602. fidēs is declined like rēs; it has once a genitive fidēs (Plaut.). For rēī, reī, or re͡i, and fidēī, fideī, or fide͡i, see 127, 4. diēs has rarely a genitive diēs (Enn.) or diī (Verg.). spēs has only the genitive and dative spe͡i in verse. A genitive or dative in -ē is sometimes found: as, rē, diē, fidē.

603. A few cases of other words sometimes follow this class (401): as, plēbēs (524), commons, G. plēbe͡i or plēbī; famēs (524), hunger, Ab. always famē; requiēs (477), rest, G. requiē (Sall.), Ac. requiem, Ab. requiē; tābēs (523), waste, Ab. tābē, *contāgēs, contact, Ab. contāgē (Lucr.), &c.

604. (2.) Stems of the second class are formed by the suffix -iē- or -tiē-, and have three or more syllables.

This class, which is parallel to stems in -iā-, has usually no genitive, dative, or plural. Many stems, especially those in -tiē-, have also a collateral form in -iā-, and the genitive and dative, when used at all, are commonly from a stem in -iā-.

605. Stems in -ē- of the second class are declined as follows:

606. A few examples of the genitive of these stems are found: as, perniciī, perniciēs, or perniciē, ruin (Cic.); rabiēs, fury (Lucr.); aciē, edge of battle (Sall., Caes., auct. B. Afr.), faciē, make (Plaut., Lucil.), speciē, looks (Caes.); aciēī (auct. B. Afr.). And a very few of the dative: as, aciēī twice (Caes.); perniciēī, perniciī (Nep.); perniciē (Liv.).

607. ēluviēs, offscouring, wash, has the nominative of the plural, and glaciēs, ice, has the accusative of the plural. Five words only have the nominative and accusative plural:

THE ADJECTIVE.

608. Adjectives are declined like substantives, and it has been shown already how their cases are formed. But they differ from substantives in having different forms in some of their cases to denote different genders; it is convenient therefore to put their complete declension together.

609. Adjective stems end in -o- and -ā-, in a consonant, or in -i-.

610. An accusative plural of a stem in -u-, anguimanūs, with a serpent for a hand, is once used (Lucr.). There are no adjective stems in -ē-.

611. Adjectives are often conveniently said to be ‘of three endings,’ ‘of two endings,’ or ‘of one ending.’

By the ‘ending’ is meant the ending of the nominative singular: thus, bonus, bona, bonum, good, and ācer, ācris, ācre, sharp, are ‘of three endings’ (409); brevis, breve, short, is ‘of two endings’ (410); and audāx, bold, is ‘of one ending’ (410).

612. Adjectives ‘of one ending’ which form a gender nominative in -s, retain the -s irrationally in the nominative and accusative neuter singular: as, N. M. and F. audāx, N. and Ac. Ne. also audāx.

STEMS IN -o- AND -ā-.

613. Most adjectives with stems in -o- and -ā- are declined as follows:

Example Stems	M. bonus, F. bona, Ne. bonum, good bono-, bonā-.
	Singular.			Plural.
	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.
Nom.	bonus	bona	bonum	boni	bonae	bona
Gen.	bonī	bonae	bonī	bonōrum	bonārum	bonōrum
Dat.	bonō	bonae	bonō	bonīs	bonīs	bonīs
Acc.	bonum	bonam	bonum	bonōs	bonās	bona
Abl.	bonō	bonā	bonō	bonīs	bonīs	bonīs
Voc.	bone

614. Stems in -io- and -iā- have no consonant i in cases ending in -i or -īs (153, 3): as plēbēius, plebeian, G. S. M. and Ne., and N. Pl. M. plēbēī, D. and Ab. Pl. plēbēīs.

615. Stems in -ro- preceded by a long vowel retain -us in the nominative singular masculine and are declined like bonus (453): as, sevērus, stern; also

616. (1.) Some stems in -ro- preceded by a short vowel end in -r in the nominative singular masculine and have no vocative (454); they are declined as follows:

Example Stems	M. līber, F. lībera, Ne. līberum, free, lībero-, līberā-.
	Singular.			Plural.
	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.
Nom.	līber	lībera	līberum	līberī	līberae	lībera
Gen.	līberī	līberae	līberī	līberōrum	līberārum	līberōrum
Dat.	līberō	līberae	līberō	līberīs	līberīs	līberīs
Acc.	līberum	līberam	līberum	līberōs	līberās	lībera
Abl.	līberō	līberā	līberō	līberīs	līberīs	līberīs

Such are: compounds, chiefly poetical, ending in -fer and -ger, bearing, carrying, having: as, caelifer, heaven-upholding; corniger, horned; also the following:

dexter, right, has dextera, dexterum, or dextra, dextrum, G. dexterī, or dextrī, &c. sinister, left, has usually sinistra, &c., rarely sinisteram (Plaut., Ter.). asper has a plural accusative asprōs (Stat.), and ablative asprīs (Verg.).

617. (2.) Other stems in -ro- have a vowel before r only in the nominative singular masculine -er (454); they are declined as follows:

Example Stems	M. aeger, F. aegra, Ne. aegrum, ill, aegro-, aegrā-.
	Singular.			Plural.
	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.
Nom.	aeger	aegra	aegrum	aegrī	aegrae	aegra
Gen.	aegrī	aegrae	aegrī	aegrōrum	aegrārum	aegrōrum
Dat.	aegrō	aegrae	aegrō	aegrīs	aegrīs	aegrīs
Acc.	aegrum	aegram	aegrum	aegrōs	aegrās	aegra
Abl.	aegrō	aegrā	aegrō	aegrīs	aegrīs	aegrīs

618. Nine adjectives or adjective pronouns have the pronoun form -ī̆us in the genitive singular and -ī in the dative singular, for masculine, feminine, and neuter alike; they are the following:

619. Of the above words, those with the nominative in -us are declined like ūnus (638). But alius has N. and Ac. Ne. aliud (659); for the G., alterī̆us is mostly used, except in the combination alīus modī, of another sort; the N. M. is rarely alis, Ne. alid, D. rarely alī. alter is declined like līber (616), except in the genitive singular alterī̆us (127, 6) and dative alterī. For uter and its derivatives, see 693.

620. The ordinary genitive and dative of -o- and -ā- stems, from some of the above words, is sometimes found: G. and D. aliae, sōlae, alterae, D. aliō, alterae, &c.

CONSONANT STEMS.

OF TWO ENDINGS.

621. The only consonant stems of two endings are comparatives (346); they are declined as follows:

Example Stems	M. and F. trīstior, Ne. trīstius, sadder, trīstiōr-, trīstius-.
	Singular.		Plural.
	Masc. and Fem.	Neut.	Masc. and Fem.	Neut.
Nom.	trīstior	trīstius	trīstiōrēs	trīstiōra
Gen.	trīstiōris	trīstiōris	trīstiōrum	trīstiōrum
Dat.	trīstiōrī	trīstiōrī	trīstiōribus	trīstiōribus
Acc.	trīstiōrem	trīstius	trīstiōres	trīstiōra
Abl.	trīstiōre	trīstiōre	trīstiōribus	trīstiōribus

622. The ablative rarely has -ī for -e: as, meliōrī (503); the accusative plural masculine and feminine rarely have -īs: as, meliōrīs (505).

623. plūs, more, has in the singular only Ne. N. and Ac. plūs, G. plūris, and Ab. plūre. Plural: N. M. and F. plūrēs, Ne. plūra, G. plūrium, D. and Ab. plūribus, Ac. M. and F. plūrēs or plūrīs, Ne. plūra. complūrēs, a good many, plural only, has N. M. and F. complūrēs, Ne. N. and Ac. complūria or complūra, G. complūrium, D. and Ab. complūribus, Ac. M. and F. complūrēs or complūrīs.

OF ONE ENDING.

624. A dozen adjectives ‘of one ending,’ mostly words applying to persons, with consonant stems throughout, have no nominative or accusative neuter plural; they are:

625. When these adjectives have a neuter, it is the same as the gender forms, except in the accusative singular; they are declined as follows:

Singular: N. dīves, G. dīvitis, D. dīvitī, Ac. M. and F. dīvitem, Ne. dīves, Ab. dīvite. Plural: N. and Ac. M. and F. dīvitēs, G. dīvitum, D. and Ab. dīvitibus.

626. The plural caelitēs, heavenly, occupants of heaven, is also declined like the plural of dīves; the singular Ab. caelite occurs a couple of times. vetus, old, G. veteris, is also declined like dīves, but has a Ne. Pl. N. and Ac. vetera; the Ab. S. is regularly vetere, but veterī is sometimes used.

STEMS IN -i-.

OF THREE ENDINGS.

627. A dozen adjectives with stems in -bri-, -cri-, or -tri-, have a distinctive form in -er for the masculine nominative singular; they are:

So also celer, swift. The names of months, September, Octōber, November, December, are also adjectives with stems in -bri-, but are not used in the neuter. Other adjectives with stems in -bri-, -cri-, or -tri-, have no distinctive form for the masculine nominative singular: as, muliebris, mediocris, inlūstris.

628. These adjectives are declined as follows:

Example Stem	M. ācer, F. ācris, Ne. ācre, sharp ācri-.
	Singular.			Plural.
	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.
Nom.	ācer	ācris	ācre	ācres	ācres	ācria
Gen.	ācris	ācris	ācris	ācrium	ācrium	ācrium
Dat.	ācrī	ācrī	ācrī	ācribus	ācribus	ācribus
Acc.	ācrem	ācrem	ācre	ācrīs, -ēs	acrīs, -ēs	ācria
Abl.	ācrī	ācrī	ācrī	ācribus	ācribus	ācribus

629. In all cases but the masculine nominative singular these adjectives are just like those in -i- ‘of two endings’ (630). But the ablative always has -ī, never -e, and the genitive plural always has -ium, never -um. In celer the second e belongs to the stem: M. celer, F. celeris, Ne. celere; the genitive plural, which is celerum, is found only as a substantive. Most of these adjectives have now and then a masculine in -is, like adjectives ‘of two endings’ (630), and in old Latin the nominative -er is rarely feminine.

OF TWO ENDINGS.

630. Adjectives ‘of two endings’ with stems in -i- are declined as follows:

Example Stem	M. and F. brevis, Ne. breve, short brevi-.
	Singular.		Plural.
	Masc. and Fem.	Neut.	Masc. and Fem.	Neut.
Nom.	brevis	breve	brevēs	brevia
Gen.	brevis	brevis	brevium	brevium
Dat.	brevī	brevī	brevibus	brevibus
Acc.	brevem	breve	brevīs, -ēs	brevia
Abl.	brevī	brevī	brevibus	brevibus

631. The ablative is sometimes -e when these adjectives are used substantively or in verse (558). The genitive plural is rarely -um for -ium (563).

OF ONE ENDING.

632. Most adjectives ‘of one ending’ have a consonant form of the stem in the singular, except usually in the ablative (633), and an -i- stem in the plural; they are declined as follows:

Examples Stems	M. F. and Ne. audāx, bold, audāc(i)-		M. F. Ne. regēns, ruling, regent(i)-
Singular	Masc. & Fem.	Neut.	Masc. & Fem.	Neut.
Nom.	audāx	audāx	regēns	regēns
Gen.	audācis	audācis	regentis	regentis
Dat.	audācī	audācī	regentī	regentī
Acc.	audācem	audāx	regentem	regēns
Abl.	audācī	audācī	regente, -ī	regente, -ī
Plural	Masc. & Fem.	Neut.	Masc. & Fem.	Neut.
Nom.	audācēs	audācia	regentēs	regentia
Gen.	audācium	audācium	regentium	regentium
Dat.	audācibus	audācibus	regentibus	regentibus
Acc.	audācīs, -ēs	audācia	regentīs, -ēs	regentia
Abl.	audācibus	audācibus	regentibus	regentibus

633. Present participles have -ī in the ablative, when they are used as adjectives, otherwise -e (560). For -ī or -e in other words, see 559, 561. For -ium or -um in the genitive plural, 563.

634. Most adjectives ‘of one ending’ in -i- are declined as above (632); some of them have peculiarities in some of their cases, as follows:

635. (1.) trux (531), savage, has Ab. -ī or -e, G. Pl. -ium, no Ne. Pl. N. or Ac. redux (531), returning, has Ab. -ī or -e, no G. Pl. or Ne. Pl. N. or Ac. hebes, dull, teres, cylindrical (533), and compounds of caput, head, as anceps, (533), two-headed, have Ab. -ī, no G. Pl.; a Ne. Pl. N. or Ac. -ia is rare. For locuplēs, rich, see 533.

636. (2.) The following have -ī in the ablative, but -um of consonant stems in the genitive plural, and no nominative or accusative neuter plural: inops (535), without means, vigil (536), wide-awake, memor (537), remembering, dēgener, degenerate, ūber (537), prolific, has Ab. -ī, twice -e, Ne. Pl. once -a (Acc.). Compounds of pēs, as, bipēs (532), two-legged, have a late and rare Ne. Pl. N. and Ac. -ia.

THE NUMERAL ADJECTIVE.

637. Of the cardinals, ūnus, duo, trēs, and the hundreds except centum are declined. The other cardinals are not declined.

638. ūnus, one, is declined as follows:

	Singular.			Plural.
	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.
Nom.	ūnus	ūna	ūnum	ūnī	ūnae	ūna
Gen.	ūnīus	ūnīus	ūnīus	ūnōrum	ūnārum	ūnōrum
Dat.	ūnī	ūnī	ūnī	ūnīs	ūnīs	ūnīs
Acc.	ūnum	ūnam	ūnum	ūnōs	ūnās	ūna
Abl.	ūnō	ūnā	ūnō	ūnīs	ūnīs	ūnīs
Voc.	ūne

In verse, the genitive singular is often ūnius.

639. duo, two, and trēs, three, are declined as follows:

	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.	Masc. & Fem.	Neut.
Nom.	duo	duae	duo	trēs	tria
Gen.	duōrum	duārum	duōrum	trium	trium
Dat.	duōbus	duābus	duōbus	tribus	tribus
Acc.	duo or duōs	duās	duo	trēs or trīs	tria
Abl.	duōbus	duābus	duōbus	tribus	tribus

640. In dramatic verse, du͡o, &c., is common. In the genitive plural, duo sometimes has duū̆m (462). ambō, both, is declined like duo, but has -ō in the nominative and accusative, and only ambōrum and ambārum in the genitive plural. For the forms duo, ambō, see 415; duōbus, duābus, 464, 442.

641. Hundreds are declined like the plural of bonus (613): as, ducentī, ducentae, ducenta, two hundred, G. ducentōrum or ducentū̆m (462), &c.

642. The adjective mīlle, thousand, is not declined. The substantive has in the singular only N. Ac. Ab. mīlle, or Ab. mīllī; plural: N. and Ac. mīllia (mīlia), G. mīllium (mīlium), D. and Ab. mīllibus (mīlibus).

643. Ordinals, as prīmus, first, and distributives, as bīnī, two each, are declined like bonus (613). But distributives seldom have a singular, and often have the genitive plural -ū̆m (462): as, bīnū̆m.

THE PRONOUN.

(A.) THE PERSONAL AND REFLEXIVE PRONOUN.

644. The pronoun of the first person, ego, I, of the second person, tū, thou, and the reflexive pronoun, suī, sē, himself, herself, itself, themselves, are declined as follows:

	ego, I		tu, thou		sui, self
	Sing.	Plur.	Sing.	Plur.	Sing. & Plur.
Nom.	ego	nōs	tū	vōs
Gen.	meī	nostrum, -trī	tuī	vestrū̆m, -trī	suī
Dat.	mihī̆, mi	nōbīs	tibī̆	vōbīs	sibī̆
Acc.	mē	nōs	tē	vōs	sē
Abl.	mē	nōbīs	tē	vōbīs	sē

645. The nominatives ego and tū, and the accusatives mē, tē and sē, have no case ending. The last vowel of ego is rarely long in Plautus, long or short in Lucilius. The nominative ego has a different stem from that of its other cases, and the plurals of ego and tū have a different stem from that of the singular.

646. meī, tuī, and suī, which are often monosyllables in old verse, were originally the genitive of the neuter possessives, used substantively. An old genitive mīs is quoted, and tīs occurs rarely in Plautus.

647. The relation of the ending -bīs in vōbīs to -bī̆ in tibī̆ may be due to analogy with illīs, illī. nōbīs is formed after vōbīs.

648. In old Latin, the ablative is mēd, tēd, sēd (426), which forms are also used irrationally for the accusative. But by Terence’s time the -d was no longer used (143).

649. Older forms for vestrū̆m and vestrī are vostrūm and vostrī. The genitive plural was originally a genitive of the possessive: that in -ī being the neuter singular, that in -ū̆m the masculine or feminine plural. In old Latin, nostrōrum, nostrārum, vostrōrum, vostrārum also occur.

650. Emphasis is given (1.) by reduplication (189): Ac. and Ab. mēmē, tētē, rare; sēsē, very common. (2.) by -te added to the N. of tū: tūte. (3.) by -met added to any case but the genitive plural: as, egomet; but tū has only tūtemet or tūtimet.

651. In inscriptions, the datives MIHEI, TIBEI, and SIBEI occur, so written in verse sometimes even when the last syllable is short; and MIHE, TIBE. Plural: D. and Ab. VOBEIS. Ac. ENOS in an old hymn; SEESE (29, 1).

THE PERSONAL AND REFLEXIVE POSSESSIVE.

652. The possessives of ego, tū, and suī, are meus, mine, tuus, thine, and suus, his, her, its, their (own), declined like bonus (613), except that meus has mī in the vocative singular masculine (459); those of nōs and vōs are noster, our, and voster, later vester, your, declined like aeger (617).

653. Old forms are tuos, tuom, and suos, suom (452). In old verse me͡us, me͡i, &c., tu͡os, tu͡i, &c., su͡os, su͡i, &c., often occur. sōs for suōs, sās for suās, and sīs for suīs, are old and rare.

654. Other case forms are found in inscriptions, as follows:

MEEIS, MIEIS, monosyllable; TOVAM; SVEI, SOVOM, SOVO, SVVO, SOVEIS, SVEIS, SVIEIS.

655. Emphasis is given (1.) by -met added to suō, suā, suōs, and to mea and sua, neuter plural: as, suōmet; (2.) by -pte, which is oftenest found with the ablative: as, suōpte.

(B.) OTHER PRONOUNS.

656. Some pronouns have a peculiar genitive singular in -ī̆us and dative singular in -ī, for masculine, feminine, and neuter alike.

These are: iste, ille, ipse, uter, and their derivatives. Some other words of a pronoun character also have this form of the genitive and dative: see 618.

657. In verse, the -ī- of the genitive is often shortened, and always in utriusque; but neutrīus is not found with short i. In dramatic verse, the genitive singular of iste, ille, or ipse, is often two syllables.

658. hīc, is, quī or quis, and their derivatives have the genitive singular in -ius, thus: huius, eius, and quoius or cuius; in dramatic verse, these genitives are often one syllable. Their datives are huic for hoice, ē̆ī or e͡i, and quoi or cui.

659. Six words have a peculiar neuter nominative and accusative singular in -d: id, illud, istud, quid, quod, aliud, and derivatives. In manuscripts, -t is sometimes found for -d: as, it, illut, istut, &c.; sometimes also in inscriptions of the empire. In hoc for *hod-ce and in istuc and illuc for *istud-ce, *illud-ce, the d has vanished (166, 1; 171, 1).

THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN.

660. The demonstrative pronouns are hīc, this, this near me; iste, istic, that, that near you; and ille, illic, yonder, that.

661. The demonstrative pronoun hīc, this, this near me, is declined as follows:

	Singular.			Plural.
	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.
Nom.	hīc	haec	hoc	hī	hae	haec
Gen.	huius	huius	huius	hōrum	hārum	hōrum
Dat.	huic	huic	huic	hīs	hīs	hīs
Acc.	hunc	hanc	hoc	hōs	hās	haec
Abl.	hōc	hāc	hōc	hīs	hīs	hīs

662. The stem of hīc is ho-, hā-; to most of its cases a demonstrative -c for -ce is attached. The masculine and feminine nominative singular and nominative and accusative neuter plural take an -i-: hīc for *ho-i-ce (108, a); haec for ha-i-ce (96). hunc, hanc, are for *hom-ce, *ham-ce. For the quantity of the first syllable of huius, see 153, 2; of hoc, 171, 1.

663. Old forms with the full ending -ce are rare except after -s: Plural Ne. Acc. haece (Enn.); G. F. hārumce (Cato); also G. hōrunc, hārunc (Pl., T.); hōsce, D. and Ab. hīsce (Pl., T.). After 100 B.C., the full form -ce is not found, except occasionally after -s: huiusce, hōsce, hāsce, hīsce. Before -ne interrogative it is retained in the weakened form -ci-: as, hīcine. But hīcne, hocne, huicne, &c., are found, though rarely.

664. The nominative hic or hicine found in the dramatists and rarely later is probably for *ho-c, *he-c (103, a). A nominative plural feminine haec is found in writers of all ages. Other and rare forms are: Pl. N. M. hīsce (461), D. or Ab. hībus.

665. Other case forms of hīc are found in inscriptions, as follows:

N. M. HEC, HIC. G. HOIVS, HVIIVS (23), HVIVS, HOIVSCE, HOIVSQVE, HVIVSQVE. D. HOICE, HOIC, HOI, HVIC, HVI. Ac. M. HONC, HOC; F. HANCE; Ne. HOCE, HVC. Ab. M. and Ne. HOCE; F. HACE, oftener than HAC in republican inscriptions; HAACE (29, 1). Loc. HEICE, HEIC. Plural: N. M. HEISCE, HEIS, or HEI, HISCE or HIS; HI, not before Augustus; Ne. N. and Ac. HAICE, HAECE. G. HORVNC. D. and Ab. HEISCE, HIBVS. Ac. F. HASCE.

666. The demonstrative pronouns iste, that, that near you, and ille, yonder, are declined alike, as follows:

	Singular.			Plural.
	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.
Nom.	ille	illa	illud	illī	illae	illa
Gen.	illī̆us	illī̆us	illī̆us	illōrum	illārum	illōrum
Dat.	illī	illī	illī	illīs	illīs	illīs
Acc.	illum	illam	illud	illōs	illās	illa
Abl.	illō	illā	illō	illīs	illīs	illīs

667. The first syllable of iste and ille is often short in the dramatists. Old forms of iste are: N. istus, G. istī, in istīmodī, D. F. istae. The initial i of iste and of istic (669), is sometimes not written: as, sta rēs (Cic.), stūc perīculum (Ter.). Old forms of ille are: N. olus (81); ollus or olle, &c.: as, D. S. or N. Pl. ollī, D. Pl. ollīs. G. illī, in illīmodī, D. F. illae. The dramatists have eccistam, eccilla, eccillud, eccillum, eccillam, for ecce istam, &c., and ellum, ellam, for em illum, &c.

668. Other case forms of ille are found in inscriptions, as follows:

D. F. ILLAE. Plural: N. M. ILLEI. G. OLORVM (81). D. and Ab. OLLEIS, ILLEIS.

669. istic and illic, compounded of iste, ille, and -ce or -c, are declined alike, as follows:

	Singular.			Plural.
	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.
Nom.	illic	illaec	illuc	illīc	illaec	illaec
Acc.	illunc	illanc	illuc	illōsce	illāsce	illaec
Abl.	illōc	illāc	illōc	illīsce	illīsce	illīsce

670. Rare forms are: N. and Ac. Ne. istoc, illoc, G. illīusce, D. illīc, Ab. F. istāce, illāce. Plural: N. M. illīsce (461), illīc, Ac. illōsce, illāsce. Before -ne interrogative, -ce becomes -ci-: N. illicine, istucine, Ac. illancine, Ab. istōcine, istācinē. Pl. Ac. istōscine.

THE DETERMINATIVE PRONOUN.

671. The determinative pronoun is, that, the aforesaid, the one, is declined as follows:

	Singular.			Plural.
	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.
Nom.	is	ea	id	eī, iī, or ī	eae	ea
Gen.	eius	eius	eius	eōrum	eārum	eōrum
Dat.	ē̆ī	ē̆ī	ē̆ī	eīs, iīs, or īs	eīs, iīs, or īs	eīs, iīs, or īs
Acc.	eum	eam	id	eōs	eās	ea
Abl.	eō	eā	eō	eīs, iīs, or īs	eīs, iīs, or īs	eīs, iīs, or īs

672. is and id (659) are formed from a stem -i-, and the other parts from a stem eo-, eā-. The genitive is sometimes written in Cicero and Plautus eiius; for the quantity of the first syllable of eius, see 153, 2; for ĕ̄i, see 127, 3, and 127, 4.

673. In old verse, the genitive singular rarely has the first syllable short. Old and rare forms are: D. F. eae, Ac. M. im or em. Pl. D, and Ab. ī̆bus, F. eābus (442). In dramatic verse, e͡um, e͡am, e͡i, e͡o, e͡a, and e͡i, e͡orum, e͡arum, e͡os, e͡as, e͡is, are often found; also eccum, eccam, eccōs, eccās, ecca, for ecce eum, &c.

674. Other case forms of is are found in inscriptions, as follows:

N. EIS, 124 B.C. G. EIVS, EIIVS, EIIVS or EIIVS (23). D. EIEI, 123 B.C.; EEI, IEI; EI, 123 B.C., and common in all periods. Plural: N. EEIS, EIS, IEIS, till about 50 B.C.; EEI, EI, IEI. D. and Ab. EEIS, EIEIS, IEIS, IS; after the republic, IIS, IIS.

675. A rare and old pronoun equivalent to is is sum, sam, accusative singular, sōs, accusative plural, and sīs, dative plural.

THE PRONOUN OF IDENTITY.

676. The pronoun of identity, īdem, the same, is declined as follows:

	Singular.			Plural.
	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.
Nom.	īdem	eadem	idem	eīdem or īdem	eaedem	eadem
Gen.	eiusdem	eiusdem	eiusdem	eōrundem	eārundem	eōrundem
Dat.	eīdem	eīdem	eīdem	eīsdem or īsdem	eīsdem or īsdem	eīsdem or īsdem
Acc.	eundem	eandem	idem	eōsdem	eāsdem	eadem
Abl.	eōdem	eādem	eōdem	eīsdem or īsdem	eīsdem or īsdem	eīsdem or īsdem

677. In manuscripts and editions, the plural nominative masculine is often written iīdem, and the dative and ablative iīsdem. The singular nominative masculine is rarely eisdem or isdem (Plaut., Enn.), eidem (Cic., Varr.), neuter īdem (Plaut.). In verse, eundem, e͡andem, e͡idem, e͡odem, e͡adem, and e͡idem, e͡aedem, e͡orundem, e͡osdem, e͡asdem, are often found.

678. Other case forms of īdem are found in inscriptions, as follows:

N. M. EISDEM, 123 B.C., ISDEM, 59 B.C., both common till Caesar’s time; EIDEM; Ne. EIDEM, 71 B.C. D. IDEM. Plural: N. M. EISDEM, ISDEM, EIDEM, till Caesar’s time; IIDEM, once only. D. and Ab. ISDEM, very rarely IISDEM.

THE INTENSIVE PRONOUN.