522. (d.) Most parisyllabic stems in -i-, with the nominative in -is, are declined like hostis: as,

ēnsis, M., glaive; piscis, M., fish; aedis, F., temple, Pl. house (418); vītis, F., vine; and a great many others. Also gender forms of adjectives in -i- ‘of two endings’ (630), except the ablative singular, which ends in -ī.

523. (2.) Parisyllables in -i- with the nominative in -ēs have their other cases like those of hostis: such are:

caedēs, bloodshed; cautēs, rock; clādēs, disaster; indolēs, native disposition, no Pl.; lābēs, fall; mōlēs, pile; nūbēs, cloud; prōlēs, offspring, no Pl.; pūbēs, young population, no Pl.; rūpēs, crag; saepēs, hedge; strāgēs, slaughter; subolēs, offspring; tābēs, wasting, no Pl., feminines; and some others. Masculine: verrēs, boar; volpēs or vulpēs, fox.

524. famēs, hunger, has G. twice famī (Cato, Lucil.), Ab. always famē (603), no Pl.; plēbēs, commons, N. also plēbs or plēps, has G. plēbe͡i (603), plēbī or plēbis, no Pl.

525. (3.) A few stems in -bri-, -cri-, or -tri-, are declined as follows:

Singular: N. imber, G. imbris, D. imbrī, Ac. imbrem, Ab. imbrī, oftener imbre. Plural: N. imbrēs, G. imbrium, D. imbribus, Ac. imbrīs or imbrēs, Ab. imbribus. So also lunter or linter, F. (M.), tub, boat, ūter, M., leather bag, and venter, M., belly, but with only -e in the Ab.; and the masculine of adjectives in -bri-, -cri-, -tri-, N. -er (628); these last have in the Ab. always -ī.

526. (4.) Parisyllabic neuters in -i- with the nominative in -e are declined as follows:

Examples Stems	sedīle, seat, sedīli-, Ne.		mare, sea, mari-, Ne.		Stem and case endings
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	S.	Pl.
Nom.	sedīle	sedīlia	mare	maria	-e	-ia
Gen.	sedīlis	sedīlium	maris		-is	-ium
Dat.	sedīlī	sedīlibus	marī		-ī	-ibus
Acc.	sedīle	sedīlia	mare	maria	-e	-ia
Abl.	sedīlī	sedīlibus	marī		-ī	-ibus

527. mare has rarely the ablative mare in verse: in the plural only the nominative and accusative are usual; but a genitive marum is once quoted (Naev.), and the ablative maribus is once used by Caesar.

528. Examples of parisyllabic neuters in -i-, with the nominative in -e, genitive -is, are:

ancīle, sacred shield; aplustre, ancient; conclāve, suite of rooms; īnsīgne, ensign; praesaepe, stall; rēte, net, Ab. rēte. Also the neuter of adjectives in -i- ‘of two endings’ (630), and some words in -īle, -āle, -āre, originally adjectives (313, 314): as, būbīle, ox-stall; fōcāle, neckcloth; cocleāre, spoon.

II. IMPARISYLLABLES.

529. Sometimes a plural stem in -i- is combined, in the singular, with a stem in a mute, in -l, or -r, or rarely in -s. These mixed stems thus become imparisyllables. Gender stems of this class are like consonant stems in the singular, except the ablative of adjectives, which has usually -ī.

530. Imparisyllabic stems in -i- are declined as follows:

Examples Stems	arx, citadel, arci-, F.	pars, part, parti-, F.	urbs, city, urbi-, F.	animal, animal animāli-, Ne.
Singular
Nom.	arx	pars	urbs	animal
Gen.	arcis	partis	urbis	animālis
Dat.	arcī	partī	urbī	animālī
Acc.	arcem	partem	urbem	animal
Abl.	arce	parte	urbe	animālī
Plural
Nom.	arcēs	partēs	urbēs	animālia
Gen.	arcium	partium	urbium	animālium
Dat.	arcibus	partibus	urbibus	animālibus
Acc.	arcīs, -ēs	partīs, -ēs	urbīs, -ēs	animālia
Abl.	arcibus	partibus	urbibus	animālibus

531. Examples of stems in -ci-, with nominative -x, genitive -cis, are:

-āx, -ācis	fornāx, F., furnace. Many adjectives (284): as, audāx, daring.
-aex, -aecis	faex, F., dregs, no G. Pl. (430).
-ex, -icis	supplex, suppliant, Ab. -ī, sometimes -e, G. Pl. supplicum. Adjectives: duplex, twofold; multiplex, manifold; quadruplex, fourfold; septemplex, sevenfold; simplex, simple; triplex, threefold. The foregoing have Ab. -ī: as, duplicī; duplice once (Hor.), septemplice twice (Ov.; Stat.); G. Pl. -ium, Ne. Pl. N. and Ac. -ia.
-īx, -īcis	fēlīx, happy; pernīx, nimble, adjectives. Also many feminines of the agent in -trīx (205): as, victrīx, victorious; these sometimes have a Ne. Pl. N. and Ac.: as, victrīcia; in the G. Pl. they have -ium, or, as substantives, -um: as, nūtrīcum, nurses.
-lx, -lcis	calx, F. (M.), heel; calx, M., F., limestone, no G. Pl. (430); falx, F., sickle.
-nx, -ncis	lanx, F., platter, no G. Pl. (430); deūnx, M., eleven twelfths; quīncunx, M., five twelfths.
-ox, -ocis	praecox, over-ripe, older stem praecoqui-: as, G. praecoquis; rarely with -o- stem (401): as, praecoquam.
-ōx, -ōcis	celōx, F., clipper. atrōx, savage; ferōx, wild; vēlōx, swift, adjectives.
-rx, -rcis	arx, F., citadel, G. Pl. rare and late; merx, F., ware, N. in old Latin sometimes mercēs or mers.
-ux, -ucis	Adjectives: trux, savage, Ab. -ī or -e, G. Pl. -ium; redux, returning, Ab. -ī or -e (558); no G. Pl. and no Ne. N. or Ac. (430).
-aux, ——	fauce, F., Ab., throat, N. faux once only and late, generally Pl.
-ūx, -ūcis	lūx, F. (581), light, Ab. sometimes -ī, no G. Pl. (430).

532. (a.) Examples of stems in -di-, with nominative -s, genitive -dis, are:

-ēs, -edis	Compounds of pēs, foot: compede, F., Ab., fetter, no N., G. Pl. compedium; adjectives: as, ālipēs, wing-footed, bipēs, two-legged, quadrupēs, four-footed, &c., Ab. -ī, Pl. G. -um only (563), Ne. N. and Ac. -ia, rare and late.
-ns, -ndis	Feminines: frōns, foliage; glāns, acorn; iūglāns, walnut.
-rs, -rdis	concors, like-minded, adjective, and other compounds of cor, Ab. -ī (559) Ne. Pl. N. and Ac. -ia, G. Pl. not usual: discordium, at variance, and vēcordium, frantic, once each.
-aus, -audis	fraus, F., deceit, G. Pl. fraudium, later fraudum.

533. (b.) Examples of stems in -ti-, with nominative -s (-x), genitive -tis, are:

-ās, -ātis	Arpīnās, of Arpinum, and adjectives from other town names; optimātēs, good men and true, G. Pl. -ium, less often -um; penātēs, gods of the household store.
-es, -etis	Adjectives: hebes, dull; teres, cylindrical, Ab. -ī (559), no G. Pl., Ne. Pl. hebetia, teretia, late and rare; perpes, lasting through, Ab. perpetī, late only; praepes, swift-winged, Ab. -ī or -e, G. Pl. -um, no Ne. Pl. N. or Ac.
-ēs, -ētis	locuplēs, rich, adjective, Ab. usually -e of a person, -ī often of a thing, G. Pl. locuplētium, sometimes locuplētum, Ne. Pl. locuplētia once.
-īs, -ītis	līs, contention; dīs, rich, adjective, Ab. always -ī (559), Pl. G. -ium, once -um (Sen.), Ne. N. and Ac. -ia. Quirīs, Samnīs.
-ls, -ltis	puls, pottage, no G. Pl. (430).
-ns, -ntis	Masculines: dēns, tooth: fōns, fountain; pōns, bridge; mōns, mountain, N. once montis (Enn.); factors of twelve: sextāns, one sixth; quadrāns, triēns, dōdrāns, dēxtāns. Feminines: frōns, forehead; gēns, clan; mēns, mind. Present participles: as, regēns, guiding. Many adjectives: as, ingēns, gigantic, Ab. -ī (559); Vēiēns, of Vei; compounds of mēns: as, āmēns, out of one’s head; of dēns: as, tridēns, Ab. -ī, as substantive usually -e.
-eps, -ipitis	Adjective compounds of caput, head: anceps (543), two-headed, once older ancipēs (Plaut.); biceps, two-headed; triceps, three-headed; praeceps, head-first, old praecipēs (Plaut.; Enn.), Ab. -ī (559), no G. Pl., Ne. Pl. N. and Ac. -ia.
-rs, -rtis	Feminines: ars, art; cohors, cohort; fors, chance; mors, death; pars, part; sors, lot, N. twice sortis (Plaut.; Ter.). Adjectives: cōnsors, sharing, exsors, not sharing, no G. Pl.; expers, without part; iners, unskilled, sollers, all-skilled, Ne. Pl. N. and Ac. -ia.
-x, -ctis	nox, F., night; Ab. also noctū (401); an old adverb form is nox, nights.

534. (a.) Stems in -bi-, with nominative -bs (149), genitive -bis, are:

trabs, F., beam, older N. trabēs (Enn.); plēbs, F., commons, N. sometimes plēps, for the older plēbēs (603), no Pl.; urbs, F., city.

535. (b.) Stems in -pi-, with nominative -ps, genitive -pis, are:

inops, poor, adjective, Ab. -ī (559), G. Pl. -um, no Ne. Pl. N. or Ac. (430); stirps, F. (M.), trunk.

536. Examples of stems in -li-, with nominative -l, genitive -lis, are:

-al, -ālis	Neuters, originally adjective (546): animal, animal; bacchānal, shrine or feast of Bacchus; cervīcal, bolster; puteal, well-curb; toral, valance; tribūnal, tribunal; vectīgal, indirect tax. Only N. or Ac.: cubital, elbow-cushion; minūtal, minced-fish; capital, capitālia, death, capital crime.
-il, -ilis	vigil, wide-awake, adjective, Ab. -ī, as substantive -e (561), G. Pl. vigilum (563), no Ne. Pl. N. or Ac. (430).

537. (a.) Examples of stems in -ri-, with nominative -r, genitive -ris, are:

-ar, -āris	Neuters, originally adjective (546): calcar, spur; columbar, dove-cote; exemplar, pattern; lacūnar, panel-ceiling; pulvīnar, couch; subligar, tights; torcular, wine-press.
-ār, -aris	Adjectives: pār, equal; dispār, impār, unequal, for Ab., see 561; G. Pl. -ium, Ne. Pl. N. and Ac. -ia; compār, co-mate, as substantive has G. Pl. -um.
-er, -eris	Adjectives: dēgener, degenerate, Ab. -ī (559), no Ne. Pl. N. or Ac. (430); ūber, fruitful, Ab. -ī, late -e, Ne. Pl. ūbera once only (Acc.).
-or, -oris	Adjectives: memor, remembering; immemor, forgetful, Ab. -ī (559), G. Pl. memorum (636) once only (Verg.), no Ne. Pl. N. or Ac. (430).
-or, -ōris	Adjective compounds of color: as, concolor, of like shade, discolor, of different shade, both with Ab. -ī only; versicolor, pied, Ab. -ī, rarely -e, Ne. Pl. N. and Ac. -ia; the G. Pl. of these words is not usual, but versicōlorum once.

538. (b.) Stems in -ri-, with nominative -s of the stem, genitive -ris, are glīs, F., dormouse, glīris; mās, M., male, maris; mūs, F., mouse, mūris.

539. The only imparisyllabic stem in -si- is ās (171, 1), M., unit, an as, G. assis, with its compounds bēs, two thirds, G. bessis, and sēmis, half an as, half, G. sēmissis.

SINGULAR CASES.

540. (1.) The nominative singular of gender stems in -i- is usually formed by adding -s to the stem (422). But many gender substantives have the nominative in -ēs (236, 401): as,

amni-, river, N. amnis; aedi-, temple, N. aedis; brevi-, short, N. brevis. With N. -ēs: nūbi-, cloud, N. nūbēs; for other examples, see 523.

541. Some substantives form the nominative in both these ways: as, vallēs and vallis, valley, equally common; aedis, temple, later aedēs; for caedēs, slaughter, clādēs, disaster, and mōlēs, pile, caedis, &c., occur exceptionally.

542. A few stems in -bri-, -cri-, or -tri-, drop -i- in the nominative. The endings brs, crs, trs, then change to -ber, -cer, -ter (111, b): as, imbrī-, shower, N. imber (525).

543. Of gender imparisyllables, some have lost -i- of the stem before -s in the nominative; others have originally a consonant stem in the nominative (529-535).

Thus, monti-, mountain, and sorti-, lot, have N. mōns and sors for an older montis and sortis; but dēns, tooth, and regēns, ruling, have as original stems dent- and regent-. Adjectives in -cipiti- have N. -ceps (533).

544. A few adjective stems in -li- or -ri- drop -i- in the nominative without taking -s (536, 537): as, vigili-, wide-awake, N. vigil; pari-, equal, N. pār; so also Arar and Liger. Three substantives in -ri- for -si- likewise drop -i-, and end in the original -s (538): glīri- for glīsi-, dormouse, N. glīs; mās, male; mūs, mouse.

545. For carō, F., flesh, carnis (Ab. -ī, usually -e, no G. Pl.) see 135, 2. supellēx, F., furniture, supellēctilis (Ab. -ī or -e, no Pl.), has the nominative formed from a different stem from that of the other cases (401).

546. (2) Neuter stems in -i- have no nominative suffix, and end in -e for -i- of the stem (107, b): as,

mari-, sea, N. mare; brevi-, short, N. breve. In some words, originally neuter adjectives in -āle and -āre, the -e is dropped and the ā shortened: as, animāle, living thing, animal (536); exemplāre (Lucr.), pattern, exemplar (537). Some neuter adjectives end in -l or -r (536, 537); and some ‘of one ending’ end in -s (612).

547. The accusative singular of gender substantives usually has -em, like consonant stems (424); but a few substantives with the nominative in -is have -im only, and some have either -im or -em.

548. (a.) Accusatives in -im

Are sitim, tussim, vim,	thirst, cough, strength
And būrim, cucumim.	ploughtail, cucumber

549. The accusative in -im is found in many adverbs (700): as, partim, in part; in some adverbial expressions: as, adamussim, examussim, to a T, adfatim, to satiety, ad ravim, to hoarseness; in some names of rivers and cities: as, Tiberim, Hispalim; and in some Greek words (565).

550. (b.) Six have the accusative commonly in -im, sometimes in -em:

551. Six have the accusative commonly in -em, sometimes in -im:

552. In the ablative, gender substantives have usually -e, and neuters and adjectives have -ī: as,

hoste, enemy; marī, sea; ācrī, sharp, brevī, short, audācī, daring.

553. (1.) Of gender substantives with the nominative in -is, a few have only -ī in the ablative, and many have either -ī or -e.

554. (a.) These ablatives have only -ī:

secūrī, sitī, tussī, vī,	axe, thirst, cough, strength
canālī, cucumī,	conduit, cucumber

Some names of rivers and cities have only -ī: as, Tiberī, Hispalī. The locative also ends in -ī: as, Neāpolī, at Neapolis.

555. (b.) These ablatives of gender substantives with the nominative in -is have -ī or -e:

556. A few other words in -is have occasionally an ablative in -ī: as, anguis, snake, collis, hill, fīnis, end, postis, post, unguis, nail, &c. sors, lot, imber, shower, and lūx, light, have also -e or -ī; supellēx, furniture, has supellēctilī or -e; Arar has -e or -ī; Liger, -ī or -e.

557. Neuter names of towns with the nominative in -e have -e in the ablative: as, Praeneste. rēte, net, has only rēte; mare, sea, has rarely mare (527).

558. (2.) Adjectives ‘of two endings’ with stems in -i- (630) often have -e in the ablative when they are used as substantives, and sometimes in verse, when a short vowel is needed: as,

adfīnī, -e, connection by marriage; aedīle, -ī, aedile; familiārī, -e, friend. But some, even as substantives, have -ī: as, aequālī, of the same age, cōnsulārī, ex-consul, gentīlī, tribesman. Adjectives of place in -ēnsis (330) usually have -ī, but sometimes -e: as, Tarquiniēnse. Proper names have usually -e: as, Iuvenāle.

559. Adjectives ‘of one ending’ with stems in -i- (632), have commonly -ī in the ablative. The following ablatives have only -ī:

āmentī, frenzied, ancipitī, two-headed, praecipitī, head-first, concolōrī, of like hue, concordī, harmonious, discordī, at variance, sōcordī, imperceptive, dēgenerī, degenerate, dītī, rich, teretī, rounded, ingentī, huge, inopī, without means, memorī, remembering, immemorī, forgetful.

560. Present participles, when used as adjectives, have -ī in the ablative, otherwise -e: as,

ā sapientī virō, by a wise man; adulēscente, youth, substantive; Rōmulō rēgnante, in the reign of Romulus, ablative absolute (1362).

561. Other adjectives ‘of one ending’ occasionally have -e in the ablative when used as substantives or as epithets of persons, or in verse when a short syllable is needed: as,

cōnsortī, sharing, parī, equal, vigilī, wide-awake, fēlīcī, happy, as adjectives; but cōnsorte, &c., as substantives; in prose, imparī, disparī, unequal; in verse, impare, dispare. Proper names have -e: as, Fēlīce.

PLURAL CASES.

562. In the plural, gender nominatives have -ēs, rarely -īs or -eīs, and gender accusatives have -īs or -ēs indifferently, sometimes -eis; after about 50 A.D., -ēs was the prevalent ending for both cases. Neuters add -a to the stem, making -ia; for -iā́ in old Latin, cf. 2505.

563. In the genitive plural, present participles, some substantive stems in -nt(i)-, and some adjectives ‘of two endings’ (631) have occasionally -um: as,

amantum, lovers; rudentum, rigging; agrestum, country folk; caelestum, heaven’s tenantry. apis, bee, has commonly -um; caedēs, slaughter, and fraus, deceit, have rarely -um. For -um in some adjectives ‘of one ending,’ see 636; for -bū́s in the dative and ablative in old Latin, see 2505.

564. Other case forms are found in inscriptions, as follows:

N. without -is: VECTIGAL, i.e. vectīgālis, adjective; -e for -is (66, 41): MILITARE, i.e. mīlitāris, adjective; -ēs (540): AIDILES, i.e. aedīlis; CIVES, i.e. cīvis. G. -us, from 186 to 100 B.C.: PARTVS, i.e. partis. D. -ei: VRBEI. Ac. -i (61): PARTI, i.e. partem; -e: AIDE, i.e. aedem. Ab. -ei: FONTEI; -e: SERVILE, i.e. servīlī. Plural: N. -ēs: FINES; -eis: FINEIS; -īs: FINIS.

GREEK NOUNS.

565. Greek stems in -i- are usually declined like Latin ones, with the accusative in -im, and ablative in -ī. But the accusative sometimes has -n: as, poēsin, poetry, Charybdin; similarly Capyn; and a vocative occurs: as, Charybdi. The plural genitive Metamorphōseōn, and as ablative Metamorphōsesin, occur as titles of books.

CHARACTERISTICS OF STEMS IN -i-.

566. Parisyllables with nominatives in -is, -ēs, or -e, and a few in -er; and imparisyllables with nominatives in -al, and in -ar for -āre, have stems in -i-.

But canis, iuvenis (486), volucris (490), mēnsis (492), sēdēs (476), and vātēs (478), have consonant stems.

567. Under -i- stems may also conveniently be grouped the following classes, which have usually a consonant form in the singular, and an -i- form in the plural:

568. (a.) Imparisyllabic adjectives with the genitive in -is, except comparatives and the dozen with consonant stems (624), and imparisyllables with a nominative in -s or -x preceded by any consonant except p. But cōniūnx (472) and caelebs (480) have consonant stems.

569. (b.) The following monosyllables: ās, unit, an as, faex, dregs, fraus, deceit, glīs, dormouse, līs, strife, lūx, light, mās, male, mūs, mouse, nox, night, stirps, trunk, vīs, strength. Also fauce, throat, and compede, fetter, both Ab., no N., and fornāx, furnace.

GENDER OF CONSONANT STEMS AND -i- STEMS.

570. The gender of many of these substantives is determined by their meaning (404-412); that of participles used as substantives follows the gender of the substantive understood; Greek substantives follow the Greek gender. The gender of other words may be conveniently arranged for the memory according to the nominative endings as follows.

MASCULINE.

571. Imparisyllables in -es or -ēs and substantives in -er, -ō, -or, and -ōs are masculine: as,

caespes, sod; pēs, foot; agger, mound; sermō, speech; pallor, paleness; flōs, flower.

572. These imparisyllables in -es or -ēs are feminine: merges, sheaf, seges, crop, teges, mat; requiēs and quiēs, rest; compedēs, plural, fetters; mercēs, reward. aes, copper, bronze, is neuter.

573. These substantives in -er are neuter: cadāver, corpse, iter, way, tūber, swelling, truffle, ūber, udder, verberis, lash, genitive, no nominative; also names of plants in -er: as, acer, maple, cicer, chickpea, papāver, poppy, piper, pepper, siler, osier, siser, skirret, sūber, corktree. linter, tub, boat, is feminine, once masculine. vēr, spring, is neuter.

574. Substantives in -ō, with genitive -inis (485), are feminine; as, imāgō, imāginis, likeness; also carō, carnis, flesh, and words of action in -iō and -tiō (227, 228). But cardō, hinge, ōrdō, rank, and turbō, whirlwind, are masculine. margō, brink, and cupīdō, desire, are sometimes masculine.

575. These substantives in -or are neuter: ador, spelt, aequor, sea, marmor, marble, cor, heart. arbor, tree, is feminine.

576. These substantives in -ōs are feminine: cōs, whetstone, arbōs, tree, dōs, dowry. ōs, ōris, mouth, face, is neuter, also os, ossis, bone.

FEMININE.

577. Parisyllables in -ēs, and substantives in -ās, -aus, -is, -s preceded by a consonant, and -x, are feminine: as,

nūbēs, cloud; aetās, age; laus, praise; nāvis, ship; urbs, city; pāx, peace.

578. ās, assis, penny, is masculine. vās, vessel, utensil, and the defectives fās, right, and nefās, wrong, are neuter.

579. Substantives in -nis are masculine; also twenty-nine others in -is, as follows:

axis, callis, caulis, anguis,	axle, path, cabbage, snake
fascis, fūstis, lapis, sanguī̆s,	bundle, club, stone, blood
piscis, postis, pulvī̆s, ēnsis,	fish, post, dust, glaive
torquis, torris, unguis, mēnsis,	twisted collar, firebrand, nail, month
vectis, vermis, vōmis, collis,	lever, worm, ploughshare, hill
glīs, canālis, also follis,	dormouse, conduit, ball
cassēs, sentēs, veprēs, orbis,	nets, brambles, thorns, plurals, circle
cucumis, and sometimes corbis.	cucumber, basket

būrim, ploughtail, accusative only, is also masculine. A few of the above are sometimes feminine: as, amnis, anguis, callis, canālis, cinis, fīnis, fūnis, torquis, veprēs, &c.

580. Four in -s preceded by a consonant are masculine: dēns, tooth, fōns, fountain, pōns, bridge, mōns, mountain; also factors of twelve: sextāns, one sixth, quadrāns, triēns, dōdrāns, dēxtāns; rudēns, rope, once. adeps, fat, and forceps, pincers, are masculine or feminine. stirps, stock, is sometimes masculine.

581. calix, cup, fornix, arch, and trādux, vinelayer, are masculine; also substantives in -ūnx and -ex; except nex, murder, and precī, prayer, dative, no nominative, which are feminine; also rarely grex, herd. cortex, bark, forfex, scissors, silex, flint, and obice, barrier, ablative, no nominative, are either masculine or feminine. calx, heel, and calx, lime, are sometimes masculine, also lūx, light, in the ablative in old Latin.

NEUTER.

582. Substantives in -c, -e, -l, -n, -t, in -ar, -ur, -us, and -ūs, are neuter: as,

lac, milk; mare, sea; animal, animal; carmen, song; caput, head; calcar, spur; fulgur, lightning; corpus, body; iūs, right.

583. sōl, sun, pecten, comb, liēn, spleen, rēnēs, kidneys, plural, and furfur, bran, are masculine. So usually sāl, salt, but sometimes neuter in the singular. fār, spelt, is neuter.

584. pecus, beast, is feminine; also tellūs, earth, and the substantives in -ūs which have -ūdis (475) or -ūtis (477) in the genitive: as, palūs, marsh; iuventūs, youth.

STEMS IN -u-.

The Fourth Declension.

Genitive singular -ūs, genitive plural -u-um.

585. Stems in -u- are substantive only, and mostly masculine.

586. There are only three neuters in common use, cornū, horn, genū, knee, and verū, a spit. But some cases of other neuters are used: as, ablative pecū, flock; plural nominative and accusative artua, limbs (Plaut.); OSSVA, bones (inscr.).

587. The nominative of stems in -u- ends, including the stem vowel, in -u-s in gender words, and in lengthened -ū of the stem in neuters.

588. Most substantives in -u- are masculines in -tu- or -su-, often defective in case (235). The following words are feminine: acus, pin, needle, domus, house, manus, hand, porticus, colonnade; tribus, tribe; and the plurals īdūs, ides, and quīnquātrūs, feast of Minerva; rarely penus, store, and specus, cave.

589. Stems in -u- are declined as follows:

Examples Stems	flūctus, wave, flūctu-, M.	cornū, horn, cornu-, Ne.	Stem and case endings
Singular			M.	Ne.
Nom.	flūctus, a (or the) wave	cornū	-us	-ū
Gen.	flūctūs, a wave’s, of a wave	cornūs	-ūs	-ūs
Dat.	flūctuī, -ū, to or for a wave	cornū	-uī, -ū	-ū
Acc.	flūctum, a wave	cornū	-um	-ū
Abl.	flūctū, from, with, or by a wave	cornū	-ū	-ū
Plural
Nom.	flūctūs, (the) waves	cornua	-ūs	-ua
Gen.	flūctuum, waves’, of waves	cornuum	-uum	-uum
Dat.	flūctibus, to or for waves	cornibus	-ibus	-ibus
Acc.	flūctūs, waves	cornua	-ūs	-ua
Abl.	flūctibus, from, with, or by waves	cornibus	-ibus	-ibus

SINGULAR CASES.

590. In the genitive, the uncontracted form -uis sometimes occurs: as, anuis, old woman (Ter.). A genitive in -tī is rather common: as, adventī, arrival; ōrnātī, embellishment (Ter.); senātī, senate. In the dative, -ū is regularly found for -uī in neuters and often in gender words.

PLURAL CASES.

591. In the genitive plural, a shorter form in -um is occasionally found: as, passum, steps (Plaut., Mart.); currum, chariots (Verg.); EXERCITVM. The quantity of the u and the origin of this ending are uncertain.

592. In the dative and ablative plural, the following retain -u-bus: acus, pin, needle, arcus, bow, partus, birth, tribus, tribe. The following have -u-bus or -i-bus (28): artūs, plural, joints, lacus, lake, portus, haven, specus, cave, genū, knee, verū, a spit. All other words have -i-bus only.

593. Other case forms are found in inscriptions, as follows:

G. -uos: SENATVOS; -ū (66) SENATV; -uus, in the imperial age (29, 1): EXERCITVVS. D. -uei (29, 2): SENATVEI. Ac. -u (61): MANV. Ab. -uu (29, 1): ARBITRATVV; -uō, once, by some thought to be for -ūd (426); MAGISTRATVO. Plural: N. -uus (29, 1): MAGISTRATVVS.

594. domus, house, F., has stems of two forms, domu- and domo- (401); it is declined as follows: N. domus, G. domūs, rarely domī, D. domuī or domō, Ac. domum, Ab. domō or domū, Locative domī, rarely domuī. Plural: N. domūs, G. domuum, later domōrum, D. and Ab. domibus, Ac. domōs, less commonly domūs.

595. Some other substantives have an -u- stem in some of their cases, and an -o- stem in others: see angiportus, arcus, caestus, colus, cornū, cornus, cupressus, fīcus, fretus, gelus, laurus, murtus, penus, pīnus, quercus, rīctus, tonitrus, in the dictionary.

STEMS IN -ē-.

The Fifth Declension.

Genitive singular -ē̆ī, genitive plural -ē-rum.

596. Stems in -ē- are substantive only, and feminine.

597. diēs, day, is always masculine in the plural, and commonly in the singular; but the feminine is common when diēs denotes length of time or a set day. merīdiēs, midday, is masculine and singular only.

598. The nominative of stems in -ē- ends, including the stem vowel, in -ē-s.

599. Stems in -ē- are of two classes:

600. (1.) Stems of the first class have one or two syllables; there are four of them: rēs, thing, spēs, hope, diēs, day, and fidēs, faith.

Of this class, rēs and diēs have a plural throughout; spēs has only the nominative and accusative plural, and fidēs has no plural.

601. Stems in -ē- of the first class are declined as follows:

Examples Stems	rēs, thing, rē-, F.	diēs, day, diē-, M.	Stem and case endings
Singular
Nom.	rēs, a (or the) thing	diēs	-es
Gen.	rĕ̄i, re͡i, a thing’s, of a thing	diēī, die͡i	-ē̆ī, -ēī, -e͡i
Dat.	rĕ̄i, re͡i, to or for a thing	diēī, die͡i	-ē̆ī, -ēī, -e͡i
Acc.	rem, a thing	diem	-em
Abl.	rē, from, with, or by a thing	diē	-ē
Plural
Nom.	rēs, (the) things	diēs	-ēs
Gen.	rērum, things’, of things	diērum	-ērum
Dat.	rēbus, to or for things	diēbus	-ēbus
Acc.	rēs, things	diēs	-ēs
Abl.	rēbus, from, with, or by things	diēbus	-ēbus