1.) quī AND quis.
681. The stem qui-, or quo-, quā-, is used in three ways: as a relative, who, which; as an interrogative, who? which? what? as an indefinite, any.
682. (a.) The relative quī, who, which, is declined as follows:
| Singular. | Plural. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masc. | Fem. | Neut. | Masc. | Fem. | Neut. | |
| Nom. | quī | quae | quod | quī | quae | quae |
| Gen. | cuius | cuius | cuius | quōrum | quārum | quōrum |
| Dat. | cui | cui | cui | quibus | quibus | quibus |
| Acc. | quem | quam | quod | quōs | quās | quae |
| Abl. | quō | quā | quō | quibus | quibus | quibus |
683. (b.) The interrogative adjective quī, quae, quod, which? what? is declined like the relative quī (682).
684. The interrogative substantive has in the nominative singular quis, quid, who? what? the rest is like quī (682).
In old Latin, quis is both masculine and feminine, but a separate feminine form quae is used three or four times.
685. quis interrogative is sometimes used adjectively with appellatives: as, quis senātor? what senator? And quī is sometimes used substantively: as, quī prīmus Ameriam nūntiat? who is the first to bring the tidings to Ameria?
686. (c.) The indefinite quis or quī, one, any, has the following forms:
quis and quid masculine and neuter substantives, quī and quod adjectives; feminine singular nominative and neuter plural nominative and accusative commonly qua, also quae. The rest is like quī (682).
687. quis, quem, quid, and quibus come from the stem qui-; the other parts come from quo-, quā-. quae stands for an older quai (690). For quid and quod, see 659.
688. Old forms of the genitive singular are quoius, and of the dative quoiei, quoiī, or quoi, also in derivatives of quī or quis. A genitive plural quōiūm is old and rare. The dative and ablative plural is sometimes quīs from quo-, quā-. A nominative plural interrogative and indefinite quēs is rare (Pacuv.).
689. The ablative or locative is sometimes quī, from the stem qui-: as an interrogative, how? as a relative, wherewith, whereby, masculine, feminine, or neuter, in old Latin sometimes with a plural antecedent; especially referring to an indefinite person, and with cum attached, quīcum; and as an indefinite, somehow.
690. Other case forms of quī or quis and their derivatives are found in inscriptions, as follows:
N. QVEI, prevalent in republican inscriptions; also QVI; once QVE. G. QVOIVS, regularly in republican inscriptions; cviivs, cviivs, cviivs (23), once QVIVS (20). D. QVOIEI, QVOI; once F. QVAI. Ab. QVEI. Plural: N. M. QVEI, but after 120 B.C., occasionally QVI; QVES, indefinite; F. and Ne. QVAI. G. QVOIVM.
DERIVATIVES OF quī AND quis.
691. The derivatives of quī and quis have commonly quis and quid as substantives, and quī and quod as adjectives. Forms requiring special mention are named below:
692. quisquis, whoever, whatever, everybody who, everything which, an indefinite relative, has only these forms in common use: N. M. quisquis, sometimes F. in old Latin, Ne. N. and Ac. quicquid or quidquid, Ab. M. and Ne. as adjective quōquō.
Rare forms are: N. M. quīquī, Ac. quemquem, once Ab. F. quāquā, as adverb quīquī, once D. quibusquibus. A short form of the genitive occurs in quoiquoimodī or cuicuimodī, of whatsoever sort.
aliquis or aliquī, aliqua, once aliquae (Lucr.), aliquid or aliquod, some one, some; Ab. M. sometimes, Ne. often aliquī (689). Pl. Ne. N. and Ac. only aliqua; D. and Ab. sometimes aliquīs (668).
ecquis or ecquī, ecqua or ecquae, ecquid or ecquod, any? Besides the nominative only these forms are found: D. eccui, Ac. ecquem, ecquam, ecquid, Ab. M. and Ne. ecquō. Pl. N. ecquī, Ac. M. ecquōs, F. ecquās.
quīcumque, quaecumque, quodcumque, whoever, whichever, everybody who, everything which. The cumque is sometimes separated from quī by an intervening word. An older form is quīquomque, &c.
quīdam, quaedam, quiddam or quoddam, a, a certain, some one, so and so; Ac. quendam, quandam. Pl. G. quōrundam, quārundam.
quīlibet, quaelibet, quidlibet or quodlibet, any you please.
quisnam, rarely quīnam, quaenam, quidnam or quodnam, who ever? who in the world? Sometimes nam quis, &c.
quispiam, quaepiam, quippiam, quidpiam or quodpiam, any, any one; Ab. also quīpiam (689), sometimes as adverb, in any way.
quisquam, quicquam or quidquam, anybody at all, anything at all, generally a substantive, less frequently an adjective, any at all. There is no distinctive feminine form, and quisquam and quemquam are rarely, and in old Latin, used as a feminine adjective. Ab. also quīquam (689), sometimes as adverb, in any way at all. No plural.
quisque, quaeque, quicque, quidque or quodque, each. Sometimes ūnus is prefixed: ūnusquisque; both parts are declined. quisque and quemque are sometimes feminine. Ab. S. quīque (689) rare, Ab. Pl. quīsque (688) once (Lucr.).
quīvīs, quaevīs, quidvīs or quodvīs, which you will; Ab. also quīvīs (689).
(2.) uter.
693. uter, utra, utrum, whether? which of the two? has the genitive singular utrīus, and the dative singular utrī.
The rest is like aeger (617). uter is sometimes relative, whichsoever, or indefinite, either of the two.
DERIVATIVES OF uter.
694. The derivatives of uter are declined like uter; they are:
neuter, neither of the two, genitive neutrīus, always with ī (657). When used as a grammatical term, neuter, the genitive is always neutrī: as, generis neutrī, of neither gender.
utercumque, utracumque, utrumcumque, whichever of the two, either of the two.
uterlibet, whichever you please.
uterque, whichsoever, both. G. always utriusque (657).
utervīs, whichever you wish.
alteruter, F. altera utra, Ne. alterutrum or alterum utrum, one or the other, G. alterīus utrīus, once late alterutrīus, D. alterutrī, Ac. M. alterutrum or alterum utrum, F. alterutram once (Plin.) or alteram utram, Ab. alterutrō or alterō utrō, F. alterā utrā. No Pl., except D. alterutrīs once (Plin.).
695. Pronouns often correspond with each other in meaning and form; some of the commonest correlatives are the following:
| Kind. | Interrogative. | Indefinite. | Demonstrative, Determinative, &c. |
Relative. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Simple | quis, quī, who? |
quis, quī, aliquis |
hīc, iste, ille is, quisque |
quī |
| Alternative | uter, which of the two? |
uter, alteruter |
uterque | uter, quī |
| Number | quot, how many? (431) |
aliquot | tot | quot |
| Quantity | quantus, how large? (613) |
aliquantus, quantusvīs |
tantus | quantus |
| Quality | quālis, of what sort? (630) |
quālislibet | tālis | quālis |
696. Adverbs, conjunctions, and prepositions are chiefly noun or pronoun cases which have become fixed in a specific form and with a specific meaning. Many of these words were still felt to be live cases, even in the developed period of the language; with others the consciousness of their noun character was lost.
697. Three cases are used adverbially: the accusative, the ablative, and the locative.
698. The rather indeterminate meaning of the accusative and the ablative is sometimes more exactly defined by a preposition. The preposition may either accompany its usual case: as, adamussim, admodum, īlicō; or it may be loosely prefixed, with more of the nature of an adverb than of a preposition, to a case with which it is not ordinarily used: as, examussim, intereā. Sometimes it stands after the noun: as, parumper, a little while. Besides the three cases named above, other forms occur, some of which are undoubtedly old case endings, though they can no longer be recognized as such: see 710.
(1.) Accusative.
(a.) Accusative of Substantives.
699. domum, homeward, home; rūs, afield; forās, out of doors (*forā-); vicem, instead; partim, in part; old noenum or noenu, common nōn, for ne-oenum, i.e. ūnum, not one, naught, not; admodum, to a degree, very; adamussim, examussim, to a T; adfatim, to satiety; invicem, in turn, each other.
700. Many adverbs in -tim and -sim denote manner (549): as, cautim, warily, statim, at once, sēnsim, perceptibly, gradually; ōstiātim, door by door, virītim, man by man, fūrtim, stealthily.
(b.) Accusative of Adjectives and Pronouns.
701. Neuters: all comparative adverbs in -ius (361): as, doctius, more learnedly; so minus, less, magis, more (363). prīmum, first, secundum, secondly, &c.; tum, then (to-, that): commodum, just in time; minimum, at least, potissimum, in preference, postrēmum, at last, summum, at most; versum, toward, rursum, russum, rūsum, back; facile, easily, impūne, scotfree, recēns, lately, semel, once (simili-), simul, together (simili-). Plural: cētera, for the rest; quia, because (qui-); in old Latin frūstra, in vain (fraud-).
702. Feminines: bifāriam, twofold; cōram, face to face (com- or co-, *ōrā-); tam, so (tā-, that); quam, as, how. Plural: aliās, on other occasions.
(2.) Ablative.
(a.) Ablative of Substantives.
703. domō, from home, rūre, from the country; hodiē, to-day (ho-, diē-), volgō, publicly, vespere, by twilight, noctū, by nights, nights, lūce, by light, tempore, in times, betimes; sponte, voluntarily, forte, by chance; quotannīs, yearly; grātiīs or grātīs, for nothing, ingrātiīs or ingrātīs, against one’s will; īlicō, on the spot (169, 4; 170, 2), forīs, out of doors (*forā-).
(b.) Ablative of Adjectives and Pronouns.
704. Many adverbs in -ō are formed from adjectives of time: as, perpetuō, to the end, crēbrō, frequently, rārō, seldom, repentīnō, suddenly, sērō, late, prīmō, at first. Many denote manner: as, arcānō, privily, sēriō, in earnest. Some are formed from participles: as, auspicātō, with auspices taken; compositō, by agreement. A plural is rare: alternīs, alternately.
705. Instead of -ō, neuter ablatives commonly have -ē: as, longē, far, doctē, wisely. So also superlatives: facillimē, most easily, anciently FACILVMED (362). Consonant stems have -e: as, repente, suddenly.
706. From pronouns some end in -ī (689): as, quī, how? indefinite, quī, somehow; atquī, but somehow; quī-quam, in any way at all.
707. Feminines: many in -ā: ūnā, together; circā, around; contrā, against (com-, 347); extrā, outside (ex, 347); in classical Latin, frūstrā, in vain (fraud-). So, especially, adverbs denoting the ‘route by which:’ hāc, this way; rēctā, straightway.
(3.) Locative.
708. In -ī, from names of towns and a few other words: Karthāginī, at Carthage; Rōmae, for Rōmāī, at Rome; domī, at home; illī, commonly illī-c, there (illo-), istī, commonly istī-c, where you are, hī-c, here (ho-); old sei, common sī, at that, in that case, so, if; sīc, so (sī, -ce).
709. In -bī̆, from some pronouns: ibī̆, there (i-); ubī̆ (for *quobī̆, 146), where; alicubī̆, somewhere; sī-cubi, if anywhere, nē-cubi, lest anywhere.
710. Besides the above, other endings are also found in words of this class: as,
-s in abs, from, ex, out of; similarly us-que, in every case, ever, us-quam, anywhere at all. -tus has the meaning of an ablative: as, intus, from within, within; antīquitus, from old times, anciently; funditus, from the bottom, entirely. -ō denotes the ‘place to which’ in adverbs from pronoun stems: as, eō, thither; quō, whither; illō, or illūc, for illoi-ce, thither, after hūc; hōc, commonly hūc, perhaps for hoi-ce (99) hither. -im denotes the ‘place from which:’ as, istim, commonly istinc, from where you are; illim, commonly illinc, from yonder; hinc, hence; exim, thereupon; also -de: as, unde, whence (quo-, 146), sī-cunde, if from any place, nē-cunde, lest from anywhere. -ter: as comparative (347): praeter, further, beyond, inter, between; denoting manner: ācriter, sharply; amanter, affectionately; rarely from -o- stems: as, firmiter, steadfastly.
711. Adverbs derived from pronoun stems often correspond with each other in meaning and form; some of the commonest correlatives are the following:
| Interrogative. | Indefinite. | Demonstrative, Determinative, &c. |
Relative. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Place | ubī̆, where? |
alicubī̆ usquam uspiam ubivīs |
hīc, istīc, illīc ibī̆, ibī̆dem |
ubī̆ |
quō, whither? |
aliquō quōlibet quōvīs |
hūc, istūc, illūc eō, eōdem |
quō | |
quorsum, whitherward? |
aliquōvorsum | horsum, istorsum | quorsum | |
unde, whence? |
alicunde undelibet |
hinc, istinc, illinc inde, indidem |
unde | |
| Time | quandō, when? |
aliquandō umquam |
nunc, tum, tunc | quom or cum |
quotiēns, how often? |
aliquotiēns | totiēns | quotiēns | |
| Way | quā, by what way? |
aliquā quāvīs |
hāc, istāc, illāc eā, eādem |
quā |
| Manner | utī or ut, how? |
aliquā | ita, sīc | utī or ut (146) |
| Degree | quam, how? | aliquam | tam | quam |
712. Some adverbs are condensed sentences: as,
īlicet, you may go, straightway (īre licet); scīlicet, you may know, obviously, of course (scīre licet); vidē̆licet, you can see, plainly (vidēre licet); nūdiustertius, now is the third day, day before yesterday (num dius, i.e. diēs, tertius); forsitan, maybe (fors sit an); mīrum quantum, strange how much, astonishingly; nesciō quō pactō, nesciō quōmodo, somehow or other, unfortunately.